


:v>' '^^ 



^- "«P^ ° V/' 



^^, ^ 



<iN 



.^^% %• 



..%"■■-'/,,-:■ 



^^' -T^ 






0> .s 



.^' ."■ .^f^C^^r.. 



-^^v^; 



^^^^^^^.^ ,^ 



A^- 



^^ 



vV 



p/r?9z»^^ . 



^^^^< 



,^' 



-^ 



x\^ 



-A^ 



.^Nk^ 


. *o 


s ^ 


o 




■ % 




^ 


V 


.<^ 


^ 


- ^^ 


-^^ 






x^^^^ 



%'W^ 







<- ^*^' _ ■ '^5i. 



,\^- ^-^ -,:^/^^\-: 



'^f: 



-J- ^' 



^ i: 






^^> 









vs, 



\^^J^ 






^^i 



-I 



SALLUST'S 



JUGUKTHA AND CATILINE: 



NOTES AND A VOCABULARY. 



NOBLE BUTLER 

AND 

MINARD STURGUS. 



NEW YORK: 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

346 & 34S BROADWAY. 
LONDON: ^6 LITTLE BRITAIN. /^^ 



— ^ LONDO 






„•» 



.t>'> 



^po. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S55, 

By D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 

In the Clerk*s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
District of New York. 



PREFACE. 

Most editors of Sallust have placed the Catiline be- 
fore the Jugurtha ; but we have preferred arranging 
the two works in chronological order, as some others 
have done. The history of the war with Jugurtha 
shows the operation of some of the causes which pro- 
duced the conspiracy of Catiline. The two works 
present two acts of the great tragedy to the catas- 
trophe of which Kome was hastening. 

The vocabulary was prepared by the late William 
H. G. Butler. In its preparation he was as faithful 
as he was in the performance of every duty. Those 
who examine the vocabulary will, we think, agree 
with us in opinion that few school vocabularies so 
thorough and accurate have ever been published. We 
find it difficult to refrain from paying a tribute to 
the memory of this noble young man, who so well 



IV PREFACE. 

deserved the character given to him by the citizens 
of Louisville, in the inscription upon his monument, 
— '^ A man without fear and without reproach/' 

" Gone before us, O our brother, 
To the Spirit-land ! 
Vainly look we for another • 

In thy place to stand 1 " 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF SALLUST. 

Caius Sallustius Crispus, of a plebeian family, was born 
at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines, b. c. 86. 
About the age of twenty-seven, he obtained the quaestor- 
ship, and in a few years afterwards, b. c. 52, was elected tri- 
bune of the people. In b. c. 50, he was ejected from the 
Senate, on the ground, as some say, of disgraceful inter- 
course with Fausta, daughter of Sylla, and wife of T. 
Annius Milo. After his ejection from the Senate, we hear 
no more of him for some time. 

In B. c. 47, Sallust was elected praetor, and consequent- 
ly regained his rank as Senator. He attached himself to 
the faction of Caesar, and devoted himself to his service. 
He was near losing his life during a mutiny of some of 
Caesar's troops in Campania, whither they had been led 
in order to pass over to Africa. He accompanied Caesar 
in his African war, and was appointed by him governor of 
Numidia. He is accused of having made use of his power to 
oppress and rob the Numidians. It is certain that he be- 
came immensely rich. He formed magnificent gardens on 
the Quirinal Hill, which were called the Gardens of Sallust. 
These afterwards became the property of the Emperors, and 



VI BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF SALLUST. 

were a favorite resort of Augustus and his successors. The 
story that he married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, 
is improbable. 

Severe charges have been brought against the moral char- 
acter of Sallust, the worst of which are supposed to have 
been derived from the Declamatio in Sallustium, a work 
said to have been written by Lenaeus, a freedman of Pom- 
pey. Sallust had used severe language against Pompey, 
and Lenaeus, in revenge, charged Sallust with the most dis- 
graceful conduct. Sallust is said to have been defended by 
Asconius Pedianus, who wrote a life^ of him in the time of 
Augustus. The unfavorable view of Sallust's character, 
however, still prevails ; though many have wondered how he 
could be so utter a stranger to virtue, and yet so loud in her 
praises. But Sallust is not the first whose language and 
conduct have been opposed to each other. Carlyle says, 
that man's nature is a kind of beast godhood ; if this is 
true, there are some who show the godhood in their words 
only, while the beasthood is apparent in every action. The 
principal defenders of Sallust's character, are Milller, Wie- 
land, and Roos, who have been opposed by Gerlach and Loe- 
bell. His devoting himself to literary pursuits, is some 
evidence in favor of the latter part of his life, at least. 
Another thing may be stated, that Dion Cassius, who is the 
chief authority in support of the charge of oppressing the 
Numidians, inclines to take the worst view of men's characters. 

Sallust died b. c. 34, in the fifty-second year of his age, 
leaving, as his heir, his grand-nephew, Caius Sallustius Cris- 
pus, whom he had adopted. 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF 8ALLUST. VU 

Sallust's extant vrritinrgs consist of his narratives of the 
Conspiracy of Catiline and the War with Jugurtha, and 
some fragments of a History of Rome, from the death of 
Sylla to the beginning of the Mithridatic War. He is said 
to have taken Thucydides as his model ; but there is little 
resemblance in the style. His vrritings have received the 
highest praise from some of the most distinguished authors, 
ancient and modern. Milton says, ^^ I congratulate myself 
on having been so fortunate in characterizing the merits of 
Sallust, as to have excited you to the assiduous perusal of 
that author, who is so full, of wisdom, and who may be read 
with so much advantage. Of him I will venture to assert 
what Quintilian said of Cicero, that he who loves Sallust is 
no mean proficient in historical composition." 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
JUGURTHA, 

SEU 

BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. 



I. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum, 
quod, imbecilla atque sevi brevis, forte potiiis quam 
virtute regatur. 2. Nam contra reputando neque ma- 
jus aliud neque prsestabilius invenies, magisque na- 
turae industriam hominum quam vim aut tempus 
deesse. 3. Sed dux atque imperator vitse mortalium 
animus est ; qui ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur, 
abund^ pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna 
eget : quippe quae probitatem, industriam aliasque 
artes bonas neque dare neque eripere cuiquam potest. 
4. Sin, captus pravis eupidinibus, ad inertiam et vo- 
luptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa libidine 
paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, inge- 
nium defluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur : suam 
quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. 
6. Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura 
I esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura mul- 
tiimque etiam periculosa petunt, neque regerentur 
I 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



I 



magis, quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis pro- 
cederent, nti pro mortalibus gloria seterni fierent. 

II. Nam uti genus hominum compositum est ex 
corpore et anima, ita res cunctae studiaque omnia 
nostra, corporis alia, alia animi naturam sequuntm-. 
2. Igitur pr©clara facies, magnse divitise, ad hoc vis 
corporis et alia omnia hujuscemodi brevi dilabuntur ; 
at ingenii egregia facinora, sicuti anima, immortalia 
sunt. 3. Postremo corporis et fortunse bonorum ut 
initium, sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt, et aucta 
senescunt : animus incorruptus, seternus, rector hu- 
mani generis, agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse 
habetur. 4. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda 
est, qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luximi atque igna- 
viam setatem agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque 
melius neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, 
incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt, quum prse- 
sertim tam multse variaeque sint artes animi, quibus 
gumma claritudo paratur. 

in. Yerum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo 
omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tem- 
pestate cupienda videntur; quoniam neque virtuti 
honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit, 
utique tuti, aut eo magis honesti sunt. 2. Nam vi 
quidem regere patriam aut parentes quamquam et 
possis, et deli eta corrigas, tamen importunum est ; 
quum prsesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, 
fdgam aliaque hostilia portendant. 3. Frustra autem, 
niti, neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium qucerere, 
extremes dementias est : 4. nisi forte quem inhonesta 
et perniciosa libido tenet potentiae paucorum decus . 
atque libertatem suam gratificari. 



JUaURTIIA. 3 

ly. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exer- 
centur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum 
gestarum : 2. cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, 
praetereundum puto, simul, ne per insolentiam qiiis 
existimet memet studium meum laudando extoUere. 
8. Atque ego credo fore, qni, quia decrevi procul a 
republica setatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo 
nomen inertise imponant ; cert^, quibiis maxima in- 
dustria videtur salutare plebem et conviviis gratiam 
qnaerere. 4. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego tem- 
poribus magistratiis adeptus sim, et quales viri idem 
assequi nequiverint, et postea quae genera liominum 
in senatum pervenerint, profecto existimabunt me 
magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei muta- 
visse, majusque commodum ex otio meo, quam ex 
aliorum negotiis, reipublicae venturum. 5. Nam saepe 
ego audivi, Q. Maximum, P. Scipionem, praeterea 
civitatis nostras praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, 
^quum majorum imagines intuerentur, vehementis- 
simfe sibi animum ad virtutem accendi.' 6. Scilicet 
non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese 
habere, sed menioria rerum gestarum eam flammam 
egregiis viris in pectore crescere, neque prius sedari, 
qu^m virtus eorum famam atque gloriam adaequaverit. 
7. At contra quis est omnium his moribus, quin divi- 
tiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque industria cum 
majoribus suis contendat? Etiam homines novi, qui 
antea per virtutem soliti erant nobilitatem antevenire, 
furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis artibus ad 
imperia et honores nituntur; 8. proinde quasi prae- 
tura et consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per 
se ipsa clara et magnifica sint, ac non perinde habe- • 



4 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

antiir, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. 9. Yerum 
ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis mo- 
rum piget taedetque : nunc ad inceptum redeo. 

Y. Bellum scrip turns sum, quod populus Eomanus 
ciim Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit : primum, 
quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit; dein, 
quia tunc primum superbia6 nobilitatis obviam itum 
est. 2. Quae contentio divina et liumana cuncta per- 
miscuit, eoque vecordiae processit, uti studiis civilibus 
bellum atque vastitas Italise finem faceret. 3. Sed 
priusquam liujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca 
supr^ repetam, quo ad cognoscendum omnia illustria 
magis magisque in aperto sint. 4. Bello Punico se- 
cundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post 
magnitudinem nominis Eomani Italian opes maxim6 
attriverat, Masinissa rex Numidarum, in amicitiam 
repeptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen 
ex virtute fuit, multa et pra3clara rei militaris facinora 
fecerat, ob quae, victis Carthaginiensibus et capto 
Sypliace, cujus in Africa magnum atque lat^ imperium 
valuit, populus Romanus, quascumque urbes et agros 
manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. 5. Igitur amicitia 
Masinissae bona atque lionesta nobis permansit : im- 
perii vitaeque ejus finis idem fuit. 6. Deinde Micipsa 
filius regnum solus obtinuit, Manastabale et Gulussa 
fratribus morbo absumptis. 7. Is Adherbalem et 
Hiempsalem ex sese genuit ; Jugurthamque, Manas- 
tabalis fratris filium, quern Masinissa, quod ortus ex 
concubina erat, privatum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo 
liberos suos, domi liabuit. 

YI. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, 
decorS- facie, sed multo maxim^ ingenio validus, non 



JUGUKTHA. 5 

« 

se luxu neque inertias corrumpendum dedit ; sed, utl 
mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaciilari, cursu cum 
sequalibus certare ; et, qmim omnes gloria anteiret, 
omnibus tamen Qarus esse ; ad hoc pleraque tempora 
in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras primus aut 
in primis ferire ; plurimum facere, et minimum ipse 
de se loqui. 2. Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio 
laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem Jugurthae regno suo 
glorias fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem, 
exacta sua aetate, et parvis liberis, magis magisque 
crescere intelligit, vehementer eo negotio permotus, 
multa cum animo suo Yolvebat. 3. Terrebat eum 
natara mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad ex- 
plendam animi cupidinem, prseterea opportunitas suae 
liberorumque aetatis, quae etiam mediocres viros spe 
praedae transversos agit, ad hoc studia Numidarum in 
Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum inter- 
fecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius 
erat. 

VII. His diflBcultatibus circumventus, ubi videt 
neque per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem 
tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat Jugurtha manu 
promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum 
objectare periculis, et eo modo fortunam tentare. 
2. Igitur bello Numantino Micipsa qimm populo Ro- 
mano equitum atque peditum auxilia mitteret, sperans 
vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum 
occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam 
mittebat. 3. Sed *ea res longe aliter, ac ratus erat, 
evenit. 4. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque acri 
ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tunc Romanis 
imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo 



6 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

» 

labore multaque cura, praeterea modestissime parendo 
et saepe obviam eundo periciilis in tantam claritudi- 
nem brevi pervenerat, nt nostris Yebementer cams, 
Numantinis maximo terror! esset. 5. Ac sanfe, quod 
difficillimum in primis est, et proelio strenuus erat, et 
bonus consilio ; quorum alterum ex providentia timo- 
rem, alteram ex audacia temeritatem aflerre plerum- 
que solet. 6. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas 
per Jugurtbam agere, in amicis habere, magis magis- 
que eum in dies amplecti ; quippe cujus neque con- 
silium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. 7. Hue 
accedebat munificentia animi et ingenii solertia, 
quis rebus sibi multos ex Eomanis familiari amicitia 
conjunxerat. 

VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere com- 
plures novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono hones- 
toque potiores erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud 
socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurtha3 non 
mediocrem animum poUicitando accendebant, ' si 
Micipsa rex occidisset, fore, uti solus imperii Numidise 
potiretur : in ipso maximam virtutem ; Eomse omnia 
venalia esse.' 2. Sed postquam, Numantia deleta, 
P. Scipio dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum 
decrevit, donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro 
concione Jugurtham in progtorium abduxit, ibique 
secreto monuit, ' uti potius publice quam privatim 
amicitiam populi Romani coleret, neu quibus largiri 
insuesceret ; periculose a paucis emi, quod multorum 
esset. Si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi 
et gloriam et regnum venturum; sin properantius 
pergeret, suamet ipsum pecunia praecipitem casurum.' 

IX. Sic locutus, cum litteris eum, quas Micips© 



I| JUGURTHA. 7 

' redderet, dimisit. 2. Earum sententia haec erat : 
'' Jugurtlise till bello Numantino longe maxima virtus 
fuit; quam rem tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis 
ob merita sua carus est : uti idem senatui et populo 
Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro 
nostra amicitia gratulor. En liabes virum dignum te 
j atque avo suo Masinissa." 3. Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae 
1 fama acceperat,.ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cogno- 
vit, quum virtute turn gratia viri permotus, flexit ani- 
mum suum, et Jugurtliam beneficiis vincere aggressus 
' est ; statimque eum adoptavit, et testamento pariter 
cum filiis lieredem instituit. 4. Sed ipse paucos post 
I annos, morbo atque setate confectus, quum sibi finem 
j vit^ adesse intelligeret, coram aniicis et cognatis, 
' itemque Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujus- 
cemodi verba cum Jugurtha habuisse. 

X. " Parvum ego te, Jugurtlia, amisso patre, sine 
i spe, sine opibus in meum regnum accepi, existimans 
j non minus me tibi quam [liberis,] si genuissem, ob 
I beneficia carum fore : neque ea res falsum me habuit. 
I 2. Nam, ut alia magna et egregia tua omittam, novis- 
j sime, rediens Numantia, meque regnumque meum 
j gloria honoravisti, tuaque virtute nobis Romanes ex 
! amicis amicissimosfecisti ; in Hispania nomen familiae 
: renovatum est ; postremo, quod diflBcillimum inter 
i mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. 3. Nunc, quo- 
I niam mihi natura finem vitas facit, per banc dextram- 
i per regni fidem moneo obtestorque te, uti lios, qui 
I tibi genere propinqui, beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros 
! habeas ; neu malis alienos adjungere, quam sanguine 
! conjunctos retinere. 4. Non exercitus neque thesauri 
pra^sidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis 



8 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 

cogere, neque auro parare queas ; officio et fide pari- 
untur. 5. Quis autem amicior, quam frater fratri ? 
aut quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris ? 
6. Equidem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni 
eritis ; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia parvae 
res crescunt, discordia maximoe dilabiintur. 7. Cete- 
rum ante hos te, Jugurtha, qui sotate et sapientia prior 
es, ne aliter quid eveniat, providere decet ; nam in 
omni certamine, qui opulentior est, etiam si aceipit 
injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. 
8. Vos autem, Adherbal et lliempsal, oolite, obser- 
vate talem hunc virnm ; imitamini virtutem, et eniti- 
mini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar, qudm 
genuisse." 

XI. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum 
intelligebat, et ipse longo aliter animo agitabat, tamen 
pro tempore benigne respondit. 2. Micipsa paucis 
post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa 
magnificc fccerant, reguli in unum convenere, uti 
inter se de cunctis negotiis disceptarent. 3. Sed 
lliempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura lerox, et 
jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurtha?, quia matenio ge- 
nere impar erat, despiciens, dexteri Adherbalem asse- 
dit, ne medius ex tribus, quod apud Kumidas honori 
ducitur, Jugurtha foret. 4. Dein tamen uti letati 
concederet fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram 
transductus est. 5. Ibi quum multa de administrando 
imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit, 
^ oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia re- 
scindi ; nam per ea tempora eonfectum annis Micip- 
sam pariim animo valuisse.' 6. Turn ' idem ' Hiemp- 
sal ^ placere sibi ' respondit ; ' nam ipsum ilium tribus 



JUGURTHA. 9 

proxiinis annis adoptatione in regnum pervenisse.' 
7. Quod verbum in pectus Jugurtha? altius, quiim 
quisquam ratus erat, descendit. 8. Itaque ex eo tem- 
pore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare, atque ea modo 
animo liabere, quibus Iliempsal per dolum caperetur. 
:♦. Quae ubi tardius procedunt, neque lenitur animus 
ferox, statuit quovis modo inccptum perfieere. 

XII. Primo conventu, qucm ab regulis factum su- 
pra memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi 
1 liesauros, finesque imperii singulis constitui. 2. Ita- 
que tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius 
ad pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca 
propinqua thesauris, alius alio, concessere. 3. Sed 
Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo uteba- 
tur, qui proximus lictor Jugurthae carus acceptusque 
ei semper fuerat. Quem ille casu rainistrum oblatum 
promissis onerat, impellitque, uti tamquam suam 
visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas paret, 
nam verae ad Iliempsalem referebantur ; ceteriim, 
' ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna manu ven- 
turum.' 4. Numida mandata brevi confecit, atque, 
ut doctus erat, nuctu Jugurtliao milites introducit. 
5. Qui postquam in a?des irrupere, diversi regem 
quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes interfi- 
cere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa eftringere, strepitu 
et tumultu omnia miscere ; quum interim Hiempsal 
reperitur, occultans se in tugurio mulieris ancillae, quo 
initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. 6. Numidaa 
caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt. 

XIII. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem 
Africam brevi divulgatur : Adherbalem omnesque, 
qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit. In 



10 C. CRISPI 8ALLUSTII 

duas partes discedunt Kumida^ : plures Adherbalem 
seqiiimtur, sed ilium alterum bello meliores. 2. Igi- 
tur Jngurtlia quam maximas potest copias armat, 
urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, 
omni Numidiae imperare parat. 3. Adherbal, tametsi 
Romain legates miserat, qui senatum docerent do 
csede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudino 
militum parabat armis contendere. 4. Sed ubi res 
ad certamen venit, victiis ex proelio profugit in pro- 
vinciam, ac deinde Romam contendit. 5. Turn Ju- 
gurtlia, patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiao 
potiebatur, in otio facinus suum cum animo reputans 
timere populum Romanum, neque adversiis irara ejus 
iisquam, niai in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua, 
speni habere. 6. Itaque paucis diebus cum auro et 
argento multo legatos Romam mittit, quis praecepit, 
priniilm ' uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, 
deinde novos acquirant, postremo quaecumque possint 
largiendo, parare ne cunctentur.' 7. Sed ubi Komam 
legati venere, et ex praecepto regis hospitibus aliisqne, 
quorum ei tempestate in senatu auctoritas poUebat, 
magna munera misere, tauta commutatio incessit, uti 
ex maxima invidia in gratiam et lavorem nobilitatis 
Jugurtlia veniret, 8. quorum pars spe, alii praemio 
inducti singulos ex senatu ambiendo nitebantur, ne 
gravius in eum consuleretur. 9. Igitur ubi legati 
satis conlidunt, die constitute senatus utrisque datur. 
Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum accepimus : 

XIV. " Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus 
moriens mihi pra^cepit, ' uti regni Numidia3 tantum- 
modo procurationem existimarem meam, ceteriim jus 
et imperium ejus penes vos esse : simul eniterer domi 



JUGURTHA. 11 

militiaeque quam maximo usui esse populo Romano ; 
vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium loco ducerem : si 
ea fecissem, in vestra ainicitia exercitum, divitias, 
munimenta regni me habiturum.' 2. Quae quum 
praecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo 
omnium, quos terra sustinet, sceleratissimus, con- 
tempto imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem, et jam 
ab stirpe socium atque amicum populi Romani, regno 
fortunisque omnibus expulit. 3. Atque ego, patres 
conscripti, quoniam eo miserianim venturus eram, 
vellem potius ob mea quam ob majorum meorum 
beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxim^ 
deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non 
egerem ; secundum, ea si desideranda erant, uti debi- 
tis uterer. 4. Sed quoniam parum tuta per se ipsa 
probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha qua- 
lis foret, ad vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, 
quod mihi miserrknum est, cogor prius oneri quam 
usui esse. 5. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amici- 

am a vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus 
-ocietatem vestram appetiverunt : familia nostra cum 
]»opulo Romano bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam insti- 
niit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna 
l>etenda erat. 6. Quorum progeniem vos, patres con- 

ripti, nolite pati me, nepotem Masinissad frustril a 
obis auxilium petere. 

7. Si ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praeter 

ilserandam fortunam, quod paulo ant^ rex genere, 

I ma atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, 
mops, alienas opes exspecto, tamen erat majestatis 
populi Romani prohibere iujuriam, neque pati cujus- 
quam regnum per scelus crescere. 8. Veriim ego his 



12 C. CKISPI 8ALLUSTII 

finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribns meis populus 
Romanus dedit ; unde pater et avus mens una vobis- 
cum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra 
beneficia milii erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vo3 in 
mea injuria despecti estis. 9. Eheu me miserum ! 
Huccine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere, uti, 
quern tu parem cum liberis tuis, regnique participem 
fecisti, is potissimilm stirpis tuoe extinctor sit ? Num- 
quam ergo familia nostra quieta erit ? sempeme in 
sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? 10. Dum Cartha- 
ginienses incolumes fucre, jure omnia sseva patieba- 
mur : hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes oranis 
in armis erat. Postquam ilia pestis ex Africa ejecta 
est, la)ti pacem agitabamus : quippe quts hostis nullus 
erat, nisi forte quern vos jussissetis. 11. Eccc autem 
ex improviso Jugurtha intoleranda audacia, scelerc 
atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem 
propinquo suo interfecto, primdm rcgnum ejus sceleris 
sui pra?dam fecit : post, ubi me iisdem dolis nequit 
caperc, nihil miniis quam vim ant bellnm exspectan- 
tem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrcm patria, 
domo, inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis 
tutiils quam in meo regno essem. 12. "Ego sic exis- 
timabam, patres conscripti, ut pnedicantem audi veram 
patrem meum, ' qui vestram amicitiam diligenter cole- 
rent, eos multum laborem suscipere, ceteriim ex omni- 
bus maximi tutos esse.' 13. Quod in familia nostra 
fuit, pra3Stitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis : nos 
uti per otium tuti simus, in manu vestra est, patres 
conscripti. 14. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit ; ter- 
tium Jugurtham, beneficiis suis ratus est conjnnctum 
nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego 



JUGURTHA. 13 

manus impias vix etfiigi. 15. Quid agam ? aiit quo 
potissiinani infelix accedam ? Generis proesidia omnia 
exstincta sunt : pater, uti necesse erat, naturae con- 
cessit ; fratri, quern minime decuit, propinquus per 
scelus vitam eripuit ; affines, amicos, propinquos cete- 
ro5, alium alia clades oppressit: capti ab Jugurtliu 
, ars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt ; pauci, 
(juibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebria cum moerore 
L't luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt. 16. Si om- 
nia, qua) aut amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa facta 

mt, incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex impro- 
viso mali accidisset, vos implorarem, patres conscript!, 
quibus pro magnitudiiie imperii jus et injurias omnes 
cune esse decet. 17. Nunc vero exsul patria, domo, 
solus atquc omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo 
accedam, aut quos appellem ? nationesne an reges, 
qui omnes familiie nostnc ob vestram amicitiaui in- 
festi sunt i an quoquaux mihi adire licet, ubi non 
majorum meorum hostilia monumenta plurima sint ? 
aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui aliquando 
Yobis liostis fuit ? 

18. Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres 
conscript!, ' ne quem coleremus nisi populum lioma- 
num, ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus ; abun- 
de magna pncsidia nobis in vestri amicitia fore ; si 
huic imperio furtuna mutaretur, una nobis occidendum 
esse.' 19. Virtute ac dis volcntibus, magni estis et 

l>ulenti, omnia secunda et obedientia sunt ; quo faci- 
iius sociorum injurias curare licet. 20. Tantum illud 
vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurtha^ jiarum 
cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima opo 
uiti, ambire, fatigare vos singulos, *ne quid de absento, 



14 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

incognita causa, statuatis : fingere me verba, et fugam 
simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere.' 21. Quod 
utinam ilium, cujus impio facinore in has miserias 
projectus sum, eadem hsec simulantem videam, et ali- 
quando aut apud vos, aut apud deos immortales rerum 
humanarum curia oriatur ! Nae ille, qui nunc scele- 
ribus suis ferox atque pra^clarus est, omnibus malis 
excruciatus, impietatis in parentem nostrum, fratris 
mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas red- 
det. 22. Jam jam frater animo meo carissime, quam- 
quam tibi immaturo, et uude minime decuit, vita 
erepta est, tamen la^tandum magis quam dolendum 
puto casum tuum: non enim regnum, sed fugam, 
exsilium, egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, 
serumnas cum anima simul amisisti. 23. At ceto in- 
felix, in tanta mala prascipitatus ex patrio , regno, 
rerum humanarum spectaculum prsebeo, incertus 
quid agam, tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii 
egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitoe necisque po- 
testas ex opibus alienis pendet. 24. Utinam emori 
fortunis meis honestus exitus esset, neu jure contemp- 
tus viderer, si defessus malis injuria? concessissem. 
Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet sine dede- 
core. 25. Patres conscripti, per vos, per liberos atque 
parentes vestros, per majestatem populi Romani, sub- 
venite misero mihi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite pati 
regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et 
sanguinein familije nostrae tabescere." 

XV. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati 
Jugurtha?, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis 
respondent : ' Hiempsalem ob sa3vitiaui suam ab Nu- 
midis interfectum: Adherbalem ultro bellum infe- 



JUGURTHA. 15 

rentem, postquam superatus sit, queri, quod iujuriam 
facere neqiiivisset : Jugiirtham ab senatu petere, ne 
se alium putarent, ac Xumantii^ cognitus esset, neu 
verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.' 2. Deinde 
utrique curia egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur. 
Fautores legatorum, pr^terea magna pars gratia de- 
pravata, Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurtlia3 vir- 
tutera extoUere laudibus ; gratia, voce, denique omni- 
bus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio, sua quasi pro 
gloria, nitebantur. 3. At contra pauci, quibus bonum 
et iequum divitiis carius erat, ' subveniendum Adher- 
bali, et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam' 
censebant : 4. sed ex omnibus maxime ^milius 
Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus po- 
tential, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide 
occultans. 5. Is postquam videt regis largitionem 
famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in tali re 
solet, ne polluta licentia invidiam accenderet, animum 
a consueta libidine continuit. 

XVI. Vicit tamen in senatu pars ilia, qua© vero 
pretium aut gratiam anteferebat. 2. Decretum fit, 
' uti decern legati regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, 
inter Jugurtham et Adberbalem dividerent.' Cujus 
legationis princeps fnit L. Opimius, homo clarus et 
tunc in senatu potens, quia consul, C. Graccho et 
M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam nobi- 
litatis in plebem exercuerat. 3. Eum Jugurtha ta- 
metsi Romae in amicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime 
recepit : dando et pollicitando multa perfecit, uti 
lama?, tidei, postremo omnibus suis rebus commodum 
regis antelerret. 4. Reliquos legatos eadem via 
aggressus, plerosque capit : paucis carior fides quam 



16 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

pecimia fuit. 5. In divisione, quae pars Numidiae 
Maiiretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, Ju- 
gurtlise traditur ; illam alteram specie quam usu po- 
tiorem, quae portuosior et aediflciis magis exornata 
erat, Adlierbal possedit. 

XVII. Kes postulare videtiir Africae situm pancis 
exponere, et eas gentes, quibuscum nobis bellum aut 
amicitia fuit, attingere. 2. Sed quae loca et nationes 
ob calorem aut asperitatem item solitudines minus 
frequentata sunt, de iis baud facile compertum narra- 
verim ; cetera quam paucissimis absolvam. 

3. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in partem ter- 
tiam Africam posuere : pauci tantummodo Asiam et 
Europam esse, sed Africam in Europa. 4. Ea fines 
habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et Oceani ; ab 
ortu solis declivem latitudinem, quem locum Cata- 
batbmon incolae appellant. 5. Mare saevum, impor- 
tuosum ; ager frugum fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore 
infecundus ; coelo terraque penuria aquarum. 6. Ge- 
nus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum : 
plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis 
interiere, nam morbus baud saepe quemquam superat. 
Ad lioc malefici generis plurima animalia. 7. Sed 
qui mortales initio Africam liabuerint, quique postea 
accesserint, aut quomodo inter se permixti sint, quam- 
quam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, diversum 
est, tamen, uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsa- 
lis dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem 
sese habere cultores ejus terrae putant, quam paucissi- 
mis dicam : ceterum fides ejus rei penes auctores erit. 
^ XYIII. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, 
aspcri incultique, quis cibus erat caro ferina atque 



JIJGIJRTHA. 17 

humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. 2. Hi neque moribus 
neque lege, aut imperio cujusquam regebantur : vagi, 
palantes, qua nox coegerat, sedes habebant. 3. Sed 
postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti Afri putant, 
interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, 
amisso duce, ac passim multis, sibi quisque, imperium 
petentibus, brevi dilabitur. 4. Ex eo numero Medi, 
Pei-sse et Armenii, navibus in Africam transvecti, 
proximos nostro mari locos occupavere, sed Persse 
intra Oceanum magis : 5. liique alveos navium in- 
versos pro tuguriis habuere, quia neque materia in 
agris, neque ab Hispanis emendi aut mutandi copia 
erat : 6. mare magnum et ignara lingua commercia 
prohibebant. 7. Hi paulatim per connubia Gsetulos 
secum miscuere ; et quia ssepe tentantes agros, alia 
deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi K'omadas appel- 
lavere. 8. Ceterum adhuc sedificia Numidarum agres- 
tium, quse mapalia illi vocant, oblonga, incurvis late- 
ribus tecta, quasi navium carinse sunt. 9. Medi autem 
et Armenii, accessere Libyes ; (nam hi pj*opius mare 
Africum agitabant, Gsetuli sub sole magis, hand pro- 
cul ab ardoribus :) liique matur^ oppida habuere ; 
nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se insti- 
tuerant. 10. Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corru- 
pere, barbara lingua Mauros pro Medis appellantes. 
11. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea, 
nomine Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus 
digressi, possedere ea loca, quse proxime Carthaginem 
Numidia appellatur. 12. Deinde utrique alteris freti, 
finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, 
nomen gloriamque sibi addidere; magis hi, qui ad 
nostrum mare processerant, quia Libyes quam Gaetuli 



18 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

miiii\s bellicosi. Denique Africse pars inferior plera- 
que ab Numidis possessa est ; victi omnes in gentem 
nomenque imperantium concessere. 

XIX. Postea Plioenices, alii mnltitudinis domi 
minuendse gratia, pars imperii cupidine, soUicitata 
plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis, Hipponem, Ha- 
drumetum, Leptim aliasque urbes in ora maritima 
condidere ; liseqne brevi multnm auctae, pars origini- 
bus siiis prsesidio, alise decori fuere. 2. Nam de 
Carthagine tacere melius puto, qnam parum dicere, 
quoniam alio properare tempns monet. 3. Igitur ad 
Catabathmon, qui locus ^gyptum ab Africa dividit, 
secundo mari prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac 
deinceps duse Syrtes, interque eas Leptis, deinde 
Pliilsenon arse, quem locum ^gyptum versus finem 
imperii habuere Carthaginienses ; post alise Punicse 
urbes. 4. Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numi- 
dse tenent : proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. 5. Super 
ISTumidiam Gsetulos accepimus, partim in turguriis, 
alios incultiiis vagos agitare, 6. post eos ^thiopas 
esse, dein loca exusta solis ardoribus. 7. Igitur bello 
Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines Car- 
thaginiensium, quos novissime habuerant, populus 
Eomanus per magistratus administrabat : Gaetulorum 
magna pars, et Numidae usque ad flumen Mulucham 
sub Jugurtha erant : Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus 
imperitabat, prseter nomen cetera ignarus populi Eo- 
mani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace antea 
cognitus. 8. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudi- 
nem rei satis dictum. 

XX. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa deces- 
sere, et Jugurtha contra timorem animi prsemia scele- 



JUaUKTHA. 19 

' ris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex amicis 

' apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Eomae venalia 

esse, simul et illorum poUicitationibus accensus, quos 

i paulo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adher- 

i balis animum intendit. 2. Ipse acer, bellicosus ; at 

j is, quern petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, 

j opportunus injurise, metuens magis quam metuendus. 

j 3. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu 

i invadit ; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda 

j capit, sedificia incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum 

' equitatu accedit : 4. deinde cum omni multitudine in 

regnum suum conyertit ; existimans dolore permo- 

tum Adlierbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, 

I eamque rem belli causam fore. 5. At ille, quod 

! neque se parem armis existimabat, et amicitia populi 

' Eomani magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad 

Jugurtliam de injuriis questum misit: qui tametsi 

contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati 

! decrevit, quam bellum sumere, quia tentatum antea 

secus cesserat. 6. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthse 

minuebatur ; quippe qui totum ejus regnum animo 

jam invaserat. Y. Itaque non, ut antea, cum prseda- 

toria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum ge- 

rere coepit, et aperte totius ISTumidise imperium petere. 

8. Ceterum, qua pergebat, urbes, agros vastare, prse- 

das agere ; suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere. 

XXI. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti 
regnum aut relinquendum esset, aut armis retinen- 
dum, necessario copias parat, et Jugurtlise obvius 
procedit. 2. Interim baud longe a mari, prope Cir- 
tam oppidum, utriusque consedit exercitus, et quia 
diei extremum erat, praelium non inceptum. Sed ubi 



20 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

plerumque noctis processit, obscure etiamtum liimine, 
milites Jugurthini, signo dato, castra hostium inva- 
dunt ; semisomnos partim, alios arma sumentes fugant 
fundimtque. Adherbal cum paucis equitibus Cirtam 
profugit; et, ni multitude togatorum fuisset, quae 
Numidas insequentes mcEuibus proliibuit, uno die in- 
ter duos reges coeptum atque patratum bellum foret. 
3. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis turri- 
busque et machinis omnium generum expugnare 
aggreditur ; maxime festinans tempus legatorum ante- 
capere, quos, ante proelium factum, al) Adherbalc 
Eomam missos audiverat. 4. Sed postquam senatus 
de bello eorum accepit, tres adolescentes in Africaui 
legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, senatus populiqut* 
Romani verbis nuntient, ' velle et censere eos ab arm is 
discedere ; de controversiis suis jure potiiis quam bello 
disceptare : ita seque illisque dignum esse.' 

XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo 
magis, quod Kom?e, dum proficisci parant, de proelio 
facto et oppugnatione Cirtie audiebatur : sed is rumor 
clemens erat. 2. Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione, 
respondit: 'sibi neque majus quicquam neque carius 
auctoritate senati esse ; ab adolescentia ita se enisuni, 
uti ab Optimo quoque probaretur : virtute, non malitiS 
P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse ; ob easdem artes 
ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adop- 
tatuni esse. 3. Ceterum quo plura bene atque strenur 
fecisset, eo auimum suum injuriam minus tolerare. 
Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ub: 
comperisset, sceleri ejus obviam isse. 4. Populuin 
Romanum neque recte neque pro bono facturum, ei 
ab jure gentium sese proliibuerit. Postremo de omni- 



JUGUKTHA. 21 

bus rebus legates Romam brevi missurum.' It a utri- 
que digrediuntur. 5. Adlierbalis appellandi copia 
non fuit. 

XXin. Juguiiha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus 

est, neque propter loci naturam Cirtam arinis expug- 

nare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia circumdat, turres 

j exstruit, easque priesidiis iirmat : pra?terea dies noc- 

\ tesque aut per vim, aut dulis tentare ; defensoribus 

{ mcenium prjemia modo, modo formidinem ostentare ; 

; suos liortando ad virtutein arrigere ; prorsus intentus 

cuncta parare. 2. Adlierbal ubi intelligit omnes suas 

fortunas in extreme sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii 

■ spem nullam, penuria rerum necessariarum bellum 

tralii non posse, ex his, qui ima Cirtam profugerant, 

j duos, maxime impigros delegit ; eos mult;i. poUicendo 

i ac miseratido casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium 

munitiones noctu ad proximum mare, dein Eomam 

pergerent. 

XXIY. Xumida3paucis diebus jussa efticiunt; lit- 
terae Adlierbalis in senatu recitata^, quarum sententia 
hsec fuit. 

" Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres 
conscripti, sed vis Jugurtba^ subigit, quem tanta libido 
exstinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos neque deos 
immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam 
omnia malit. 2. Itaque quintum jam mensem socius 
et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus teneor, neque 
miLi Micipsre patris mei beneficia, neque vestra de- 
creta auxiliantur : ferro an fame acrius urgear, incer- 
tus sum. 3. Plura de Jugurtlia scribere deliortatur 
me fortuna mea, et jam antea expertus sum parum 
fidei miseris esse : i. nisi tamen intelligo ilium supra, 



22 C. CKISPl SALLUSTII 

quam ego sum, petere, neqiie simul amicitiam vestram 
et regniim meum sperare : ntrum gravius existimet, 
nemini occultum est. 5. Nam initio occidit Hiemp- 
salem^ fratrem meum, deinde j)atrio regno me expulit. 
Quse sane fuerint nostrse injurise, nihil ad vos. 6. Ve- 
rum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos 
imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet ; 
legatorum verba quanti fecerit, pericula mea decla- 
rant. 7. Quid reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri ) 
possit? 8. Nam ego quidem vellem, et lioec, quoe 
scribo, et ilia, quse antea in senatu questus sum, vana 
forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem verbis faceret. 
9. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthse scelerum 
ostentui essem, non jam mortem neque serumnas, tan- 
tummodo ijiimici imperium et cruciatus corporis de- 
precor. 10. Kegno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti 
libet, consulite : me manibus impiis eripite, per ma- ( 
jestatem imperii, per amicitise fidem, si uUa apud vos 
memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae." 

XXY. His litteris recitatis, fuere, qui ' exercitum 
in African! mittendum' censerent, ' et quam primiim 
Adherbali subveniendum : de Juo:urtlia interim uti 
consuleretur, quoniam legatis non paruisset.' 2. Sed t 
ab iisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne 
tale decretum fieret. 3. Ita bonum publicum, ut in 
plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. 
4. Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, 
amplis lionoribus usi ; in quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo 
supra memoravimus, consularis, et tunc in senatu 
princeps. 5. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab 
Numidis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere : deinde 
brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad Jugurtliam mittunt, 



J U G U K T H A . 23 

^quam, ocissime ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum 
ab senatu missos.' 6. Ille nbi accepit homines claros, 
quorum auctoritatem Eomse poUere audiverat, contra 
inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, metu atque 
libidine diversus agitabatur. 7. Timebat iram senati, 
ni paruisset legatis : porro animus cupidine coecus ad 
inceptum scelus rapiebat. 8. Yicit tamen in avido 
ingenio pravum consilium. 9. Igitur, exercitu cir- 
cumdato, summa vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur ; maxime 
sperans, diducta manu hostium, aut vi aut dolis sese 
casum victori^e inventurum. 10. Quod ubi secus 
procedit, neque, quod intenderat, efficere potest, uti 
prius, quam legatos conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur, 
ne amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum me- 
tuebat, incenderet, cum paucis equitibus in provin- 
ciam venit. 11. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves 
minse nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non de- 
sisteret, multa tamen oratione consumpta, legati frustrd 
discessere. 

XXYI. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, 
quorum virtute moenia defensabantur, conflsi, dedi- 
tione facta, propter magnitudinem populi Romani in- 
violatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, ' uti seque et 
oppidum Jugurtlise tradat ; tantum ab eo vitam pa- 
ciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore.' 2. At ille, 
tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthce rebatur, tamen, 
quia penes eosdem, si advei-saretur, cogendi potestas 
erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, deditionem facit. 
3. Jugurtlia inprimis Adherbalem excruciatum necat ; 
deinde omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores pro- 
miscue, uti quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interfecit. 

XXVn. Quod postquam Romse cognitum est, et 



24: C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

res in senatu agitari coepta ; iidem illi iMinistri regis 
interpellando,. ac ssepe gratia interdum jurgiis tra- 
hendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. 2. Ac ni 
C. Memmius, tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et 
infestus potentise nobilitatis, populum E-omanum edo- 
cuisset ' id agi, uti per paiicos factiosos Jugurthse 
scelus condonaretur,' profecto omnis invidia prolatan- 
dis consultationibiis dilapsa foret : 3. tanta vis gratise 
atque pecunise regis erat. Sed ubi senatus delicti 
conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia provinciae 
futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretse, 

4. consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Cal- 
purnius. Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. 

5. Deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribi- 
tur : stipendium aliaque, quae- bello usui forent, 
decernuntur. 

XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio ac- 
cepto, quippe cui Eomse omnia venum ire in animo 
hseserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum 
legatos mittit ; bisque, ut illis, quos Hiempsale inter- 
fecto miserat, prsecepit, ^omnes mortales pecunia 
aggrediantur.' 2. Qui postquam Eomam adventa- 
bant, senatus a Bestia consultus est, ' placeretne lega- 
tos Jugurtlise recipi moenibus : ' iique decrevere, ' nisi 
regnum ipsumque deditum venissent, uti in diebus 
proximis decem Italia decederent. 3. Consul Numi- 
dis ex senati decreto nuiitiari jubet : ita infectis rebus 
illi domum discedunt. 4. Interim Calpurnius, parato 
exercitu, legat sibi bomines nobiles, factiosos, quorum 
auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore sperabat : in 
quis fait Scaurus, cujus de natura et babitu supra 
memoravimus. 5. Nam in consule nostro multse 



JtraiTRTHA. 25 

bonaeque artes animi et corporis erant, quas omnes 
avaritia prsepediebat. Patiens laborum, acri ingenio, 
satis providens, belli baud ignarus, firmissimus contra 
pericula et insidias. 6. Sed legiones per Italiam 
Khegium atque inde Siciliam, porro ex SiciliS in Afri- 
cam transvectse. T. Igitnr Calpumius initio, paratis 
commeatibus, acriter Nnmidiam ingressus est, mul- 
tosque mortales et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit. 

XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legates pecuniS ten- 
tare, bellique, quod administrabat, asperitatem osten- 
dere coepit, animus seger avaritia facile conversus est. 
2. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum 
assumitur Scaurus ; qui tametsi a principio, plerisque 
ex factione ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnave- 
rat, tamen magnitudine pecuniag a bono bonestoque 
in pravum abstractus est. 3. Sed Jugurtha primo 
tantummodo belli moram redimebat, existimans sese 
aliquid interim Eomse pretio aut gratis effecturum ; 
postea vero qudm participem negotii Scaurum accepit, 
in maximam spem adductus recuperand* pads, sta- 
tuit cum eis de omnibus pactionibus prsesens agere. 
4. Ceteriim interea fidei causS mittitur a consule 
Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthas Vaccam ; cujus 
rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpumius 
palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam deditionis r^tsi 
induciae agitabantur. 5. Igitur rex, uti constituerat, 
in castra venit ; ac pauca, praesenti consilio, locutus 
de invidia facti sui, atque in deditionem uti accipere- 
tur reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit : 
dein postero die, quasi per saturam exquisitis sen- 
tentiis, in deditionem accipitur. 6. Sed, uti pro con- 
BUio imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque 



26 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

equi multi cum parvo argenti pondere qusestori tra- 
duntur. Calpiirnius Romam ad magistratus rogandos 
proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro pax 
agitabatur. 

XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque 
modo actse forent, fama divulgavit, Romse per omnes | 
locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud 
plebem gravis invidia ; patres soUiciti erant ; proba- 
rentne tantum flagitium, an decretum consulis sub- I 
verterent, parum constabat : 2. ac maxime eos poten- 1 
tia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestise ferebatur, 
a vero bonoque impediebat. 3. At C. Memmius, cu- 
jus de libertate ingenii et odio potentise nobilitatis 
supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras senati : 
concionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, mo- j 
nere, ne rempublicam, ne libertatem suam desererent ; 
multa superba et crudelia facinora nobilitatis osten- ^ 
dere : prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum t 
accendebat. 4. Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Romae ! 
Memmii facundia clara poUensque fuit, decere existi-^ i 
mavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus perscribere, ; 
ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in concione post redi- i 
tum Bestise hujuscemodi verbis disseruit. I 

XXXI. " Multa me dehortantur a vobis, Quirites, ' 
ni studium reipublicse omnia superet, opes factionis, 
vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, quod inno- 
centiae plus periculi quam honoris est. 2. Nam ilia i 
quidem piget dicere, his annis quindecim quam ludi- ' 
brio fueritis superbise paucorum ; qu^m foede quam- 
que inulti perierint vestri defensores ; 3. ut vobis 
animus ab ignavia atque socordia co^uptus sit, qui 
ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis inimicis, exsm-gitis, atque 



JUGURTHA. 27 

etiam nunc timetis eos, quibus vos decet terrori esse. 
4. Sed quamquam hsec talia sunt, tamen obviain ire 
factionis potentise animus subigit. 5. Certe ego liber- 
tatem, quae mibi a parente tradita est, experiar : verum 
id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vestra manu situm est, 
Quirites. 6. Neque ego vos hortor, quod ssepe ma- 
jores vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. 
Nihil vi, nihil secessione opus est : necesse est, suomet 
ipsi more prsecipites eant. 7. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, 
quem regnum parare aiebant, in plebem Romanam 
quaestiones habitae sunt. Post C. Gracchi et M. Fulvii 
caedem, item vestri ordinis multi mortales in carcere 
necati sunt : utriusque cladis non lex, verum libido 
eorum finem fecit. 8. Sed sane faerit regni paratio 
plebi sua restituere : quidquid sine sanguine civium 
ulcisci nequitur, jure factum sit. 9. Superioribus 
annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, reges et 
populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, 
penes eosdem et summam gloriam, et maximas divi- 
tias esse : tamen haec talia facinora impune suscepisse 
parum habuere, itaque postremo leges, majestas ves- 
tra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. 
10. Neque eos, qui ea fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed 
incedunt per ora vestra magnifici, sacerdotia et con- 
sulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi 
ea honori, non praedae habeant. 11. Servi aere parati 
imperia injusta dominorum non perferunt : vos, Qui- 
rites, imperio nati, aequo animo servitutem toleratis ? 
12. At qui sunt hi, qui rempublicam occupavere? 
Homines sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani 
avaritia, noc^ntissimi iidemque superbissimi ; quis 
fides decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inhonesta, 



28 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

omnia qugestui sunt. 13. Pars eorum occidisse tribu- 
nos plebis, alii qusestiones injnstas, plerique csedem 
in vos fecisse pro mnnimento habent. 14. Ita qu^ 
quisque pessime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est ; metum 
a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere : quos 
omnes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere 
in unum coegit : 15. sed hsec inter bonos amicitia, 
inter malos factio est. 16. Quod si tarn vos libertatis 
curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi 
sunt, profecto neque respublica, sicuti nunc, vastare- 
tur, et beneficia vestra penes optimos, non audacissi- 
mos forent. 17. Majores vestri parandi juris et majes- 
tatis constituendse gratia bis per secessionem armati 
Aventinum occupavere : vos pro libertate, quam ab 
illis accepistis, non summa ope nitemini ? atque eo 
vehementius, quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, 
quam omnino non paravisse. 18. Dicet aliquis : 
" Quid igitur censes ? " Vindicandum in eos, qui 
hosti prodidere rempublicara ; non manu neque vi, 
quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum 
est, verum qusestionibus et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, 
19. qui si dedititius est, profecto jussis vestris obe- 
diens erit ; sin ea contemnit, scilicet existimabitis 
qualis ilia pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham 
scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximse 
divitise, in rempublicam damna atque dedecora per- 
venerint. 20. Nisi forte nondum etiam vos domina- 
tionis eorum satietas tenet, et ilia qu4m ligec tempora 
magis placent, quum regna, provincise, leges, jura, 
judicia, bella, atque, paces, postremo divina et liu- 
mana omnia penes paucos erant ; vos autem, hoc est 
populus Eomanus, invicti ab liostibus, imperatores 



JUGUKTHA. 39 

omnium gentium, satis habebatis animam retinere ; 
nam servitutem quidem quis vesti-iim recusare aude- 
bat? 21. Atque ego, tametsi flagitiosissimum exis- 
timo impune injuriam accepisse, tamen yos hominibus 
sceleratissimis ignoscere, quoniam cives sunt, aequo 
animo paterer, nisi misericordia in perniciem casura 
esset. 22. Xam et illis, quantum importunitatis ha- 
bent, parum est impune male fecisse, nisi deinde 
faciendi licentia eripitur, et vobis aeterna soUicitudo 
remanebit, quum intelligetis aut serviendum esse, aut 
l)ev manus libertatem retinendam. 23. Nam fidei 
quidem aut concordiae quae spes est ? Dominari illi 
volunt, vos liberi esse ; facere illi injurias, vos pro- 
hibere ; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hosti- 
bus pro sociis utuntur. 24. Potestne in tam diversis 
mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? 25. Quare moneo 
hortorque -vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. 
Non peculatus aTarii factus est, neque per vim sociis 
erepta^ pecuniae ; qua? quamquam gravia sunt, tamen 
consuetudine jam pro niliilo habentur : hosti acerrimo 
prodita senati auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum ; 
domi militiaeque respublica venalis fuit. 26. Quae nisi 
quaesita erunt, ni vindicatum in noxios, quid erit re- 
liquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes viva- 
mus ? nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem esse. 
27. Keque ego vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives 
vestros perperam quam recte fecisse, sed ne igno- 
scendo malis bonos perditum eatis. 28. Ad hoc in 
republica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii im- 
memorem esse ; bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi 
negligas, at mains improbior. 29. Ad hoc si injuriae 
non sint, baud saepe auxilii egeas." 



30 C. CRISPI SALLirSTII 

XXXII. Hsec atque alia hiijuscemodi ssepe di- 
cendo, Memmius popnlo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui 
tunc prsetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque, 
interposita fide publica, Romam duceret, quo facilius 
indicio regis, Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae 
captse arcessebant, delicta patetierent. 2. Dum hsec 
Romse geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia exer- 
citui prseerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui, plurima 
et flagitiosissima facinora fecere. 3. Fuere, qui auro 
corrupti elephantos Jugurthse traderent : alii perfugas 
vendere, pars ex pacatis prsedas agebant : 4. tanta vis 
avaritise animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. 5. At 
Cassius, peiiata rogatione a C. Memmio, ac perculsa 
omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur ; eique 
timido et ex conscientia diflSidenti rebus suis persua- 
det, ' quoniam se populo Romano dedidisset, ne vim 
quam misericordiam ejus experiri mallet.' ' Privatim 
prseterea fidem suam interponit, quam ille non mino- 
ris qu^m publicam ducebat. Talis ea tempestate fama 
de Cassio erat. 

XXXni. Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, 
cultu quam maxime miserabili cum Cassio Romam 
venit. 2. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, 
confirmatus ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere 
cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra diximus C. Bsebium 
tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impu- 
dentia contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. 
3. At C. Memmius, advocata concione, quamquam 
regi infesta plebes erat, et pars 4n vincula duci' jube- 
bat, pars, ' ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more ma- 
jorum de boste supplicium sumi,' dignitati quam irae 
magis consulens, sedare motus, et animos eorum mol- 



JUGUKTHA. 31 

bre ; postremo confirmare ^ fidem publicam per sese 
inviolatam fore.' 4. Post, iibi silentium coepit, pro- 
ducto Jugiirtha, verba facit ; Romse Numidiseque 
fecinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem fratresque 
ostendit. ' Quibus juvantibus quibusqiie ministris ea 
egerit, quamquam intelligat populus Eomanus, tamen 
velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si verum ape- 
riat, in fide et dementia populi Eomani magnam spem 
illi sitam : sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore, sed se 
Buasque spes corrupturum.' 

XXXIV. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicendi finem 
fecit, et Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius 
tribunus plebis, quern pecunia corruptum supra dixi- 
mus, regem tacere jubet : ac tametsi multitude, quae 
in concione aderat, vehementer accensa terrebat eum 
clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis omnibus, quae 
ira fieri amat, vicit tamen irapudentia. 2. Ita popu- 
lus ludibrio habitus ex concione discedit : Jugurthae 
Bestiaeque et ceteris, quos ilia quaestio exagitabat, 
animi augescunt. 

XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Eomae Numida qui- 
dam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissae 
nepos ; qui, quia, in dissensione regum Jugurthae ad- 
versus fuerat, dedita Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, 
profugus ex Africa abierat. 2. HuicSp. Albinus,.qui 
proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio Rufo 
consulatum gerebat, persuadet, ^quoniam ex stirpe 
Masinissae sit, Jiigurthamque ob scelera invidia cum 
metu urgeat, regnum Numidiae ab senatu petat.' 
3. Avidus consul belli gerendi moveri, quam senes- 
cere omnia malebat ; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio 
Macedonia even erat. 4. Quae postquam Massiva 



32 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

agitare coepit, neque Jugurthse in amicis satis prsesidii 
est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama 
et timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime 
fido sibi, imperat, 'pretio,' sicuti multa confecerat, 
' insidiatores Massivse paret ; ac maxime occulte, sin 
id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam interfi- 
ciat.' 5. Bomilcar mature regis mandata exsequitur ; 
et per homines talis negotii artifices itinera egressus- 
que ejus, postremo loca atque tempora cuncta explo- 
rat ; deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. 6. Igi- 
tur unus ex eo numero, qui ad csedem parati erant, 
paulo inconsultius Massivam aggreditur, ilium obtrun- 
cat ; sed ipse depreliensus, multis bortantibus et in 
primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur. 7. Fit 
reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium 
Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Eomam fide publica vene- 
rat. 8. At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris non 
prius omisit contra verum niti, quam animum adver- 
tit supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti 
esse. 9. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex ami- 
cis quinquaginta vades dederat, regno magis quam 
vadibus consulens clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem 
dimittit, veritus ne reliquos populares metus invade- 
ret parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum foret, 
et ipse paucis diebus profectus .est, jissus ab senatu 
Italia decedere. 10. Sed postquam iloma egressus 
est, fertur ssepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse : 
^urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem 
invenerit.' 

XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, com- 
meatum, stipendium aliaque, quae militibus usui fo- 
rent, maturat in Africam portare ; ac statim ipse pro- 



JUGFRTHA. 33 

fectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus hand longe 
aberat, armis aut deditione ant qnovis modo bellnm 
conficeret. 2. At contra Jugnrtha trahere omnia, et 
alias, deinde alias morae cansas facere ; polliceri dedi- 
tionem, ac deinde metum simulare ; instanti cedere, 
et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent, instare : ita belli 
modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludificare. 3. Ac 
fiiere, qni tum Albinum hand ignarum consilii regis 
existimarent ; neqne ex tanta properantia tarn facile 
tractum bellnm socordia magis qnam dolo crederent. 
4. Sed postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies 
adventabat, Albinus, Anlo fratre in castris pro prse- 
tore relicto, Eomam. decessit. 

XXXVIL Ea tempestate Romae seditionibns tri- 
buniciis atrociter respublica agitabatur. 2. P. Lucul- 
lus et L. Annins, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, 
continnare magistratum nitebantur : quae dissensio 
totius anni comitia impediebat. 3. Ea mora in spem 
adductus Aulus, quem pro praetore in castris relictum 
supra diximus, aut coniiciendi belli aut terrore exer- 
citiis ab rege pecuniae capiendae, milites mense Janua- 
rio ex hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque 
itineribus, hieme aspera, pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, 
ubi regis thesauri erant. 4. Quod quamquam et 
saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi 
neque obsideri poterat ; nam circum murum, situm 
in praerupti montis extremo, planities limosa hiema- 
libus aquis paludem fecerat ; tamen, aut simulandi 
gratia, quo regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine 
caecus ob thesauros oppidi potiundi,^vineas agere, 

! aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui forent, 

1 properare. 



34: C. ORIS PI SALLUSTII 

XXXVin. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque 
imperitia legati, subdolus ejus augere amentiam, mis- 
sitare supplicantes legates, ipse quasi vitabundus per 
saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. 2. De- 
niqne Aulum spe pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Su- 
thule, in abditas regiones sese Yeluti cedentem inse- 
queretur : 4ta delicta occultiora fore.' 3. Interea per 
homines eallidos die noctuque exercitum tentabat ; 
centuriones ducesque turmarum, partim uti transfu- 
gerent, corrumpere ; alii, signo dato, locum uti dese- 
rerent. 4. Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, in- 
tempesta nocte de improviso multitudine N^umidarum 
Auli castra circumvenit. 5. Milites Eomani, perculsi 
tumultii insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars 
territos confirmare ; trepidare omnibus locis ; vis 
magna hostium, coelum nocte atque nubibus obscura- 
tum, periculum anceps : postremo fugere an manere 
tutius foret, in incerto erat. 6. Sed ex eo numero, 
quos paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligu- 
rum cum duabus turmis Thracum et paucis gregariis 
militibus transiere ad regem, et centurio primi pili 
tertise legionis per munitionem, quam, uti defenderet, 
acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque 
Numidse cuncti irrupere. 7. Xostri foeda fuga, ple- 
rique abjectis armis proximum collem occupavere. 
8. Nox atque prsgda castrorum hostes, quo minus vic- 
toria uterentur, remorata sunt. 9. Deinde Jugurtha 
postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verba facit : ' ta- 
metsi ipsum cum exercitu fame ferroque clausum 
tenet, tamen s^humanarum rerum memorem, si secum 
foedus faceret, incolumes omnes sub jugum missu- 
rum : prseterea, uti diebus decem Xumidia decederet.' 



i 



JUGURTHA. 35 

10. Quae quamqnam gravia et flagitii plena erant, ta- 
men, quia mortis metu mutabantur, sieuti regi libue- 
rat, pax convenit. 

XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Romge comperta sunt, metus 
atque moeror civitatem invasere. Pars dolere pro 
gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum timere 
libertati: Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello 
ssepe praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius 
quam manu salutem quaesiverat. 2. Ob ea consul 
Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde pericu- 
lum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat ; et tamen 
interim exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et 
nomine Latino auxilia arcessere, denique modis omni- 
bus festinare. 3. Senatus ita, uti par fiierat, decernit, 
* suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse fcedus lieri.' 
4. Consul impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas para- 
verat copias, secum portaret, paucis diebus in Africam 
proHciscitur : nam omnis exercitus, uti convenerat, 
Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. 5. Post- 
quam eo venit, quamquam persequi Jugurtham et 
mederi fraternae invidiae animus ardebat, cognitis mili- 
tibiis, quos praiter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia 
atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum statuit sibi 
nihil agitandum. 

XL. Interea Romse C. Mamilius Limetanus tribu- 
nus plebis rogationem ad populum promulgat, 'Uti 
quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha senati 
decreta neglexisset ; quique ab eo in legationibus aut 
imperiis pecunias accepissent ; qui elepliantos, quique 
perfugas tradidissent ; item, qui de pace aut bello 
cam hostibus pactiones fecissent.' 2. Huic rogationi 
partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia pericula 



36 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, 
qnin ilia et alia talia placere sibi faterentur, occulte 
per amicos, ac maxime per homines nominis Latini et 
socios Italieos impedimenta parabant. 3. Sed plebes 
incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit, quan- 
taque vi rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit, ma- 
gis odio nobilitatis. cui mala ilia parabantur, quam 
cura reipublicae : tanta libido in partibus erat. 4. Igi- 
tur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatiim 
Bestise fuisse supra docuimus, inter Igetitiam plebis et 
suorum fugam, trepida etiamtum civitate, quum ex 
Mamilii rogatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, effece- 
rat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur. 5. Sed quaestio 
exercita asper^ violenterque, ex rumore et libidine 
plebis. Ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate ple- 
bem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat. 

XLI. Ceteriim mos partium popularium et senati 
factionum, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis 
ante annis Romse ortus est, otio et abundantia earum 
rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt. 2. Nam ante 
Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus 
placide modesiteque inter se rempublicam tractabant : 
neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen inter cives 
erat : metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinc- 
bat. 3. Sed ubi ilia formido mentibus decessit, scili- 
cet ea, quas secundae res amant, lascivia atque super- 
bia incessere. 4. Ita, quod in adversis rebus optave- 
rant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque 
fuit. 5. Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem in 
dominationem, populus libertatem in libidinem ver- 
tere : sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia 
in duas partes abstracta sunt ; respublica, quae media 



JUGURTHA. 37 

faerat, dilacerata. 6. Cetertlm nobilitas factione ma- 
gis poUebat ; plebis vis, soluta atque dispersa in miil- 
titudine, minus poterat. 7. Paucdrum arbitrio belli 
domique agitabatur ; penes eosdem serarium, provin- 
ciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique erant ; populus 
militia atque inopia urgebatur. Praedas bellicas im- 
peratores cum paucis diripiebant : 8. interea pareutes 
aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque potentiori confinis 
erat, sedibus pellebantur. 9. Ita cum potentia ava- 
ritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, poUuere et vas- 
tare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad 
semet ipsa praecipitavit. 10. Nam ubi primiim ex 
nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustae 
potentiie anteponerent, moveri civitas, et dissensio 
civilis, quasi permixtio terrse, oriri coepit. 

XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, 
quorum majores Punico atque aliis bellis multum 
reipublicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in liberta- 
tem, et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas 
noxia, atque eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen 
Latinum, interdmn per equites Romanos, quos spes 
societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus 
obviam ierat ; et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post 
annos eadem ingredientem Caium, tribunum alterum, 
alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis cum M. Ful- 
vio Flacco ferro necaverat. 2. Et sane Gracchis 
cupidine victoriae baud satis moderatus animus fuit : 
3. sed bono vinci satius est, quam malo more injuriam 
vincere. 4. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex libidine 
sua usa, multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit; 
plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addi- 
dit. Quae res pleriimque magnas civitates pessum 



38 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

dedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo, et vic- 
tos acerbiiis ulcisci volunt. 5. Sed de studiis partium 
et omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro mag- 
nitudine parem diserere, tempus quam res maturius 
me deseret : quamobrem ad inceptum redeo. 

XLIII. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam 
fugam, Q. Metellus et M. Silanus, consules designati, 
provincias inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia 
evenerat, acri viro, et, qnamquam adverso populi 
partium, fama tamen sequabili et inviolata. 2. Is ubi 
primum magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi 
cum collega ratus, ad bellum, quod gesturus erat, ani- 
mum intendit. 3. Igitur diffidens veteri exercitui, 
milites scribere, prsesidia undique arcessere, arma, 
tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militi^e parare, ad 
hoc commeatum affatim, denique omnia, quse in bello 
vario et multarum rerum egenti usui esse solent. 

4. Ceterum ad ea patranda, senatus auctoritate socii 
nomenque Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittere ; 
postremo omnis civitas summo studio adnitebatur. 

5. Itaque, ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis compo- 
sitisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur magna spe civium, 
quum propter bonas artes, tum maxime, quod adver- 
siim divitias invictum animum gerebat; et avaritia 
magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostras opes 
contusse, liostiumque auctse erant. 

XLIV. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei 
traditur Sp. Albini proconsulis iners, imbellis, neque 
periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua quam manu 
promptior, prsedator ex sociis et ipse preeda hostium, 
sine imperio et modestia habitus. 2. Ita imperatori 
novo plus ex malis moribus sollicitudinis, quam ex 



JUGURTSA. 39 

copia militum aiixilii aut bonse spei accedebat. 3. Sta- 
tuit tamen Metellus, quamquain et sestivorum tempus 
comitiorum mora imminuerat, et exspectatione eventus 
civiiim animos intentos putabat, non prius bellum at- 
tingere, quam majorum disciplina milites laborare 
coegisset. 4. Kam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque 
clade perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi pro- 
vincia, quantum temporis aestivorum in imperio fuit, 
plerumque milites stativis castris habebat ; nisi quum 
odos aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. 
5. Sed neque . muniebantur ea, neque more militari 
vigil iae deducebantur : uti cuique libebat, ab signis 
aberat. Lixae pcrmixti cum militibus die noctuque 
vagabantur, et palantes agros vastare, villas expug- 
nare, pecoris et mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, 
eaque mutare cum mercatoribus vino advectitio et 
aliis talibus ; pra?terea frumentum publico datum ven- 
dere, panem in dies mercari : postremo, qusecumque 
dici aut fingi queunt ignavise luxui-iseque probra, in 
illo exercitu cuncta fuere, et alia amplius. 

XLV. Sed in ea difficultate MetcUum non miniis 
quam in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem virum 
fuisse comperior, tanta temperantia inter ambitionem 
saevitiamque moderatum. 2. Kamque edicto primim 
adjumenta ignavije sustulisse ; ' ne quisquam in cas- 
tris panem aut quem alium coctum cibum venderet ; 
ne lixae exercitum sequerentur ; ne miles gregarius in 
castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum habe- 
ret : ' ceteris arte modum statuisse. Praeterea trans- 
versis itineribus quotidie castra movere, juxta ac si 
liostes adessentj vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias cre- 
bras ponere, et eas ipse cum legatis circumire : item 



40 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, ssepe 
in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, uti 
cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma 
portaret. 3. Ita prohibendo a delictis magis quam 
vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit. 

XLYI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus age- 
bat, ex nuntiis accepit, simul de innocentia ejus certior 
Eoma factus, diffidere suis rebus ; ac tum demum ve- 
ram deditionem facere conatus est. 2. Igitur legates 
ad consulem cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo 
ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, alia omnia dederent 
populo Romano. 3. Sed Metello jam antea experi- 
mentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, in- 
genio mobili, novarum rerum avidum esse. 4. Itaque 
legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur ; ac paula- 
tim tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, 
multa pollicendo persuadet, ' uti Jugurtham maxime 
vivum, sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi trade- 
rent : ' cetemm palam, quse ex voluntate forent, regi 
nuntiari jubet. 5. Deinde ipse paucis diebus, intento 
atque infesto exercitu, in Numidiam procedit; ubi, 
contra belli faciem, tuguria plena hominum, pecora 
cultoresque in agris erant ; ex oppidis et mapalibus 
prsefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frulnentum 
dare, commeatum portare, postremo omnia, quae im- 
perarentur, facere. 6. Neque Metellus idcirco miniis, 
sed pariter ac si liostes adessent, munito agmine in- 
cedere, late explorare omnia, ilia deditionis signa 
ostentui credere, et insidiis locum tentari. 7. Itaque 
ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et 
sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat ; in 
postremo C. Marius legatus cum equitibus curabat : 



JIJGURTHA. 41 

in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites tribunis legionum 
et prsefectis cohortium dispertiverat, nti cum his per- 
mixti velites, quacunque accederent eqiiitatus hostium, 
propulsarent. 8. Nam in Jngurtha tantus dolus tan- 
taque peritia locorum et militiae erat, ut, absens an 
praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior esset, 
in incerto liaberetur. 

XL VII. Erat baud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metel- 
liis pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Yacca, 
forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebra- 
tum ; ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici 
generis multi mortales. 2. Hue consul, simul ten- 
tandi gratia, et, si paterentur, opportunitate loci prae- 
sidium imposuit ; praeterea imperavit frumentum et 
alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare ; ratus, id quod 
res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commea- 
tum juvaturum exercitum, et jam paratis rebus muni- 
mento fore. 3. Inter baec negotia Jugurtha impensius 
modo legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter 
Buam liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. 
4. Quos item, uti priores, consul illectos ad proditio- 
nem domum dimittebat : regi pacem, quam postula- 
bat, neque abnuere neque polliceri, et inter eas moras 
promissa legatorum exspectare. 

XL VIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis 
composuit, ac se suis artibus tentari animadvertit ; 
quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceteriim re bellum 
asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus 
cognitus, animi popularium tentati ; coactus rerum 
necessitudine, statuit armis certare. 2. Igitur explo- 
rato hostium itinere, in spem victorias adductus ex op- 
portunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium 



42 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

generum parat, ac per tramites occnltos exercitiim 
Metelli antevenit. 3. Erat in ea parte NumidiaB, 
quam Adlierbalin division e possederat, flumen oriens 
a meridie, nomine Muthul ; a quo aberat mons ferme 
millia viginti, tractu pari, vastus ab natura et humano 
cultu : sed ex eo medio quasi collis oriebatur, in im- 
mensum pertingens, vestitus oleastro ac myrtetis aliis- 
que generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso 
gignuntur. 4. Media autem planities deserta penuria 
aquse, praeter flumini propinqua loca ; ea consita 
arbustis pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. 

XLIX. Igitur in eo colle, quern tra,nsverso itinere 
porrectum docuimus, Jugurtlia, extenuata suormn 
acie, consedit: elepliantis et parti copiarum pedes- 
trium Bomilcarem praefecit, eumque edocet, quae 
ageret ; ipse propior montem cum omni equitatu 
pedites delectos collocat: 2. dein singulas turmas 
atque manipulos circumiens monet atque obtestatur, 
'uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese reg- 
numque suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant : 
cum his certamen fore, quos antea victos sub jugum 
miserint : ducem illis, non animum mutatum. Quae 
ab imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa ; locum 
superiorem, uti prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores 
cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus manimi 
consererent. 3. Proinde parati intentique essent, 
signo dato, Romanos invadere : ilium diem aut omnes 
labores et victorias confirmaturum, aut maximarum 
aerumnarum initium fore.' 4. Ad hoc viritim, uti 
quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore ex- 
tulerat, commonefacere beneficii sui, et eum ipsum 
aliis ostentare : postremo, pro cuj usque ingenio, polli- 



JUOURTHA. 43 

cendoj rainitando, obtestando, alium alio modo exci- 
tare ; quum interim Metelhis, ignarus hostium, monte 
degrediens cum exercitu, conspicatur, 5. primo du- 
bius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet, (nam inter 
virgulta equi Xumid^eque consederant, neqne plane 
occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti, quid- 
nam esset, quum natura loci, tum dolo ipsi atque 
signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis insi- 
diis, paulisper agmen constituit. 6. Ibi commutatis 
ordinibus, in dextero latere, quod proximum hostes 
erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem instruxit ; inter mani- 
pulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum 
omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore mili- 
tes hortatus, aciem, sicuti instruxerat, transvei-sis prin- 
cipiis, in planum deducit. 

L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque coUe degredi 
animadvertit, veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, 
ne siti conliceretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum 
expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flu- 
men, uti locum castris antecaperet ; existimans liostes 
crebro impetu et transversis proeliis iter suum remora- 
turos, et, quoniam armis difliderent, lassitudinem et 
sitim militura tentaturos. 2. Deinde ipse pro re atque 
loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere : 
Marium post principia habere : ipse cum sinistrse ala3 
equitibus esse, qui in agmine principes facti erant. 
3. At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen Metelli primos 
suos prretergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum mil- 
Hum peditum montem occupat, quaMetellus descende- 
rat, ne forte cedentibus adversariis receptui ac post 
munimento foret ; dein repente, signo dato, liostes 
invadit. 4. Numidae, alii postremos caedere, pars a 



44 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

sinistra ac dextera tentare, infensi adesse atque instare, 
omnibus locis Eomanorum ordines conturbare ; quo- 
rum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus fue- 
rant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus saucia- 
bantur, neque* contra feriendi aut manum conserendi 
copia erat. 5. Antea jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, 
ubicumque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non 
confertim, neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius 
alio quam maxime diversi. 6. Ita numero priores, si 
a persequendo liostes deterrere nequiverant, disjectos 
ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant : sin opportu- 
nior fugse coUis, quam campi fuerant, ea vero con- 
sueti Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere ; 
nostros asperitas et insolentia loci retinebat. 

LI. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, 
foeda atque miserabilis : dispersi a suis, pars cedere, 
alii insequi ; neque signa neque ordines observare ; 
ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac pro- 
pulsare : arma tela, equi viri, hostes atque cives per- 
mixti ; nihil consilio neque imperio agi ; foi-s omnia 
regere. 2. Itaque multum diei processerat, quum 
etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. 3. Denique omni- 
bus labore et sestn languidis, Metellus, ubi videt 
Numidas miniis instare, paulatim milites in unum 
conducit, ordines restituit, et coliortes legionarias 
quatuor adversiim pedites hostium coll6cat. Eorum 
magna pars superioribus locis fessa consederat. 4. Si- 
mul orare, liortari milites, 'ne deiicerent, neu pa- 
terentur liostes fugientes vincere: neque illis castra 
esse, neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tende- 
rent : in armis omnia sita.' 5. Sed nee Jugurtha 
quidem interea quietus erat ; circumire, hortari, reno- 



JUGURTHA. 45 

vare proelinm, et ipse cum delectis tentare omnia, 
Bubvenire siiis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos 
cognoverat, eminiis pugnando retinere. 

LII. Eo raodo inter se duo imperatores, summi 
viri, certabant, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus : 
2. nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus ; 
Jugurtbce alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. 3. De- 
nique Romani, ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium 
esse, neque ab lioste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam die 
vesper erat, adverso colle, sicuti praeceptum fuerat, 
evadunt. 4. Amisso loco, Numidoe fusi fugatique: 
pauci interiere, plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus 
ignara tutata sunt. 5. Interea Bomilcar, quem ele- 
phantis et parti copiarum pedestrium pra?lectum ab 
Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Hutilius pratergres- 
sus est, paulatim suos in sequum locum deduct : ac, 
dum legatus ad flumen, quo priemissus erat, festinans 
pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat; 
neque remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret, explorare. 
6. Postquam Kutilium consedisse jam, et animo va- 
cuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurtha^ proelio clamorem 
augeri, veritus, ne legatus, cognita re, laborantibus 
suis auxilio foret, aciem, quam, ditfidens virtuti mili- 
tum, arte statuerat, quo hostium itineri officeret, latiiis 
porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra procedit. 

LIII. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam 
animadvertunt, nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus 
probibebat ; et primo rati liumum aridam vento agi- 
tari ; post, ubi lequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies 
movebatur, magis magisque appropinquare vident, 
cognita re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris, 
sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. 2. Deinde, ubi pro- 



46 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

plus ventum est, utrimque magno clamore concurri- 
tur. 3. Numidse tantum modo remorati, diim in ele- 
phantis auxilium putant, postquam eos impeditos ra- 
mis arbor urn, atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, 
fugam faciimt, ac plerique, abjectis armis, colHs aut 
noctis quae jam aderat, auxilio integri abeunt. 4. Ele- 
phanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes, numero quadra- 
gin ta, interfecti. -6. At E-omani, quamquam itinere 
atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi lassique erant, 
tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, 
instruct! intentique obviam procedunt: 6. nam dolus 
Numidarum nihil languidi neque remissi patiebatur. 
7. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam baud procul 
inter se erant, strepitu, velut liostes, adventare, alteri 
apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere : 
et pene imprudentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni 
utrimque prcemissi equites rem exploravissent. S. Igi- 
tur pro metu repente gaudium exortum ; milites alius 
alium Ireti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt ; sua 
quisque fortia facta ad co^lum ferre. Quippe res hu- 
manae ita sese habent : in victoria vel ignavis gloriari 
licet ; adversie res etiam bonos detrectant. 

LIY. Metellus, in iisdem castris quatriduo raora- 
tus, saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in proeliis more 
militise donat, universes in concione laudat, atque 
agit gratias : hortatur, ' ad cetera, quse levia sunt, 
parem animum gerant: pro victoria satis jam pugna- 
tum, reliquos labores pro prse^a for^.' 2. Tamen in- 
terim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtlia ubi 
gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an 
exercitum liaberet, uti sese victus gereret, exploratum 
misit. 3. At ille sese in loca saltuosa et natiira muiiita 



JUGURTHA. 47 

receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum nnmero homi- 
num ampliorem, sed hebetem lufirmumqiie, agri ac 
pecoris magis qiiam belli ciiltorem. 4. Id ea gratia 
eveniebat, quod praeter regios equites nemo ouinium 
Numidarum ex fuga regein sequitur; quo cujusque 
animus fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militia3 
ducitur ; ita se mores habent. 5. Igitur Metellus ubi 
yidet etiamtum regis animum feuocem esse, bellum 
renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset, 
praiterea iniquum certamen sibi cum liostibus, minore 
detrimento illos vinci, quam suos vincere, statuit non 
proeliis neque acie, sed alio more bellum gerendum. 
6. Itaque in Numidia? loca opulentissima pergit, agros 
vastat, multa castella et oppida, temere munita aut 
sine praesidio, capit incenditque ; puberes interfici 
jubet, alia omnia militum pra^dam esse. Ea formidine 
multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides ; frumentum 
et alia, qure usui forent, aliatim pra^bita ; ubieumque 
res postulabat, pra^sidium impositum. 7. Quae nego- 
tia multo magis, quam prcelium male pugnatum ab 
suis, regem terrebant : 8. quippe cui spes omnis in 
fuga sita erat, sequi cogebatur ; et, qui sua loca de- 
fendere nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. 9. Ta- 
men ex copia, quod optimum videbatur, consilium 
capit: exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri 
jubet ; ipse cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, 
nocturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus E-omanos palan- 
tes repente aggreditur. 10. Eorum plerique inermes 
cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus pro- 
fugit ; et Numidiae, priusquam ex castris subvenire- 
tur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos coUes discedunt. 
LY. Interim Eomae gaudium ingens ortum, cog- 



48 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nitis Metelli rebus ; lit seque et exercitiim more ma- 
jorum gereret, in ad verso loco victor tamen virtute 
fuisset, hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtliam, magnifi- 
cum ex Auli socordia, spem salutis in solitudine aut 
fuga coegisset habere. 2. Itaque senatus ob ea feli- 
citer acta dis immortalibus supplicia decernere ; civi- 
tas, trepida antea et soUicita de belli eventu, laeta 
agere ; de Metello €ama prseclara esse. 3. Igitur eo 
intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus modis festinare ; 
cavere tamen, necubi hosti opportunus lieret ; me- 
minisse, post gloriam invidiam sequi. 4. Ita quo cla- 
rior eo magis anxius erat, neque post insidias Jugur- 
thse effuso exercitu prsedari : ubi frumento aut pabulo 
opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium 
agitabant : exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius 
ducebat. 5. Sed igni magis quam praeda ager vasta- 
batur. 6. Duobus locis baud longe inter se castra 
faciebant : 7. ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant ; cete- 
rum, quo fuga atque formido latius cresceret, diversi 
agebant. 8. Eo tempore Jugurtha per coUes sequi, 
tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere, qua venturum lios- 
tem audierat, pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum 
penuria erat, corrumpere, modo se Metello, interdum 
Mario ostendere, postremos in agmine tentare, ac sta- 
tim in coUes regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, 
neque proelium facere, neque otium pati, tantummodo 
liostem ab incepto retinere. 

LVI. Eomanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari 
videt, neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, urbem 
magnam et in ea parte, qua sita erat, arcem regni, 
nomine Zamam, statuit oppugnare ; ratus, id quod 
negotium poscebat, Jugurtliam laborantibus suis 



JUGURTHA. 49 

auxilio ventxirum, ibique proelium fore. 2. At ille, 
quae parabantur, !l perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus 
Metellum antevenit ; oppidanos hortatur, ' moenia de- 
fendant ; ' additis auxilio perfugis, quod genus ex 
copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, lirmissimum erat : 
pnieterea pollicetur, ' in tempore semet cum exercitu 
aftbre.' 3. Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam maxime 
occulta discedit, ac post paulo cognoscit Marium ex 
itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam 
missum ; quod oppidum primum omnium post raalam 
pugnam ab rege defecerat. 4. E6 cum delectis equi- 
tibus noctu pergit, et jam egredientibus Romania, in 
porta pugnam facit : simul magna voce Siccenses hor- 
tatur, ' uti coliortes ab tergo circumveniant : fortunara 
illis pncclari facinoris casuni dare. Si id fecerint, 
postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu setatem 
acturos.' 5. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque eva- 
dere oppido properavisset, profecto cuncti aut magna 
pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent : tanta mobilitate 
se Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini, paulis- 
per ab rege sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes 
urgent, paucis amissis, profugi discedunt. 

LVn. Marius ad Zamam pervenit. Id oppidum, 

in campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum 

erat, nuUius idonea3 rei egens, armis virisque opu- 

lentum. 2. Igitur Metellus, pro tempore atque loco 

:iratis rebus, cuncta moenia exercitu circumvenit ; 

legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret ; 3. deinde, signo 

date, undique sinml clamor ingens oritur. Neque ea 

; res Xumidas terret ; infensi intentique sine tumultu 

; manent. Proelium incipitur. 4. Romani, pro ingenio 

quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare, 

3 



50 0. CRISPISALLtrSTII 

alii succedere, ac munim modo suffodere, modo scalis 
aggredi, cupere prcBlium manibus facere. 5. Contra 
ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere ; sudes, pila, 
prseterea pice et sulphure tsedam mixtam, ardenti 
mittere. 6. Sed ne illos quidem, qui procul manse- 
rant, timor animi satis muniverat: nam plerosqne 
jacula tormentis ant manu emissa vulnerabant ; pa- 
rique periculo, sed fama impari boni atqne ignavi 
erant. 

LYm. Dum apud Zamam sic certatnr, Jugurtha 
ex improvise castra hostium cum magna manu inva- 
dit : remissis, qui in prcesidio erant, et omnia magis 
qn^m proelium exspectantibus, portam irrumpit. 2. At 
nostri, repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro mori- 
bus consulunt : alii fugere, alii arma capere ; magna 
pars vulnerati aut occisi. 3. Ceterum ex omni multi- 
tudine non amplius quadraginta, memores nominis 
Eomani, grege facto, locum cepere paulo quam alii 
editiorem, neque inde maxima yi depelli quiverunt, 
sed tela eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus 
min^s frustriati : sin Numidse propius accessissent, ibi 
vero virtutem ostendere, et eos maxima vi csedere, 
fundere atque fugare. 4. Interim Metellus, quuni 
acerrime rem gereret, clamorem hostilem ab tergo 
accepit: deinde, converso equo, animadvertit fugam 
ad se versiim fieri ; quae res indicabat populares esse. 
6. Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mit- 
tit, ac statim C. Marium cum cohortibus sociorum ; 
eumque lacrymans per amicitiam perque rempubli- 
cam obsecrat, 'ne quam contumeliam remanerein ex- 
ercitu victore, neve hostes inultos abire sinat.' 6. Ille 
brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha munimento 



JUGUKTHA. 51 

castrorum impeditus, quum alii super yallum prsecipi- 
tarentur, alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes office- 
rent, miiltis amissis, in loca munita sese recepit. 
7. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, in 
castra cum exercitu revertitur. 

LIX. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppug- 
nandum egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, 
qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet; 
portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit ; deinde ipse 
pergit ad oppidum, atque, ut superiore die, murum 
aggreditur. 2. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto repente 
nostros invadit. Qui in proximo locati fuerant, pau- 
lisper territi perturbantur ; 3. reliqui cito subveniuftt, 
neque diutius Numidse resistere quivissent, ni pedites 
cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu 
facerent. Quibus illi freti, non, ut equestri proelio 
solet, sequi, dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, 
implicare ac perturbare aciem : ita expeditis pediti- 
bus suis liostes pene victos dare. 

LX. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi cer- 
tabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut tribunus curabat, 
eo acerrime niti ; neque alius in alio magis quam in 
sese spem habere : pariterque oppidani agere. Op- 
pugnare, aut parare omnibus locis : avidiils alteri 
alteros sauciare, quam semet tegere : 2. clamor per- 
mixtus liortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armo- 
rum ad coelum ferri, tela utrimque volare. 3. Sod 
illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi Jiostes paulum modo 
pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre pro- 
spectabant.- 4. Eos, uti quseque Jugurthae res erant, 
Isetos modo, modo pavidos animadverteres ; ac sicuti 
audiri a suis aut cerni possent, monere alii, alii hor- 



52 C. CRISPI SALLTISTII 

tari, aut manu significare, aut niti corporibus, et ea 
hue illiic, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela, agitare. 
5. Quod ubi Mario cognitum est, (nam is in ea parte 
curabat), consulto lenius agere, ae diffidentiam rei 
simulare ; pati Numidas sine tumultu regis proelium 
visere. 6. Ita, illis studio suorum adstrictis, repente 
magna vi murum aggreditur; et jam scalis egressi 
milites prope sunima ceperant, quum oppidani con- 
currunt, lapides, ignera, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. 
7. Nostri primo resistere; deinde, ubi unae atque 
alteroe scalce comminute, qui supersteterant, aflBicti 
sunt ; ceteri quoquo modo potuere, pauci integri, 
magna pars confecti vulneribus abeunt. 8. Denique 
utrimque proelium nox diremit. 

LXI. Metellus postquam videt frustra inceptum, 
neque oppidum capi, neque Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis 
aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam jestatem exaetam 
esse, ab Zama discedit, et in his urbibus, quae ad se 
defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, 
praesidia imponit: 2. ceterum exercitum in provin- 
ciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi gratia 
colocat. 3. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti 
aut luxuriae concedit ; sed, quoniam armis bellum pa- 
rum procedebat, insidias regi per amicos tendere, et 
eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. 4. Igitur Bomil- 
carem, qui Eomae cum Jugurtha fuerat, et inde, vadi- 
bus datis, clam de Massivae nece judicium fugerat, 
quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fal- 
lendi erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditm*. Ac 
primo efficit, uti ad se colloquendi gratia occultus 
veniat : deinde fide data, ' si Jugurtham vivum aut 
necatum tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impimitatem 



JUGUKTHA. .53 

et sua omnia concederet,' 5. facile Numidae persuadet, 
quum ingenio infido, turn metuenti, ne, si pax cum 
Eomanis iieret, ipse per conditiones ad supplicium 
tiaderetur. 

LXU. Is, ubi prirnum opportuuum fuit, Jugur 
tham anxium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit; 
monet atque lacrymans obtcstatur, ' uti aliquando sibi 
liberisque et genti Xumidarum optime merenti provi- 
deat : omnibus proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, 
multos mortales captos aut occisos, regni opes commi- 
nutas esse : satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et for- 
tunam tentatam : caveat, ne, illo cunctante, Numida3 
sibi consulant.' 2. His atque talibus aliis ad deditio- 
nem regis animum impellit. 3. Mittuntur ad impera- 
torem legati, qui 'Jugurtham imperata facturum' 
dicerent, ' ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum 
in illius fidem tradere.' 4. Metellus proper^ cunctos 
senatorii ordinis ex hibeniis arcessiri jubet: eorum 
atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium ha- 
bet. 5. Ita more majorum ex consilii decreto per 
legates Jugurtbffi imperat argenti pondo ducenta mil- 
lia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum aliquan- 
tum. 6. Qua3 postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet 
* omnes perfugas vinctos adduci.' 7. Eorum magna 
pars, ut jussum erat, adducti : pauci, quum primiim 
dcditio coDpit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniaiii 
abierant. 8. Igitur Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et 
pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad imperandum Tisi- 
dium vocaretur, rursus coepit flectere animum suum, 
et ex mala conscientia digna timere. 9. Denique mul- 
tis diebus per dubitationem consumptis, quum modo 
t«dio rerum adversarum omnia bello potiora duceret, 



54 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in 
servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis 
neqnidquam perditis, de integro bellum sumit. 10. Et 
Romse senatus de provinciis consultns Numidiam Me- 
tello decreverat. 

LXm. Per idem tempus Uticse forte C. Mario 
per hostias dis supplicanti, ' magna atque mirabilia 
portendi ' haruspex dixerat : ' proinde, quae animo agi- 
tabat, fretus dis ageret ; fortunam quam saepissime ex- 
periretur, cuncta prospera eventura.' 2. At ilium 
jam antea consulatus ingens cupido exagitabat, ad 
quem capiendum praeter vetustatem familiae alia om- 
nia abunde erant, industria, probitas, militiae magna 
scientia, animus belli ingens, domi modicus, libidi- 
nis et divitiarum victor, tantummodo gloriae avidus. 
3. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini altus, ubi 
primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciendis, 
non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese 
exercuit: ita inter artes bonas integrum ingenium 
brevi adolevit. 4. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum mili- 
tarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus igno- 
rantibus, facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur. 
6. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi 
peperit, semper que in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, 
uti ampliore, quam gerebat, dignus haberetur. 6. Ta- 
men is ad id locorum talis vir (nam postea ambitione 
praeceps datus est) consulatum petere non audebat: 
etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobili- 
tas inter se per manus tradebat : 7. novus nemo tarn 
clarus, neque tam egregius factis erat, quin is indig- 
nus illo honore et quasi pollutas baberetur. 

LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem 



JUGTJRTHA. ' 6S 

intendere videt, quo cupido animi liortabatur, ab Me- 
tello petendi gratia missionem rogat. Cui quamquam 
virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant, ta- 
men inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune 
nobilitatis malum. 2. Itaque primum, commotus in- 
solita re, mirari ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam 
monere, ' ne tam prava inciperet, neu super fortunam 
animum gereret : non omnia omnibus cupienda esse ; 
debere illi res suas satis placere : postremo caveret id 
petere a populo Eomano, quod illi jure negaretur.' 
3. Postquam hsec atque alia talia dixit, neque animus 
Marii flectitur, respondit, ' ubi primum potuisset per 
negotia publica, facturum sese, quae peteret ; ' 4. ac 
postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ' ne fes- 
tinaret abire ; satis mature ilium cum filio suo consu- 
latum petiturum.' Is eo tempore contubernio patris 
ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti. Quae 
res Marium quum pro honore, quem aftectabat, turn 
contra Metellum vehementer accenderat. 5. Ita cu- 
pidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, grassari, ne- 
que facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo am- 
bitiosum foret : milites, quibus in hibernis proeerat, 
laxior^ imperio quum antea habere : apud negotia- 
tores quorum magna multitudo Uticae erat, criminose 
simul et magni'ice de bello loqui : ' dimidia pars exer- 
citus sibi pennitteretur, paucis diebus Juguitham in 
catenis habiturum : ab imperatore consulto trahi, 
quod homo inanis et regiae superbiae imperio nimis 
gauderet.' 6. Qua3 omnia illis eo firmiora videban- 
tur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant, 
et animo cupienti nihil satis festinatur. 

LXY. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida 



56 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 

quidam, nomine Gauda, Manastabalis filius, Masimssse 
nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum heredem 
scripserat, morbis confectus, et ob earn causam mente 
paulum imminuta. 2. Cui Metellus petenti, 'more 
regum uti sellam juxta poneret,' item postea ' custodise 
causa turmam equitum Romanorum,' utrumque nega- 
verat ; honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos popu- 
lus Komanus reges appellavisset ; prgesidium, quod 
contumeliosum foret, si equites Romani satellites Nu- 
midae traderentur. 3. Hunc Marius anxium aggredi- 
tur, atque hortatur, uti contumeliarum imperatoris 
cum suo auxilio poenas petat : hominem ob morbos 
animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit : ' ilium 
regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse ; si 
Jugurtha captus aut occisus foret, imperium Numidise 
sine mora habiturum ; id adeo mature posse evenire, 
si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret.' 4. Itaque 
et ilium, et equites Romanos^ milites et negotiatores, 
alios ipse, plerosque spes pacis impellit, uti Romam 
ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de bello 
scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. 5. Sic illi a 
multis mortalibus honestissima suffi-agatione consula- 
tus petebatur : simul ea tempestate plebes, nomlitate 
fusa per legem Mamiliam, novos extoUebat. Ita Ma- 
rio cuncta procedere. 

LXVI. Interim Jugurtha, postquam, omissa dedi- 
tione, bellum incipit, cum magna cui*a parare omnia, 
festinare, cogere exercitum ; civitates, quse ab se defe- 
cerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare ; 
communire suos locos ; arma, tela, alia, qure spe pacis 
amiserat, reficere aut commercari ; servitia Romano- 
rum allicere, et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis erant, pecu- 



JUGURTHA. 67 

nia tentare ; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum 
pati, cuncta agitare. 2. Igitur Yaccenses, quo Me- 
tcllus initio, Jugurtha pacilicante, praesidium impo- 
suerat, fatigati regis suppliciis, neque antea voluntate 
alienati, principes civitatis inter se conjurant: nam 
vulgus, uti plerumque solet, et niaxime Numidarum, 
ingenio naobili, seditiosum atque diseordiosum erat, 
cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. 
Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium 
constituunt, quod is festus celebratusque per omnem 
Africam ludum et laseiviam magis quam Ibrmidinem 
ostentabat. 3. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tri- 
bunosque militares, et ipsum praefectum oppidi T. Tur- 
piliura Silanum, alius alium domos suas invitant : eos 
omnes propter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant : 
postea milites palantes, inermcs, quippe in tali die ac 
sine imperio, aggrediuntur. 4. Idem plebes facit, 
pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii studio talium rerum in- 
citati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus tumnltus 
ipse et res novce satis placebant. 

LXVn. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti 
ignarique, quid potissimum facerent, trepidare : ad 
areem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, praesidium 
hostium : portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant : ad 
hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aediiiciorum saxa et 
alia, quae locus praebebat, certatim mittere. 2. Ita 
neque caveri anceps malum, neque a fortissimis in- 
firmissimo generi resisti posse: juxta boni malique, 
strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. 3. In ea tanta 
asperitate, saevissimis Xumidis et oppido undique 
clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis 
profugit intactus. Id misericordiane hospitis, an 



58 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

pactione ant casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus ; 
nisi, qnia illi in tanto malo tnrpis vita integra fama 
potior fuit, improbus intestabilisqne videtur. 

LXYIII. Metellus postqnam de rebus Vaccse actis 
comperit, panlisper moestus e conspectu abit ; deinde, 
nbi ira et segritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura 
nltum ire injurias festinat. 2. Legionem, cum qua 
hiemabat, et qu^m plurimos potest Numidas equites 
pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit ; et postera 
die circiter boram tertiam pervenit in quamdam plani- 
tiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. 3. Ibi 
milites, fessos itineris magnitudine, et jam abnuentes 
omnia, docet ' oppidum Yaccam non amplius mille 
passuum abesse : decere illos reliquum laborem sequo 
animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis 
atque miserrimis, poenas caperent : ' praeterea prsedam 
benigne ostentat. 4. Ita animis eorum arrectis, equi- 
tes in primo late, pedites quam artissime ire, et signa 
occultare jubet. 

LXIX. Yaccenses ubi animum advertere ad se 
versum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metel- 
lum. esse rati, portas clausere : deinde, ubi neque agros 
vastari, et eos, qui primi aderant, IN'umidas equites 
vident, rursum Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gau- 
dio obvii procedunt. 2. Equites peditesque, repente 
signo dato, alii vulgum effusum oppido csedere, alii ad 
portas festinare, pars turres capere ; ira atque praedse 
spes amplius quam lassitudo posse. 3. Ita Yaccenses 
biduum modo ex perfidia Isetati : civitas magna et 
opulens cuncta poense aut prsedge fuit. 4. Turpilius, 
quem prsefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse 
supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam dicere, post- 



JUGURTHA. 59 

quam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus verberatus- 
que capite poenas solvit : nam is civis ex Latio erat. 

LXX. Per idem, tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu 
Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, 
suspectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cu- 
pere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, die noctuque 
fatigare animum. 2. Denique omnia tentando, socium 
sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis 
opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui 
plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et om- 
nes res exsequi solitus erat, quae Jugurthse fesso aut 
majoribus adstricto superaverant ; ex quo illi gloria 
opesque inventse. 3. Igitur utriusque consilio dies 
insidiis statuitur : ' cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore 
parari ' placuit. 4. Nabdalsa ad exercitum profectus, 
quem inter liiberna Komanorum jussus habebat, ne 
ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. 5. Is postquam 
magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad tempus non venit, 
metusque rem impediebat, Bomilcar, simul cupidus 
incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso 
vetere consilio, novum quaereret, litteras ad eum per 
homines fideles mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque 
viri accusare, testari deos, per quos jura visset, monere, 
' ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret ; Jugurthae 
exitium adesse ; ceterum suane an Metelli virtute peri- 
ret, id modo agitari : proinde reputaret cum animo 
6U0, praemia an cruciatum mallet.' 

LXXI. Sed quum hae litterae allatae, forte Nab- 
dalsa exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, 
2. ubi, cognitis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, 
uti aegrum animum solet, somnus cepit. 3. Erat ei 
Numida quidam, negotiorum curator, fidus acceptus- 



60 C. CRISPI ^ALLUSTII 

que et omnium consiliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. 
4. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex consuetu- 
dine ratus opera ant ingenio suo opus esse, in taber- 
naculum introiit : dormiente illo epistolam, super ca- 
put in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein 
propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem pergit. 5. Nab- 
dalsa post paulo experrectus, ubi neque epistolam 
reperit, et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo 
indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit, 
Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit ; dicit ' quae ipse 
paravisset facere, perfidia clientis sui praeventa : ' lacry- 
mans obtestatur ' per amicitiam j^erque sua antea 
fideliter acta, ne super tali scelere suspectum sese 
haberet.' 

LXXII. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, 
placide respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos so- 
cios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresse- 
rat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. 2. Xeque 
post id locorum Jugurtbae dies aut nox uUa quieta 
fuit : neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut terapori 
Batis credere, cives, liostes juxta metuere, circum- 
spectare omnia, et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque 
alio loco, saepe contra dccus regium, noctu requiescere, 
interdum somno excitus, arrcptis armis, tumultum 
facere ; ita foi-midine quasi vecordia exagitari. 

LXXin. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris 
et indicio patefacto ex perfiigis cognovit, rursus, tarn- 
quam ad integrum bellum, cuncta parat festinatque. 
2. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invi- 
sum et offensum, sibi parum idoneum ratus, doraum 
dimittit. 3. Et Eom^e plebes, litteris, quae de Metello 
ac Mario missaa erant, cognitis, volenti animo de 



JUOUBTHA. §1 

ambobns acceperant. 4. Imperatori nobilitas, quae 
antea decori, invidiae esse : at illi alteri generis Im- 
militas favorem addiderat : ceteruin in iitroqiic magis 
studia partium, qnam bona aut mala sua moderata. 
5. Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgiim exagitare, 
Metellum omnibus concionibus capitis arcessere, Marii 
virtutem in majus celebrare, 6. Denique plebes sic 
accensa, uti opifices agrestesqiie omnes, quorum res 
fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus, fre- 
quentarent Marium, et sua necessaria post illius bono- 
rem duccrent. 7. Ita, perculsa nobilitate, post multaB 
tempestates novo homini consulatus mandatur ; et 
postea populus, a tribuno plebis Manilio Mancino 
rogatus, * quem vellet cum Jugurthii bellum gerere/ 
frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus paulo ante Me- 
tello Numidiam decreverat : ea res frustri fuit. 

LXXIV. Eodem tempore Jugurtha, amissis ami- 
'is, quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, 
pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum profuge- 
1 ant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, 
• t novorum fidem in tantfi perfidia veterum experiri 
periculosum duceret, varius incertusque agitabat; ne- 
que illi res, neque consilium aut quisquam liominum 

litis placebat : itinera praefectosque indies mutare; 

iiodo adversiim hostes, interdum in solitudines per- 
gere ; saepe in luga, ac post paulo in armis spem ha- 
bere ; dubitare, virtuti an fide popularium minus cre- 
deret : ita, quocumque intenderat, res adversae erant. 
2. Sed inter eas moras repente sese Metellus cum ex- 
ercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore 
parati instructique ; dein prcelium incipitur. 3. Qua 
in parte rex pugnae adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum ; 



62 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

ceteri omnes ejus milites primo concursu pulsi fagati- 
que. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto nu- 
mero, liostium paucorum potiti : nam ferme Numidas 
in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt. 
LXXY. Ea fuga Jugurtha, impensius modo rebus 
suis diffidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in soli- 
tudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum 
et opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus 
multus pueritise cultus erat. 2. Quae postquam Me- 
tello comperta sunt, quamquam inter Thalam flumen- 
que proximum, in spatio millium quinquaginta, loca 
arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi 
belli, si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates 
supervadere, ac naturam etiam vincere aggreditur. 
3. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet, nisi 
frumento dierum decem ; ceterum utres modo et alia 
aquse idonea portari. 4. Prseterea conquirit ex agris, 
quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, eoque imponit 
vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, colleeta ex 
tuguriis Numidarum. 5. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, 
qui se post regis fugam Metello dederant, quam pluri- 
mum quisque aquae portaret : diem locumque, ubi 
prsesto forent, praedicit. 6. Ipse ex flumine, quam 
proximam oppido aquam supra diximus, jumenta 
onerat : eo modo instructus ad Thalam proficiscitur. 
7. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis prsece- 
perat, et castra posita mimitaque sunt, tanta repente 
coelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo exercitui 
satis superque foret. 8. Praeterea commeatus spe 
amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova dedi- 
tione, officia intenderant. 9. Ceterum milites religione 
pluvia magis usi, eaque res multum animis eorum 



JUOURTHA. 63 

addidit ; nam rati sese dis immortalibus curae esse. 
Deinde postero die, contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad 
Thalam perveniunt. 10. Oppidani, qui se locorum 
asperitate munitos crediderant, magna atque insolita 
re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum parare : idem nostri 
facere. 

LXXYI. Sed rex, nihil jam infectum Metello cre- 
dens, quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, 
denique naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, indus- 
tria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex 
oppido noctu profugit. Neque postea in ullo loco 
amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus, simulabat sese 
negotii gratia properare ; ceterum proditionem time- 
bat, quam vitare posse celeritate putabat : nam talia 
consilia per otium et ex opportunitate capi. 2. At 
Metellus, ubi oppidanos prcelio intentos, simul oppi- 
dum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque 
moenia circumvenit. 3. Deinde locis ex copia maxime 
idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere, et super agge- 
rem impositis turribus, opus et administros tutari. 
4. Contra liaec oppidani festinare," parare : prorsus ab 
utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. 5. Denique Romani, 
multo ante labore proeliisque fatigati, post dies quadra- 
ginta, quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo potiti : praeda 
omnis a perfugis corrupta. 6. li postquam murum 
arietibus feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum 
atque argentum et alia, quce prima ducuntur, domum 
regiam comportant : ibi vino et epulis onerati, illaque 
et domum et semet igni corrumpunt ; et quas victi ab 
hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere. 

LXXVn. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex 
oppido Lepti ad Metellum venerant, orantes, ^uti 



64 C. CBISPI SALLUSTII 

prsesidium prsefectumque eo mitteret : Hamilcarem 
quemdam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus 
studere, adversum quern neque imperia magistratuum 
neque leges valerent : ni id festinaret, in summo peri- 
culo suam salutem, illorum socios fore.' 2. Nam Lep- 
titani jam inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam 
consulem et postea Eomam miserant, amicitiam socie- 
tatemque rogatum : 3. deinde, ubi ea impetrata, sem- 
per boni fidelesque mansere, et cuncta a Bestia, Albino 
Metelloque imperata nave fecerant. 4. Itaque ab 
imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti, et missae eo 
cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius prsefectus. 

LXXVIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, 
quos accepimus profiigos ob discordias civiles navibus 
in eos locos venisse : ceterum situm inter duas Syrtes, 
quibus nomen ex re inditum. 2. Nam duo sunt sinus 
prope in extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari 
natura : quorum proxima terras praealta sunt ; cetera, 
uti fors tulit, alta, alia in tempestate, vadosa. 3. Nam 
ubi mare magnum esse, et saevire ventis coepit, limum 
arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt : ita facies 
locorum cum ventis simul mutatur. Sjrtes ab tractu 
nominatae. 4. Ejus civitatis lingua modo conversa 
connubio Numidarum : leges cultusque pleraque Si- 
donica, quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab 
imperio regis aetatem agebant. 5. Inter illos et fre- 
quentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. 

LXXIX. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Lepti- 
tanorum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur egre- 
gium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium 
memorare : eam rem nos locus admonuit. 2. Qua 
tempestate Carthaginienses pleraeque Africae imperi- 



JUGURTHA. 65 

tabant, Cj^enenses quoque magni atqiie opulenti ftiere. 

3. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie : neque flumen, 
neque mons erat, qni fines eorum discerneret; quae 
res eos in magno diiiturnoque bello inter se habuit. 

4. Postquam utrimque legiones, item classes ssepe 
fusse fugatseque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attrive- 
rant, veriti, ne mox victos victoresque defessos alius 
aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faciunt, ' uti 
certo die legati domo proficiscerentur : quo in loco 
inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi 
finis haberetur.' 5. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres 
missi, quibus nomen Philsenis erat, maturavere iter 
pergere : Cyrenenses tardiiis iere. Id socordiane an 
casu accident, parum cognovi : 6. ceteriim solet in 
illis locis tempestas baud secus atque in mari retinere. 
Nam ubi per loca sequalia et nuda gignentium ventus 
coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea magna vi agitata 
ora oculosque implere solet : ita, prospectu impedito, 
morari iter. 7. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto pos- 
teriores se vident, et ob rem corniptam domi poenas 
metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante tempus domo 
digressos, conturbare rem, denique omnia malle, quam 
victi abire. 8. Sed quum Poeni aliam conditionem, 
tantummodo eequam, peterent, Graeci optionem Car- 
thaginiensium faciunt, 'ut vel illi, quos fines populo 
suo peterent, ibi vivi obruerentur, vel eadem conditione 
sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros.' 9. Phi- 
Ireni, conditione probata, seque vitamque suam reipub- 
liciB condonavere : ita vivi obruti. 10. Carthaginien- 
ses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere : 
aliique illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem 
redeo. 



66 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

LXXX. Jugurtha postquam, amissa Thala, nihil 
satis firmum contra Metellum putat, per magnas soli- 
tudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Grsetulos, 
genus hominum ferum incultumque, et eo tempore 
ignarum nominis Komani. 2. Eorum multitudinem 
in unum cogit, ac paulatim consuefacit ordines ha- 
bere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia mili- 
taria facere. 3. Prseterea regis Bocchi proximos mag- 
nis muneribus et majoribus promissis ad studium sui 
perducit ; quis adjutoribus regem aggressus impellit, 
uti adversum Romanos belhim suscipiat. 4. Id ea 
gratia facilius proniusque fuit, quod Bocchus initio 
hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat, foedus et ami- 
citiam petitum: 5. quam rem opportunissimam in- 
cepto bello pauci impediverant, caeci avaritia, quis 
omnia, honesta atque inhonesta, vendere mos erat. 
6. Etiam antea Jugurthge filia Bocclii nupserat. Ve- 
rum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis 
ducitur, quia singuli, pro opibus quisque, quam pluri- 
mas uxoreSj denas alii, alii plures habent, sed reges 
eo amplius. 7. Ita animus multitudine distrahitur; 
nulla pro socia obtinet ; pariter omnes viles sunt. 

LXXXI. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum exer- 
citus conveniunt. Ibi, fide data et accept^, Jugurtha 
Bocchi animum oratione accendit : ' Eomanos injustos, 
profunda avaritia, communes omnium hostes esse : 
eandem illos causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam 
secum et cum aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, 
quis omnia regna adversa sint : tum sese, paulo ante 
Carthaginienses, item Persen regem, post, uti quisque 
opulentissimus videatur, ita Eomanis hostem fore.' 
2. His atque aliis talibus dictis, ad Cirtam oppiduni 



JUGURTHA. 67 

iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus prsedam captivos- 
que et impedimenta locaverat : 3. ita Jiigurtha ratus, 
aut, capta m-be, operse pretium fore ; aut, si Romanus 
aiixilio suis venisset, pro^lio sese certatiiros. 4. Nam 
callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem imrainuere, 
ne moras agitando aliud qiiam bellum mallet. 

LXXXIL Imperator postquam de regum societate 
cognovit, non temere, neque, uti, saepe jam victo Ju- 
gurtha, consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam 
facit : ceterum baud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, 
reges opperitur ; melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, 
quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, ex commodo pug- 
nam facere. 2. Interim Roma per litteras certior lit 
provinciam Numidiam Mario datam ; nam consulem 
factum ante acceperat. Quis rebus supra bonum 
atque honestum perculsus, neque lacrymas tenere, 
neque moderari linguam : vir egregius in aliis artibus 
nimis moUiter a^gritudinem pati. 3. Quam rem alii 
in superbiam vertebant, alii bonum ingenium contu- 
melia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria 
ex manibus eriperetur : nobis satis cognitum est, ilium 
magis honore Marii quam injuria sua excruciatum, 
neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia 
alii quam Mario traderetur. 

LXXXin. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stul- 
titise videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, lega- 
tos ad Bocchum mittit, postulatum, 'ne sine causa 
hostis populo Romano fieret : habere tum magnam 
copiam societatis amicitia^que conjungendae, qua? po- 
tior bello esset : quamquam opibus suis confideret, 
tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare : omne 
bellum sumi facile, ceteriim segerrime desinere : non 



68 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

in ejusdem potestate initium ejus et finem esse ; in- 
cipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere ; deponi, quuin vic- 
tores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque suo consiileret, neu 
florentes res suas cum Jugurtlise perditis misceret.' 
2. Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit : ' sese pacem 
cupere, sed Jugurtlise fortunarum misereri ; si eadem 
illi copia fieret, omnia conventura.' 3. Rursus im- 
perator contra postulata Bocclii nuntios mittit: ille 
probare partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo ssepe ab 
utroque missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere, 
et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trabi. 

LXXXIY. At Marius, ut suprsi diximus, cupien- 
tissima plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam 
JSTumidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobili- 
tati, tum vero multus atque ferox instare : singulos 
modo, modo universos laedere ; dictitare ' sese con- 
sulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse ; ' alia prgeterea 
magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. 2. Interim, quae 
bello opus erant, prima habere : postulare legionibus 
supplementum, auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque 
arcessere: prgeterea ex Latio fortissimum quemque, 
plerosque militiae, paucos faina cognitos, accire, et 
ambiendo cogere homines emeritis stipendiis secum 
proficisci. 3. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adver- 
sus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat : ceteriim 
supplementum etiam Isetus decreverat ; quia neque 
plebi militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli 
usum aut studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra 
sperata : tanta libido cum Mario eundi plerosque in- 
vaserat. 4. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, vic- 
torem domum rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis 
trahebant, et eos non pauliim oratione sua Marius 



JUQUETHA. 66 

arrexerat. 5. Nam postquam, omnibus, quae postu- 
laverat, decretis, milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, 
simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exagitandi, con- 
cionem populi advocavit ; deinde hoc modo disseruit. 
LXXXV. "Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non 
iisdem artibus imperium a vobis petere, et, postquam 
adepti sunt, gerere : primo industrios, supplices, modi- 
cos esse ; deinde per ignaviam et superbiam setatem 
agere. 2. Sed mihi contra ea videtur : nam quo plu- 
ris est, universa respublica quam consulatus aut prae- 
tura, eo majore cura illam administrari, quam lisec 
peti, debere. 3. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maxi- 
mo beneficio vestro negotii sustineam. Bellum parare 
simul, et aerario parcere ; cogere ad militiam eos, quos 
nolis offendere ; domi forisque omnia curare ; et ea 
agere inter invidos, occuraantes, factiosos, opinione, 
Quirites, asperius est. 4. Ad hoc alii si deliquere, 
vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et 
affinium opes, multae clientela?, omnia haec praesidio 
adsunt : mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse 
est et virtute et innocentia tutari ; nam alia infirma 
sunt. 5. Et illud intelligo, Quirites, omnium ora in 
me conversa esse : aequos bonosque favere, quippe 
benefacta mea reipublicae procedunt ; nobilitatem lo- 
cum invadendi quaerere. 6. Quo mihi acriiis adni- 
tendum est, ut neque vos capiamini, et illi frustra sint. 
7. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, 
pericula consueta habeam. 8. Quae ante vestra bene- 
ficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti, accepta mercede, dese- 
ram, non est consilium, Quirites. 9. Illis diflScile est 
in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese 
probos simulajere : mihi, qui omnem aetatem in opti- 



70 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

mis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex eonsuetudine in 
naturam vertit. 10. Bellum me gerere cnm Jugurtha 
jussistis ; quam rem nobilitas segerrime tulit. Quseso, 
repntate cum animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, 
si quem ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale 
negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapise ac mul- 
tarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in 
tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat ali- 
quem ex populo monitorem officii sui. 11. Ita plerim- 
que evenit, ut, quem vos imperatorem jussistis, is sibi 
imperatorem alium quserat. 12. Atque ego scio, 
Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta ma- 
jorum et Grsecorum militaria prsecepta legere coepe- 
rint ; prseposteri homines ; nam gerere quam fieri 
tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est. 13. Com- 
parate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me homi- 
nem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, eorum 
partem vidi, alia egomet gessi : quae illi litteris, ea 
ego militando didici. 14. Nunc vos existimate, facta 
an dicta pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam ; 
ego illorum ignaviam : mihi fortuna, illis probra ob- 
jectantur. 15. Quamquam ego naturam unam et 
communem omnium existimo, sed fortissimum quem- 
que generosissimum. 16. Ac si jam ex patribus 
Albini aut Bestise quseri posset, ' mene an illos ex se 
. gigni maluerint,' quid responsuros creditis, nisi, ' sese 
liberos quam optimos voluisse?' 17. Quod si jure 
me despiciunt, faciant idem majoribus suis, quibus, 
uti mihi, ex virtute nobilitas coepit. 18. Invident 
honori meo ; ergo invideant labori, innocentise, peri- 
culis etiam meis, quoniam per haec ilium cepi. 19. Ye- 
rilm homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi 



JTJGURTH A. 71 

vestros honores contemn ant ; it a hos petunt, quasi 
honeste vixerint. 20. Nse illi falsi sunt, qui diversis- 
simas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem et 
prsemia virtutis. 21. Atque etiam quum apud vos 
aut in senatu, verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores 
6U0S extoUunt ; eorum fartia facta memorando clariores 
sese putant : quod contra est. 22. Xam quanto vita 
illorum prseclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. 
23. Et profecto ita se res habet : majorum gloria pos- 
teris quasi lumen est ; neque bona eorum neque mala 
in occulto patitur. 24. Hujusce rei ego inopiam pa- 
tior, Quirites ; verum, id quod multo praeclarius est, 
meamet facta mihi dicere licet. 25. Nunc videte, 
quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arro- 
gant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt ; scilicet, quia 
imagines non habeo, et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, 
quam certe peperisse melius est, quam acceptam cor- 
rupisse. 26. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi 
respondei-e velint, abunde illis facundam et composi- 
tam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro beneficio, 
quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, 
non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscien- 
tiam duceret. 27. Nam me quidem, ex animi mei 
sententia, nulla oratio Isedere potest : quippe vera 
necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei 
superant. 28. Sed quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, 
qui mihi summum honorem et maximum negotium 
imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum 
poenitendum sit. 29. Non possum, fidei causa ima- 
gines, neque triumphos aut consulatus majorum meo- 
rum ostentare ; at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, 
phaleras, alia militaria dona ; prseterea cicatrices ad- 



7§^ C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

verso corpore. 30. Hse sunt mese imagines, haec • 
nobilitas, non hsereditate relicta, ut ilia illis, sed 
quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis qusesivi. 
31. Non sunt composita mea verba ; parum id facio ; 
ipsa se virtus satis ostendit : illis artificio opus est, 
ut turpia facta oratione tegai^t. 32. Neque litteras 
Grsecas didici: parum placebat eas discere, quippe 
quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt. 33. At 
ilia multo optima reipublicae doctus sum, hostem 
ferire, prsesidia agitare, nihil metuere nisi turpem fa- 
mam, hiemem et sestatem juxta pati, humi requies- 
cere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. 
34. His ego prseceptis milites hortabor, neque illos 
arte colam, me opulenter ; neque gloriam meam la- 
borem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile im- 
perium. 35. Namque, quum tute per moUitiem agas, 
exercitum supplicio cogere, id est dominum, non im- 
peratorem esse. 36. Ha^c atque talia majores vestri 
faciendo seque remque publicam celebravere. 37. Quis 
nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos, illorum 
semulos, contemnit ; et omnes honores, non ex merito, 
sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit. 38. Ceterum homi- 
nes superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum om- 
nia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, 
memoriam sui prseclaram : virtutem non reliquere ; 
neque poterant : ea sola neque datur dono, neque ac- 
cipitur. 39. ' Sordidum me et incultis moribus ' aiunt, 
quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionera 
ullum, neque pluris pretii coqiium quam villicum 
habeo. 40. Quae mihi libet confiteri, Quirites, nam 
ex parente meo, et ex aliis Sanctis viris ita accepi, 
munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire ; omni- 



JUGURTHA. 73 

biisque bonis oportere plus gloriae quam divitiarum 
esse ; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. 41. Quin 
ergo, quod juvat, quod carum sestimant, id semper 
faciant ; anient, potent : ubi adolescentiam liab'uere, 
ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et 
turpissimae parti corporis : sudorem, pulverem, et alia 
talia relinquant nobis, quibus ilia epulis jucundiora 
sunt. 42. Verum non est ita: nam ubi se flagitiis 
dedeeoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum prsemia erep- 
tum eunt. 43. Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, 
pessimae artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, 
reipublicse innoxiae cladi sunt. 44. Nunc, quoniam 
illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia posce- 
bant, respondi, pauca de republica loquar. 45. Pri- 
miim omnium de Xumidia bonum habete animum, 
Quirites. Nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata 
sunt, omnia removistis, avaritiam, imperitiam, super- 
biam. 46. Deinde exercitus ibi est locoruni sciens ; 
sed mehercule magis strenuus quam felix ; nam magna 
pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est. 
47. Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris est aetas, adniti- 
mini mecum, et capessite rempublicam : neque quem- 
quam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum super- 
bia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio, 
consultor idem et socius periculi, vobiscum adero; 
meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram. 48. Et 
profecto, diis juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, victoria, 
proeda, laus : quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen 
omnes bonos reipublicae subvenire decebat. 49. Ete- 
nim ignavia nemo immortalis factus, neque quisquam 
parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit ; magis, uti 
boni honestique vitam exigerent. 60. Plura dicerem, 
4 



74 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam 
strenuis abunde dictum puto." 

LXXXYL Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius 
postqnam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere com- 
meatu, stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus naves onerat : 
cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. 2. Ipse 
interea milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex 
classibus, sed uti cuj usque libido erat, capite censos 
plerosque. 3. Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii per 
ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere 
celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quae- 
renti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus, cui neque 
sua curae, quippe quae nulla sunt, et omnia cum pretio 
honesta videntur. 4. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto 
majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam pro- 
fectus, paucis diebus Uticam advebitur. 5. Exercitus 
ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato : nam Metellus con- 
spectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita ani- 
mus tolerare nequiverat. 

LXXXVn. Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohorti- 
busque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum 
proficiscitur, omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein cas- 
tella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggredi- 
tur ; proelia multa, ceteriim levia, alia aliis locis facere. 
2. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnae adesse, videre 
fugientes capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutis- 
simum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia 
omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. 3. Sic brevi 
spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium 
aequalis facta. 4. At reges, ubi de adventu Marii 
cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita 
Jugurthae placuerat, speranti mox eflfusos liostes invadi 



JUGURTHA. 75 

posse, Eomanos, sicuti plerosque, remoto metu, laxiiis 
licentiusqne futuros. 

LXXXYIIL Metelliis interea Eomam profectus, 
contra spem suam laetissimis animis excipitur, plebi 
patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. 
2. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hos- 
tiuin res pariter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utris- 
que aut contra esset, explorare itinera regiim, consilia 
et insidias antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque 
apud illos tutum pati. 3. Itaque et Gsetulos et Ju- 
gurtham, ex sociis nostris praedas agentes, saepe ag- 
gressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem baud procul 
ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat. 4. Quae postquam 
gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi cognovit, statuit 
urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se 
opportunissimae erant, singulas circumvenire : ita Ju- 
gurtliam aut praesidiis nudatum, si ea pateretur, aut 
proelio certaturum. 5. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum 
saepe miserat, ' velle populi Eomani amicitiam ; ne 
quid ab se hostile timeret.' 6. Id simulaveritne, quo 
improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii 
pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum explora- 
tum est. 

LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida cas- 
tellaque munita adire ; partim vi, alia metu aut praemia 
ostentando, avertere ab hostibus. 2. Ac primo medio- 
cria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos 
in manus ventm'um. 3. Sed ubi ilium procul abesse, 
et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis 
aspera aggredi tempus visum est. 4. Erat inter in- 
gentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, 
nomine Capsa, cujus conditor Hercules Libys memora- 



76 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

batur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes, levi 
imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur ; muniti ad- 
versum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque 
viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitatc. 
5. Nam, prseter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vasta, 
inculta, egentia aquse, infesta serpentibus, quorum vis, 
sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior ; ad hoc 
natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti magis quam 
ab'a re accenditur. 6. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima 
cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia 
res aspera videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam 
magna gloria ceperat, baud dissimiliter situm muni- 
tumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus 
aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo, atque ea 
intra oppidum, jugi aqua, cetera pluvia utebantur. 
7. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quse procul a mari in- 
cultiis agebat, eo facilius tolerabatur, quia Numidae 
plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur, et neque 
salem neque alia irritanienta gulae quaerebant : 8. cibus 
illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini neque 
luxurise erat. 

XC. Igitur consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis 
fretus ; (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis 
providere non poterat ; quippe etiam frumenti inopiS 
tentabatur, quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam 
arvo student, et quodcumque natum fuerat, jussu regis 
in loca munita contulerant ; ager' autem aridus et fru- 
gum vacuus ea tempestate, nam jestatis extremum 
erat) ; tamen pro rei copia satis providenter exornat : 
2. pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, 
equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit : A. Manlium 
legatum cum cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, 



JUOURTHA. 77 

ubi stipendinm et commeatiim locaverat, ire jubet, 
dicitque ' se praedabiindum post paucos dies eodem 
venturum.' Sic incepto suo occiiltato, pergit ad flu- 
men Tanam. 

XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui 
per centurias, item turmas oequaliter distribiierat, et, 
ex coriis utres iiti fierent, curabat : simul et inopiam 
frumenti lenire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, quae mox 
Usui forent. Denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ven- 
tum est, maxima vis utrium eftecta. 2. Ibi castris 
levi munimento positis, railites cibum capere, atque, 
uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse 
jubet, omnibus sarcinis abjectis, aqua raodo seque et 
jumenta onerare. 3. Dein, postquam tempus visum, 
castris egreditur, noctemque totam itinere facto, con- 
sedit: idem proxima facit. Dein tertia multo ante 
lucis adventum pervenit in locum tumulosum, ab 
Capsa non ampliiis duum millium intervallo, ibique, 
qiiam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperi- 
tur. 4. Sed ubi dies ccepit, et Numidae, nihil hostile 
metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente omnem equi- 
tatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere 
a>d Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet: deinde ipse in- 
tentus propere sequi, neque milites pra^dari sinere. 
5. Quai postquam opi^idani cognovere, res trepida?, 
metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium 
extra moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti dedi- 
tionem facerent. 6. Ceterim oppidum incensum, 
Xumidc"e puberes interfecti, alii omnes venum dati, 
prieda militibus divisa. 7. Id facinus contra jus belli 
non avaritia neque scelere consulis admissum : sed 
quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis aditu difficilis ; 



78 C. CRISPI SALLrSTII 

genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio 
neque metu coercitum. 

XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marins sine nllo 
snoriim incommodo patravit, magnus et clarus antea, 
major et clarior haberi coepit. 2. Omnia, non bene 
consulta modo, verum etiam casu data in virtutem 
traliebantm' ; milites, modesto imperio habiti, simul 
et locupletes, ad coelum ferre ; Numidse magis quam 
mortalem timere ; postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, 
credere illi aut mentem divinam esse, aut deorum 
nutu cuncta portendi. 3. Sed consul, ubi ea res bene 
evenit,'ad alia oppida pergit: pauca, repugnantibus 
Numidis, capit, plura, deserta propter Capsensium 
miserias, igni corrumpit: luctu atque csede omnia 
complentur. 4. Denique multis locis potitus, ac pleris- 
que exercitu incruento, aliam rem aggreditur, non 
eadem asperitate, qua Capsensium, ceterum baud 
secus difficilem. 5. Namque baud longe a flumine 
Mulucba, quod Jugurtbse Boccbique regnum disjun- 
gebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, 
mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, 
uno perangusto aditu relicto ; nam omnis natm^a, 
velut opere atque consulto, prseceps. 6. Quem locum 
Marius, quod ibi regis tbesauri erant, summa vi capere 
intendit. Sed ea res forte, quam consilio, melius gesta. 

7. Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna 
vis frumenti et fons aquse ; aggeribus turribusque et 
aliis macbinationibus locus importunus ; iter castel- 
lanorum angustum admodum, utrimque prsecisum. 

8. Vineas cum ingenti periculo frustr^ agebantur ; 
nam quum ese paulum processerant, igni aut lapidi- 
bus corrumpebantur : 9. milites neque pro opere con- 



JUGUKTHA. 79 

sistere, propter iniquitatera loci, neque inter vineas 
sine periculo administrare : optimus qnisque cadere 
aut sauciari, ceteris metus angeri. 

XCin. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus con- 
sumjDtis, anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne 
inceiDtum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperire- 
tur, qua ssepe prospere usus fuerat. 2. Quae qnum 
multos dies noctesque sestuans agitaret, forte qnidam 
Ligus, ex cohortibus auxiliariis miles gregarius, cas- 
tris aquatum egressus, hand procul ab latere castelli, 
quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit in- 
ter saxa repentes coclileas : quarnm quum nnam atque 
alteram, dein plures peteret, studio legend! paulatim 
prope ad summum montis egressus est. 3. Ubi post- 
quam solitudinem intellexit, more ingenii humani 
cupido difficilia faciendi animum vertit. 4. Et forte 
in eo loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululiim 
modo prona, deinde flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, 
quo cuncta gignentium natura fert : cujus ramis modo, 
modo eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus, in castelli plani- 
tiem pervenit, quod cuncti Numidse intenti proelianti- 
bus aderant. 5. Exploratis omnibus, qu£e mox usui fore 
ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escende- 
rat, sed tentans omnia et circumspiciens. 6. Itaque 
Marium propere adit, acta edocet; hortatur, ab ea 
parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum tentet ; poUice- 
tur sese itineris periculique ducem. 7. Marius cum 
Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex prsesentibus misit; 
quorum uti cuiusque ingenium erat, ita rem difScilem 
aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen pau- 
lum arrectus. 8. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et corni- 
cinum numero quinque quam velocissimos delegit, et 



80 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

cum his, prsesidio qui forent, quatuor ceuturiones, 
omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proxiinum 
diem constituit. 

XCIY. Sed ubi ex prsecepto tempiis visum, para- 
tis compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit. Ceterum 
illi, qui ascensuri erant, prsedocti ab duce, arma orna- 
tumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti 
prospectus nisusque per saxa facilius foret : super 
terga gladii et scuta, verum ea Numidica ex coriis, 
ponderis gratia simul, et offensa quo levius streperent. 
2. Igitur prsegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustato 
radices eminebant, laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati 
milites facilius escenderent : interdum timidos inso- 
lentia itineris levare manu : ubi paulo asperior ascen- 
sus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, deinde ipse 
cum illorum armis sequi : quae dubia nisu videbantur, 
potissimus tentare, ac saepius eadem ascendens de- 
scendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris audaciam 
addere. 3. Igitur, diu multumque fatigati, tandem in 
castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod 
omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, adversum hostes aderant. 
Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae Ligus egerat, cognovit, 
quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas habue- 
rat, tum vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas 
egressus, testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem 
tormentis sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere. 
4. At Numidae, saepe antea vineis Eomanorum sub- 
versis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tuta- 
bantur ; sed pro muro dies noctesque agitare, maledi- 
cere Eomanis, ac Mario vecordiam objectare, militi- 
bus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus 
feroces esse. 6. Interim omnibus Romanis hostibus- 



JUaUBTHA. 81-^ 

que, prselio intentis, magna utriinque vi pro gloria 
atque imperio his, illis pro salute certantibus, repente 
a tergo signa canere : ac primo mulieres et pueri, qui 
yisum processerant, fugere ; deinde, uti quisque muro 
proximus erat, postreino cuncti, armati inermesque. 

6. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Eomani iustare, fun- 
dere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare ; dein super 
occisorum corpora vadere, avidi glorise certantes inu- 
rum petere, neque quemquam omnium prseda morari. 

7. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa 
invenit. 

XCy. Ceterura dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor 
cum magno equitatu in castra venit : quos uti ex Latio 
et a sociis cogeret, Romse relictus erat. 2. Sed quo- 
niam nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, 
de natura cul tuque ejus paucis dicere : neque enim 
alio loco de SuUae rebus dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna 
optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixere, 
persecutus parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. 
3. Igitur Sulla gentis patricise nobilis fuit, familia 
prope jam exstincta majorum ignavia : litteris Grsecis 
ac Latinis juxta, atque doctissime, eruditus ; animo 
ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed glorise cupidior, otio 
luxurioso esse ; tamen ab negotiis nunquam voluptas 
remorata, nisi quod de uxore potuit honestius consuli : 
facundus, callidus, et amicitia facilis : ad simulanda 
negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis : multarum rerum 
ac maxime pecuniae largitor. 4. Atque illi felicissimo 
omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super in- 
dustriam fortuna fuit ; multique dubitavere, fortior 
an felicior esset: nam, postea quae fecerit, incertum 
liabeo, pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere. 
4* 



82 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

XC VI. Igitiir Sulla, ut supra dictum est, postquani 
in Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, 
rudis antea et ignarus belli, solertissimus omnium in 
paucis tempestatibus factus est. 2. Ad hoc milites 
benigne appellare ; multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse 
dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius 
quam ses mutuum, reddere, ipse ab nuUo repetere, 
magis id laborare, ut illi quam plurimi deberent; joca 
atque seria cum humillimis agere ; 3. in operibus, in 
agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse, neque in- 
terim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cujus- 
quam boni famam Isedere, tantummodo neque consilio 
neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. 
4. Quis rebus et artibus brevi Mario militibusque 
carissimus factus. 

XCYII. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam 
aliosque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam 
pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocclium nuntios mittit, ' quam 
primum in Numidiam copias adduceret ; proelii fa- 
ciendi tempus adesse.' 2. Quem ubi cunctari accepit, 
et dubium belli atque pacis rationes trahere, rursus, 
uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique 
Mauro poUicetur ISTumidise partem tertiam, si aut Eo- 
mani Africa expulsi, aut, integris suis finibus, bellum 
compositum foret. 3. Eo prsemio illectus Boccbus 
cum magna multitudine Jugurtbam accedit. Ita am- 
borum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna 
proficiscentem, vix decima parte die reliqua, invadunt, 
rati noctem, quoe jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento 
fore, et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento, quia locorum 
scientes erant; contr^ Eomanis utrumque casum in 
tenebris difficiliorem fore. 4. Igitur simul consul ex 



JUGURTHA. 83 

multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes 
aderant ; et priusquam exercitus aut instrui, aut sar- 
cinas coUigere, denique antequam signiim aut im- 
perium iillum accii)ere quivit, equites Mauri atque 
Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, sed caterva- 
tim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros incur- 
runt. 5. Qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen 
virtutes memores, aut arma capiebant, aut capientea 
alios ab hostibus defensabant : pars equos ascendere, 
obviam h'e hostibus : pugna latrocinio magis quam 
proelio similis fieri : sine signis, sine ordinibus equites 
pedites permixti csedere alios, alios obtruncare ; mul- 
tos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, ab tergo cir- 
cumvenire : neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, 
quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi 
erant. Denique Eomani veteres et ob ea scientes 
belli, si quos locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, 
atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instruct! 
hostium vim sustentabant. 

XCYIII. IS'eque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius 
territus, aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit; 
sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam 
familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo 
laborantibus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confer- 
tissimi obstiterant, invadere ; manu consulere militi- 
bus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non 
poterat. 2. Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum ta- 
men barbari nihil remittere, atque, uti reges prsecepe- 
rant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. 3. Tum Ma- 
rius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis 
receptui locus esset, coUes duos propinquos inter se 
occupat, quorum in uno, castris parum amplo, fons 



84 C. CRISPI SALLTTSTII 

aquse magnus erat, alter usui opportunus quia magna 
parte editus et prseceps pauca munimenta quserebat. 
4. Ceterum apud aquam SuUam cum equitibus noc- 
tem agitare jubet : ipse paulatim disperses milites, 
neque miniis hostibus conturbatis, in unum contrahit, 
dein cunctos pleno gradu in coUem subducit. 5. Ita 
reges, loci difficultate coacti, proelio deterrentur ; ne- 
que tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque colle 
multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. 6. Dein 
crebris ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari suo 
more laetari, exsultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces 
feroces, quia non fugerent, pro victoribus agere. 7. Sed 
ea cuncta Romanis, ex tenebris et editioribus locis 
facilia visu, magnoque hortamento erant. 

XCIX. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium 
confirmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet; 
ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere. 
Deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et 
paulo ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item 
cohortium, turmarum, legionum tubicines simul om- 
nes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere atque portis 
erumpere. 2. Mauri atque Gsetuli, ignoto et borribili 
sonitu repente exciti, neque fugere, neque arma ca- 
pere, neque omnino facere aut providere quidquam 
poterant : 3. ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nuUo sub- 
yeniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido, 
quasi vecordia, ceperat. 4. Denique omnes fusi fuga- 
tique : arma et signa militaria pleraque capta ; plures- 
que eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus interempti : 
nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. 

C. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficis- 
citur, quse propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis 



JUGURTHA. 85 

agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut 
insolens factus, sed, pariter ac in conspectu hostium, 
quadrato agmine iucedere. 2. Sulla cum equitatu 
apud dextimos, in sinistra A. Manlius cum funditori- 
bus et sagittariis, prseterea cohortes Ligurum curabat ; 
primos et extremes cum expeditis manipulis tribunes 
locaverat. 3. Perfugae, minime cari et regionum 
scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, 
quasi nuUo imposito, omnia providere, apud omnes 
adesse, laudare, increpare merentes. 4. Ipse armatus 
intentusque, item milites cogebat ; neque secus, atque 
iter facere, castra munire, excubitum in porta cohortes 
ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, 
prseterea alios super vallum in munimentis locare: 
vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, 
quae imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum 
imperatore labos volentibus esset. 5. Et sane Ma- 
rius illoque aliisque temporibus Jugurthini belli pu- 
dore magis quam malo exercitum coercebat : quod 
multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars, quod a 
pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, quae ceteri mise- 
rias vocant, voluptati habuisset: nisi tamen respub- 
lica pariter ac saevissimo imperio, bene atque decore 
gesta. 

CI. Igitur quarto denique die, hand longe ab 
oppido CirtS undique simul speculatores citi sese 
ostendunt, qua re liostes adesse intelligitur. 2. Sed 
quia diversi redeuntes, alius ab alia parte, atque om- 
nes idem significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo 
aciem instrueret, nullo ordine commutato, adversum 
omnia paratus ibidem opperitur. 3. Ita Jugurtham 
spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor partes distribuerat, 



86 C. CRISPISALLTISTII 

ratus ex omnibus seque aliquos ab tergo hostibus ven- 
turos. 4. Interim Sulla, quern primum hostes atti- 
gerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime 
confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros invadunt ; ceteri 
in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora 
tegere, et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. 
5. Dum eo modo equites prosliantur, Boccbus cum 
peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in 
priore pugna, in itinere morati, adfuerant, postremam 
Komanorum aciem invadunt. 6. Tum Marius apud 
primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtba cum plurimis erat. 
Dein Nuraida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum 
paucis ad pedites convertit : ibi Latine (nam apud 
Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat, ' nostros frustra 
pugnare ; paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum : ' 
simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quern in 
pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro, cruentave- 
rat. 7. Quod ubi milites accej)ere, magis atrocitate 
rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari ani- 
mos toUere, et in perculsos Romanos acriiis incedere. 
8. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum Sulla, pro- 
fligatis iis, quos adversum ierat, rediens ab latere 
Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. 9. At 
Jugurtha, dum sustentare suos et prope jam adeptam 
victoriam retinere cupit, circumventus ab equitibus, 
dextra, sinistra omnibus occisis, solus inter tela lios- 
tium vitabundus erumpit. 10. Atque interim Marius, 
fugatis equitibus, accurrit auxilio suis, quos pelli jam 
acceperat. 11. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. 
Tum spectaculum liorribile in campis patentibus : 
sequi, fugere, occidi, capi ; equi atque viri afflicti, ac 
multi, vulneribus acceptis, neque fugere posse, neque 



JUGURTHA. 87 

quietem pati ; niti modo, ac statim concidere : pos- 
tremo omnia, qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis^ 
cadaveribus, et inter ea humus infecta sanguine. 

CII. Postea loci consul, hand dubie jam victor, 
pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus in- 
tenderat. 2. Eo post diem quintum, quam iterum 
barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, 
qui regis verbis ab Mario petivere, ' duos quam fidis- 
simos ad eum mitteret : velle de suo et de populi 
Romani commodo cum iis disserere.' 3. Ille statim 
L. SuUam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam 
acciti ibant, tamen placuit verba aj^ud regem facere, 
uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent, aut cupidum 
pacis vehementius accenderent. 4. Itaque Sulla, cu- 
jus facundiae, non setati a Manlio concessum, pauca 
verba hujuscemodi locutus : 

5. " Eex Bocclie, magna nobis laetitia est, quum 
te talem virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam 
bellum malles ; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium 
Jugurtha miscendo commaculares ; simul nobis de- 
meres acerbam necessitudinem, pariter te errantem et 
ilium sceleratissimum persequi. 6. Ad hoc populo 
Romano jam a principio melius visum, amicos quam 
servos quserere : tutiusquerati, volentibus quam coactis 
imperitare. 7. Tibi vero nulla opportunior nostra 
amicitia : primum quod procul absumus, in quo of- 
fensse minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus : 
dein, quod parentes abunde habemus, amicorum ne- 
que nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis fuit. 8. Atque 
hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset ! Profecto ex 
populo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona ac- 
cepisses, quam mala perpessus es. 9. Sed quoniam 



85' 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



humanainim rerum Fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet 
placuisse te et vim et gratiara nostram experiri, nunc, 
quando per illam licet, festina, atque, nti coepisti, 
perge. 10. Multa atque opportuna habes, quo fa- 
ciliiis errata officiis superes. 11. Postremo hoc in 
pectus tuum demitte, nunquam populum Romanum 
beneficiis victum esse ; nam, bello quid valeat, tute 
scis." 

12. Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne ; simul pauca 
pro delicto suo verba facit : ' Se non hostili animo, 
sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse : 13. nam Xu- 
midisa partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli 
suam lactam ; earn vastari a Mario pati nequiWsse : 
prseterea, missis antea Romam legatis, repulsum ab 
amicitia. 14. Ceterum vetera omittere, ac tum, si 
per Mariiim liceret, legatos ad senatum missurum.' 
15. Dein, copia facta, animus barbari ab amicis flexus, 
quos Jiigurtba, cognita legatione Sullse et Manlii, 
metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat. 

cm. Marius interea, exercitu in hibemis compo- 
sito, cum expeditis coliortibus et parte equitatus 
proficiscitur in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, 
quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium imposuerat. 
2. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi 
duobus proeliis venerant, seu admonitus ab aliis ami- 
cis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha reliquerat, ex omni 
copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et fides 
cognita, et ingenia validissima erant. 3. Eos ad Ma- 
rium, ac deinde, si placeat, Eomam legatos ire jubet; 
agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli compo- 
nendi licentiam ipsis permittit. 4. Dli mature ad 
hiberna Romanonma proficiscuntur : deinde in itinere 



JUGURTHA. 89 

a Grsetulis latronibus circumventi spoHatique, pavidi, 
sine decore ad SuUam profiigiuntj quem consul in ex- 
peditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliqiierat. 5. Eos 
ille non pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accu- 
rate ac liberaliter habuit ; qua re barbari et famam 
Romanorum avaritiae falsam, et Sullam, ob munifi- 
centiam in sese, amicum rati. 6. Nam etiamtum 
largitio multis ignotaerat; munificus nemo putaba- 
tur, nisi pariter volens; dona omnia in benignitate 
habebantur. 7. Igitur qua?stori mandata Bocchi pate- 
faciunt ; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque 
sibiadsit: copias, lidem, magnitudinem regis sui, et 
alia, quae aut utilia, aut benevolentiae credebant, ora- 
tione extollunt : dein, Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, quo 
modo apud Marium, item apud senatum, verba iace- 
rent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. 

CIV. Marius postquam, confecto negotio, quo in- 
tenderat, Cirtam redit, de adventu legatorum certior 
factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet, item L. Bellie- 
num praetorem Utica, prteterea omnes undique sena- 
torii ordinis ; 2. quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit, 
quis legatis potestas eundi Romam ab consule, interea 
inducia3 postulabantur. Ea Sullae et plerisque pla- 
cuere : pauci lerocius decernunt, scilicet ignari hu- 
manarum rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in 
adversa mutantur. 3. Ceterum Mauri impetratis om- 
nibus, tres Romam protecti sunt, cum Cn. Octavio 
Rufo, qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat : 
duo ad regem redeunt. Ex his Bocchus quum cetera, 
tum maxime benignitatem et studium Suite libens 
accepit. 4. Romae legatis ejus, postquam 'errasse 
regem, et Jugurthae scelere lapsum,' deprecati sunt, 



90 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo respondetur. 
5. '^Senatus et populus Eomanus beneficii et injuriae 
memor esse solet : ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, 
delicti gratiam facit: foedus et amicitia dabuntur, 
quum meruerit." 

CV. Quis rebus cognitis, Bocclius per litteras a 
Mario petivit, 'uti Sullaiii ad se mitt^ret, cujus arbi- 
tratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.' 2. Is 
missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, item 
funditorum Balearium : prseterea iere sagittarii et co- 
hors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, itineris properandi 
causa ; neque his seciis atque aliis armis adversiim tela 
hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. 3. Sed in itinere, 
quinto denique die, Volux, filius Bocchi, repente in 
campis patentibus cum mille non amplius equitibus 
sese ostendit ; qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae aliis- 
que omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et hostilem 
metum efficiebant. 4. Igitur se quisque expedire, arma 
atque tela tentare, intendere: timor aliquantus, sed 
spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, 
quos saepe vicerant. 5. Interim equites exploratum 
praemissi, rem, uti erat, quietam nuntiant. 

CYI. Yolux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicit- 
que ' se a patre Boccho obviam illis simul, et praesidio 
missum.' Deinde eum et proximimi diem sine metu 
conjuncti eunt. 2. Post, ubi castra locata, et diei 
vesper erat, repente Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad 
SuUam accurrit, dicitque ' sibi ex speculatoribus cog- 
nitum, Jugurtliam baud procul abesse:' simul, 'uti 
noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat atque hortatur. 
3. Ille animo feroci negat ' se totiens fusum Js^umidam 
pertimescere : virtuti suorum satis credere : etiam si 



JUGUKTHA. 91 

certa pestis adesset, mansui'um potius, qiiam proditis, 
qiios ducebat, turpi fuga incertse ac forsitan post paulo 
morbo interiturae vitse parceret.' 4. Ceteruin ab eodem 
nionitus, ' uti uoctu proficiscerentur,' consilium appro- 
bat : ac statim ' milites coenatos esse, in castris ignes 
quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio 
egredi' jubet. 5. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis om- 
nibus, Sulla pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, 
quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter duum 
millium intervallo ante consedisse. 6. Quod postquam 
auditum est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit: 
credere se proditos a Voluce et insidiis circumventos : 
ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum, neque apud 
ilium tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. 

CVII. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, 
tamen ab injuria Maurum proliibet. Suos hortatur, 
' uti fortem animum gererent : saepe ante paucis 
strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum : 
quanto sibi in prcelio minus pepercissent, tanto tu- 
tiores fore : nee quemquam decere, qui manus arma- 
verit, ab inermis pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo 
metu nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere.' 
2. Deinde Yolucem, quoniam liostilia faceret, Jovem 
maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidise Boc- 
chi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. 3. lUe lacry- 
mans orare, 'ne ea crederet: nihil dolo factum, ac 
magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui, videlicet speculanti, 
iter suum cognitum esset. 4. Ceterum, quoniam ne- 
que ingentem multitudinem Iiaberet, et spes opesque 
ejus ex patre suo penderent, credere ilium nihil palam 
ausurum, quum ipse filius testis adesset : 5. quare 
optimum factum videri, per media ejus castra palam 



92 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

transire : sese, vel prsemissis, vel ibidem relictis Mau- 
ris, solum cum Sulla iturum.' 6. Ea res, ut in tali 
negotio, probata : ac statim profecti, quia de impro- 
vifio acciderant, dubio atque hsesitante Jugurtha, in- 
columes transeunt. 7. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire 
intenderant, perventum est. 

CVIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar 
nomine, multum et familiariter agebat ; prsemissus ab 
Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, 
et subdole speculatum Bocclii consilia : praeterea Da- 
bar, Massugradse filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum 
materno genere impar (nam pater ejus ex concubina 
ortus erat) Mauro ob ingenii multa bona carus ac- 
ceptusque. 2. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Eomanis 
multis ante tempestatibus expertus, illico ad Sullam 
nuntiatum mittit, ' paratum sese facere, quae populus 
Eomanus vellet : coUoquio diem, locum, tempus ipse 
deligeret ; consuita sese omnia cum illo Integra habere : 
neu Jugurtliae legatum pertimesceret ; "^ * quo res 
communis licentius gereretur; nam ab insidiis ejus 
aliter caveri nequivisse.' 3. Sed ego comperior Boc- 
clium magis Punica iide, quam ob ea, quae praedica- 
bat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse, 
multumque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugur- 
tliam Eomanis, an illi Sullam traderet : libidinem 
adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse. 

CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit, ' pauca coram Aspare 
locuturum ; cetera occulte, aut nullo aut quam paucis- 
simis praesentibus ; ' simul edocet, quae sibi responde- 
rentur. 2. Postquam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit 
' se missum a consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem 
an bellum agitaturus foret.' 3. Tum rex, uti praecep- 



JUGURTHA. 98 

turn fuerat, 'post diem decimum redire' jubet ; 'ac 
nihil etiam nunc decrevisse, sed illo die responsui'um : ' 
deinde ambo in sua castra digressi. 4. Sed ubi plerum- 
que noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho occulte arcessi- 
tur : ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhiben- 
tur ; praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex 
sententia ambobus : ac statim sic rex incipit : 

ex. " Xunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maxi- 
mus in hac terra et omnium, quos novi, privato Lomini 
gratiam deberem. 2. Et, meliercule, Sulla, ante te 
cognitum, multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem 
tuli, nuUius indigui. 3. Id imminutum, quod ceteri 
dolere solent, ego Iffitor : fuerit mihi feguisse aliquando 
amicitioe tuae, qua.apud animum meum nihil carina 
habeo. 4. Id adeo experiri licet : arma, viros, pecu- 
niam, postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere: 
et, quoad vives, nunquam tibi reditam gratiam puta- 
veris ; semper apud me integra erit : denique nihil, 
me sciente, frustra voles. 5. Xara, ut ego existimo, 
regem armis quam munificentia vinci miniis flagitio- 
sum. 6. Ceteriim de republica vestra, cujus curator 
hue missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo 
Romano neque feci, neque factum unquam volui : 
fines meos adversiim armatos armis tutatus sum. 
7. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet : gerite, uti vul- 
tis cum Jugurtha bellum. 8. Ego flumen Mulu- 
cham, quod inter me et Micipsam fuit, non egrediar, 
neque Jugurtham id intrare sinam. Praeterea, si 
quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, hand repulsus 
abibis." 

CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice ; de 
pace et dc communibus rebus multis disseruit. De- 



94 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nique regi patefecit, Vquod poUiceatur, senatum et 
populum Eomanum, quoniam amplius armis valuis- 
sent, non in gratiam habituros; faciendum aliquid, 
quod illorum magis quam sua retulisse videretur. Id 
adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthse copiam 
haberet: quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, uti illi 
plurimum deberetur ; amicitiam, foedus, Numidise 
partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro adventuram.' 
2. Rex primo negitare : ' afflnitatem, cognationem, 
praeterea foedus intervenisse : ad hoc metuere, ne, 
fluxa fide usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et 
Jugurtba cams, et Romani invisi erant : ' 3. denique 
ssepius fatigatus, lenitur, et ex voluntate Suite ' omnia 
se facturum ' promittit. 4. Oeterum ad simulandam 
pacem, cujus Numida, defessus bello, avidissimus, 
quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita, composito dolo, 
digrediuntur. 

CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurtliae 
legatum, appellat, dicitque ' sibi per Dabarem ex 
Sulla cognitum, posse conditionibus bellum poni : 
quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret.' 2. lUe 
leetus in castra Jugurtbae venit. Deinde, ab illo 
cuncta edoctus, properato itinere, post diem octavum 
redit ad Boccbum, et ei nuntiat ' Jugurtbam cupere 
omnia, quae imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parimi 
fidere : saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis pa- 
cem conventam frustra fuisse. 3. Ceterum Bocchus, 
si ambobus consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, daret 
operam, ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace, in collo- 
quium veniretur, ibique sibi SuUam traderet. Quum 
talem virum in potestatem habuisset, turn fore, uti 
jussu senatus atque populi Romani foedus fieret: ne- 



JUGURTHA. 95 

que hominem nobilem, non sua ignavia sed ob rem- 
publicam in hostium potestate, relictum iri.' 

CXIII. Hsec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tan- 
dem promisit. Ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, pa- 
rum comperimus: sed plerumque regise voluntates, 
ut vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsse sibi adversse. 
2. Postea, tempore et loco constituto, in colloquium 
uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus SuUam modo, modo 
Jugurthse legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem 
ambobus poUiceri: illi pariter laeti, ac spei bonse 
pleni esse. 3. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit ante 
diem coUoquio decretum, Maurus, adliibitis amicis, 
ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum 
ipse multa agitavisse, vultu corporis pariter atque 
animo varius : quae scilicet, tacente ipso, occulta pec- 
toris patefecisse. 4. Tamen postremo Sullam arces- 
siri jubet, et ex ejus sententia Numidse insidias tendit. 
5. Deinde, ubi dies advenit, et ei nuntiatum est Ju- 
gurtliam baud procul abesse ; cum paucis amicis et 
quaestore nostro, quasi obvius honoris causa, procedit 
in tumulum facillimum visu insidiantibus. 6. Eodem 
Numida cum plerisque necessariis suis inermis, uti 
dictum erat, accedit ; ac statim, signo dato, undique 
simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati : Ju- 
gurtha Sullae vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium 
deductus est. 

CXIY. Per idem tempus adversum Gallos, ab 
ducibus nostris Q. Caepione et On. Manlio male pug- 
natum : quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. 2. Illi- 
que et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic 
habugre : ' alia omnia virtuti suae prona esse ; cum 
Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria certare.' 3. Sed 



96 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII JUGURTHA. 

postquam bellum in Numidia confectum, et Jugur- 
thain vinctum addiici Eomam nuntiatum est, Marius 
consul absens factus, et ei decreta provincia Gallia : 
isque calendis Jannariis magna gloria consul triumpha- 
vit. 4. ES tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in 
illo sitae. 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

BELLUM CATILINARIUM, 

SIVE 

DE CONJURATIONE CATILINE'. 



I. Omnes homines, qui sese student prsestare cete- 
ris animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio 
transeant, veluti pecora, quae natura prona atque 
ventri obedientia iinxit. 2. Sed nostra omnis vis in 
animo et eorpore sita est : animi imperio, corporis 
servitio magis utimur : alterum nobis cum dis, alteram 
cum belluis commune est. 3. Quo mihi rectius vide- 
tur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quserere, et, 
quoniam vita ipsa, qua fruimur, brevis est, memo- 
riam nostri quam maxime longam efficere. 4. Nam 
divitiarum et formse gloria fluxa atque fragilis est ; 
virtus clara seternaque habetur. 5. Sed diu magnum 
inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute 
animi res militaris magis procederet ; 6. nam et, prius 
quam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulueris, mature 
facto opus est. 7. Ita utrumque per se indigene, 
alterum alterius auxilio eget. 

5 



98 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

n. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen im- 
perii id primum fuit) diversi, pars ingenium, alii 
corpus exercebant : etiamtum vita liominnm sine 
cnpiditate agitabatur, sua cuiq^ue satis placebant. 
2. Postea vero quam in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lace- 
dsemonii et Athenienses coepere urbes atque nationes 
subigere, libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, 
maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare ; turn 
demum periculo atque negotiis compertum est in bello 
plurimum ingenium posse. 3. Quod si regum atque 
imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita uti in bello vale- 
ret, sequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae 
haberent ; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac 
misceri omnia cerneres. 4. Nam imperium facile bis 
artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. 5. Yerum 
ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et sequitate 
libido atque superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum 
moribus immutatur. 6. Ita imperium semper ad 
optimum quemque a minus bono transfertur. 7. Quae 
homines arant, navigant, sedificant, virtuti omnia pa- 
rent. 8. Sed multi mortales, dediti ventri atque 
somno, indocti incultique vitam, sicuti peregrinantes, 
transiere ; quibus profecto contra naturam corpus vo- 
luptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortem- 
que juxta sestimo, quoniam de utraque siletur. 9. Ve- 
rum enimvero is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima 
videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, prseclari facino- 
ris aut artis bonae famam quaerit. 10. Sed in magna 
copia rerum aliud alii natura iter ostendit. 

m. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicae ; etiam 
bene dicere hand absurdum est ; vel pace vel bello 
clarum fieri licet ; et qui fecere, et qui facta aliorum 



CATILINA. 99 

scripsere, multi laudantur. 2. Ac mihi quidem, ta- 
metsi haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem 
et auctorem rerum, tamen in primis arduum videtur 
res gestas scribere: primum, quod facta dictis sunt 
exsequanda ; dehinc, quia plerique, quae delicta repre- 
henderis, malevolentia et invidia dicta putant ; ubi de 
magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, quce sibi 
quisque facilia factu putat, sequo animo accipit ; supra 
ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. 3. Sed ego adolescen- 
tulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad rempublicam 
latus sum, ibique mihi adversa multa fuere. Nam 
pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, lar- 
gitio, avaritia vigebant. 4. Quae tametsi animus as- 
pernabatur, insolens malarum artium, tamen inter 
tanta vitia imbecilla setas ambitione corrupta teneba- 
tur; 5. ac me, quum ab reliquis malis moribus dis- 
sentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido eadem, qua 
ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat. 

IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque 
periculis requievit, et mihi reliquam setatem a repub- 
lica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium so- 
cordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere ; neque 
vero agrum colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis, in- 
tentum setatem agere ; 2. sed a quo incepto studioque 
me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus, statui 
res gestas populi Romani carptim, ut quseque memo- 
ria digna videbantur, perscribere ; eo magis, quod 
mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipublicse animus liber 
erat. 3. Igitur de Oatilinse conjuratione, quam veris- 
sime potero, paucis absolvam. 4. Nam id facinus 
in primis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque 
periculi novitate. 5. De cujus hominis moribus 



100 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



paiica prius explananfia sunt, quam initiiim narrandi 
faciam. 

Y. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna 
vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. 
2. Huic ab adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinse, 
discordia civilis grata faere, ibique juventuteiu suam 
exercuit. 3. Corpus patiens inedise, vigilise, algoris, 
supra quam cuiquam credibile est. 4. Animus audax, 
subdolus, varius, cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimu- 
lator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, ardens in cupidita- 
tibus ; satis eloquentise, sapientise parum. 5. Vastus 
animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper 
cupiebat. 6. Hunc post dominationem Lucii Bullae 
libido maxima invaserat reipublicae cajDiendae ; neque 
id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum pa- 
raret, quidquam pensi habebat. 7. Agitabatur magis 
magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et 
conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque his artibus auxe- 
rat, quas supra memoravi. 8. Incitabant praeterea 
corrupti civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter 
se mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant. 9. Ees 
ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus civitatis 
tempus admonuit, supr^ repetere, ac paucis instituta 
majorum domi militiaeque, quomodo rempublicam 
habuerint, quantamque reliquerint, ut paulatim im- 
mutata, ex pulcberrima pessima ac flagitiosissima 
facta sit, disserere. 

YI. Urbem Eomam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere 
atque liabuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi 
sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque his Aborigines, 
genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, 
liberum atque solutum. 2. Hi postquam in una moenia 



CATILINA. 101 

convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingtia, alius alio 
more viventes, incredibile memoratu est, qiiam facile 
coaluerint. 3. Sed postquam res eorum civibiis, mo- 
ribus, agris aiicta, satis prospera satisqiie pollens vide- 
batur, sicuti pleraque mortalium habentnr, invidia ex 
opulentia orta est. 4. Igitur reges popiiliqiie finitimi 
bello tentare, pauci ex amicis auxilio esse ; nam ceteri 
metu perculsi a periculis aberant. 5. At Eomani 
domi militiseque intenti festiuare, parare, alius alium 
hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, patriam pa- 
rentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute 
propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant; 
magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias 
parabant. 6. Imperium legitimum, nomen imperii 
regium habebant : delecti, quibus corpus annis in- 
firmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, reipublicse 
consultabant. Hi vel setate vel curae similitudine 
Patres appellabantur. 7. Post, ubi i^gium imperium, 
quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendse 
reipublicse fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque 
convertit, immutato more, annua imperia binosque 
imperatores sibi fecere. Eo modo minime posse puta- 
bant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. 

Vn. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis 
extollere, magisque ingenium in promptu habere. 
2. Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, 
semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. 3. Sed 
civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, 
quantum brevi creverit : tanta cupido gloriae incesse- 
rat. i. Jam primum juventus, simulac belli patiens 
erat, in castris per laboris usum militiam discebat ; 
magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, quam 



102 



CKISPI SALLUSTII 



in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant. 5. Igi- 
tur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus uUus 
asper aut ardiius erat, non armatus hostis formidolo- 
sus : virtus omnia domuerat. 6. Sed glorise maximum 
certamen inter ipsos erat : sic se quisque hostem ferire, 
murum ascendere, conspici, dnm tale faciniis faceret, 
properabat ; eas divitias, eam bonam famam mag- 
namque nobilitatem putabant ; laudis avidi, pecuniae 
liberales erant; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas 
volebant. 7. Memorare possem, quibus in locis max- 
imas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu 
fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas pugnando ceperit, 
ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret. 

Yin. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; 
ea res cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero cele- 
brat obscuratque. 2. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti 
ego existimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere ; verum 
aliquanto minores tamen, quam fama feruntur. 3. Sed 
quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per ter- 
rarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis cele- 
brantur. 4. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta 
habetur, quantiim verbis eam potuere extoUere prae- 
clara ingenia. 5. At populo Komano nunquam ea 
copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque negotiosus 
maxime erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; 
optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis bene 
facta laudari, quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 

IX. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores coleban- 
tur : Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; jus 
bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quSm natura 
valebat. 2. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hosti- 
bus exercebant ; cives cum civibus de virtute certa- 



CATILINA. 103 

bant : in snppliciis deorum magnifici, domi parci, in 
amicis fideles erant. 3. Duabus his artibus, audacia 
in bello, nbi pax evenerat, sequitate seqne remque 
publicam curabant. 4. Quarum rerum ego maxima 
documenta lisec habeo, quod in bello ssepius vindica- 
tum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem pugna- 
verant, quique tardius, revocati, proelio excesserant, 
quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi 
erant ; 5. in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam 
metu imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere 
quam persequi malebant. 

X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit, 
reges magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi in- 
gentes vi subacti, Carthago, semula imperii Romani, 
ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terrgeque patebant, 
ssevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. 2. Qui la- 
bores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile tolera- 
verant, liis otium, divitise, optandse aliis, oneri mise- 
riseque fuere. 3. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii 
cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum 
fuere. 4. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, cete- 
rasque artes bonas subvertit ; pro his superbiam, 
crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere 
edocuit. 5. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri sube- 
git ; aliud clansum in pectore, aliud in lingua promp- 
tum habere ; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re sed 
ex commodo sestimare, magisque vultum quam inge- 
nium bonum habere. 6. Hsec primo paulatim crescere, 
interdum vindicari : post, ubi contagio, quasi pesti- 
lentia, invasit, civitas immutata ; imperium ex justis- 
simo atque optimo crudele intolerandumque factum. 

XI. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia ani- 



104 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

mos hominum exercebat, quod tamen vithun propius 
virtutem erat. 2. Nam gloriam, lionorem, imperium 
bonus et ignavus seque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera 
via nititur, huic quia bonse artes desunt, dolis atque 
fallaciis contendit. 3. Avaritia pecuniae studium ha- 
bet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit : ea, quasi venenis 
malis imbuta, corpus animumque virilem effeminat ; 
semper infinita, insatiabilis est, neque copia neque 
inopia minuitur. 4. Sed postquam L. Sulla, armis 
recepta republica, bonis initiis malos eventus habuit, 
rapere omnes, trahere ; domum alius, alius agros cu- 
pere, neque modum neque modestiam victores habere, 
foeda crudeliaque in cives facinora facere. 5. Hue 
accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia 
ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem ma- 
jorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat. Loca 
amoena, voluptaria, facile in otio feroces militum ani- 
mos moUiverant. 6. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus 
populi Romani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, 
vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim ac publice rapere, 
delubra spoliare, sacra profanaque omnia poUuere. 
7. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, 
nihil reliqui victis fecere. 8. Quippe secundse res 
sapientium animos fatigant ; nedum illi corruptis mori- 
bus victories temperarent. 

XII. Postquam divitise honori esse coepere, et eas 
gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere vir- 
tus, paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevo- 
lentia duci coepit. 2. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem 
luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere : rapere, 
consumere ; sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere ; pudo- 
rem, pudicitiafh, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil 



CATILINA. 105 

pensi neque moderati habere. 3. Operse pretium est, 
quiim domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium mo- 
dum exsedificatas, visere templa deoriira, quae nostri 
majores, religiosissimi mortales, fecere. 4. Verum illi 
delubra •deorum pietate, domos suas gloria decora- 
bant ; neque victis quidquam prseter injuries licentiam 
eripiebant. 5. At hi contra ignavissimi homines, per 
summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere, quae fortis- 
simi viri victores hostibus reliquerant ; proinde quasi 
injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti. 

Xni. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi his, qui 
videre, nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus 
sub versos montes, maria constructa esse ? 2. Quibus 
mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitise; quippe, quas 
honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem prope- 
rabant. 3. Sed libido stupri, ganeae ceterique cultus 
non minor incesserat ; * ^ vescendi causa terra mari- 
que omnia exquirere ; dormire priAs quam somni cu- 
pido esset ; non famem aut sitim, neque frigus neque 
lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. 
4. Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, 
ad facinora incendebant. 5. Animus imbutus nialis 
artibus baud facile libidinibus carebat : eo profusius 
omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui deditus erat. 

XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, 
id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum at- 
que facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, cater- 
vas habebat. 2. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, 
gan^ * * bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum 
aes grande conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redi- 
meret ; 3. praeterea omnes undique parricidae, sacri- 
legi, convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judicium timen- 
5* 



106 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

tes; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio ant 
sanguine civili alebat ; postremo omnes, quos fiagi- 
tiunij egestas, conscius animus exagitabat; hi Cati- 
linse proximi familiaresque erant. 4. Quod si quis 
etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, 
quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque 
ceteris eflSciebatur. 5. Sed maxime adolescentium 
familiaritates appetebat ; eorum animi molles et estate 
fluxi dolis hand difSculter capiebantur. 6. Nam uti 
cuj usque studium ex setate flagrabat, aliis scorta prse- 
bere, aliis canes atque equos mercari ; postremo ne- 
que sumptui neque modesti£e suae parcere, dum illos 
obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. 7. Scio fuisse nonnul- 
los, qui ita existimarent, juventutem, quae domum 
Catilinse frequentabat, parum honeste pudicitiam ha- 
buisse ; sed ex aliis rebus magis, qu^m quod cuiquam 
id compertum foret, haec fama valebat. 

XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa ne- 
fanda stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, cum sacer- 
dote Yestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. 
2. Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus 
prseter formam nihil unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea 
nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum adulta aetate, 
pro certo creditur, necato filio, vacuam domum sceles- 
tis nuptiis fecisse. 3. Quae quidem res mihi in primis 
yidetur causa fuisse facinoris maturandi. 4. Namque 
animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, neque 
vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat : ita conscientia 
mentem excitam vastabat. 5. Igitur colos exsaMjuis, 
foedi oculi, citus modo, modo tardus incessus ; prorsus 
in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. 

XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, 



CATILINA. 107 

illexerat miiltis modis, mala facinora edocebat. 2. Ex 
illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare ; fidem, 
fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam 
atque pudorem attriverat, majora alia imperabat. 

3. Si causa peccandi in prsesens minus suppetebat, 
nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugu- 
lare ; scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut 
animus, gratuito pptius malus atque crudelis erat. 

4. His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod 
ses alienum per omnes terras ingens erat, et quod ple- 
rique Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et 
victorise veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, 
opprimendse reipublicse consilium cepit. 5. In Italia 
nullus exercitus ; Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris 
bellum gerebat ; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes ; 
senatus nihil sane intentus ; tutse tranquillseque res 
omnes ; sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinse. 

XVn. Igitur circiter calendas Junias, L. Caesare 
et C. Figulo consulibus, primo singulos appellare ; 
hortari alios, alios tentare ; opes suas, imparatam 
rempublicam, magna prsemia conjurationis docere. 
2. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in unum om- 
nes convocat, quibus maxima necessitudo et plurimum 
audacise inerat. 3. E6 convenere senatorii ordinis 
P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, 
C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Suite, Servii filii, L. Yar- 
gunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, 
Q. Curius ; 4. praeterea ex equestri ordine M. Fulvius 
NoMior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Corne- 
lius™ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi no- 
biles. 5. Erant praeterea complures paulo occultius 
consilii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis domi- 



108 C. CBISPI SALLTTSTII 

nationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut alia necessi- 
tudo. 6. Ceterum juventus pleraque, sed maxiine 
nobilium, Gatilinse inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio 
vel magnifice vel moUiter vivere copia erat, incerta 
pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. T. Fuere 
item ea tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Oras- 
sum non ignarum ejus consilii fuisse ; quia On. Pom- 
peius, invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat, cu- 
jusvis opes voluisse contra ilKus potentiam crescere, 
simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud 
illos principem se fore. 

XYIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra 
rempublicam, in quibus Catilina fuit. De quo, quam 
verissime potero, dicam. 2. L. Tullo, M. Lepido con- 
sulibuSj P. Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, 
legibus ambitus interrogati poenas dederant. 3. Post 
paulo Catilina, pecuniarum repetundai*um reus, pro- 
hibitus erat consulatum petere, [quod intra legitimos 
dies profiteri nequiverat.] 4. Erat eodem tempore 
Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summse audacise, egens, 
factiosus, quem ad perturbandam rempublicam inopia 
atque mali mores stimulabant. 6. Cum hoc Catilina 
et Autronius circiter nonas Decembres, consilio com- 
municato, parabant in Capitolio calendis Januariis 
L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere ; ipsi, 
fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinen- 
das duas Hispanias mittere. 6. Ea re cognita, rursus 
in nonas Februarias consilium csedis transtulerant. 
7. Jam tum non consulibus modo, sed plerisque ^na- 
toribus perniciem macliinabantur. 8. Quodni TOti- 
lina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die 
post conditam urbem Eomanam pessimum facinus 



CATILINA. 109 

patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati con- 
venerant, ea res consilium diremit. 

XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam qusestor 
prb prsetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum 
infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. 2. ITe- 
que tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat ; quippe 
foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat ; 
simul quia boni complures prgesidium in eo putabant, 
et jam tum potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. 

3. Sed is Piso in provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, 
quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens occisus est. 

4. Sunt, qui ita dicunt, imperia ejus injusta, superba, 
crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati ; 5. alii autem, equi- 
tes illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque clientes, volun- 
tate ejus Pisonem aggressos ; nunquam Hispanos 
prseterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia sseva multa 
antea perpessos. 6. Nos eam rem in medio relinque- 
mus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum. 

XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, 
convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe 
egerat, tamen in rem fore credens universos appellare 
et cohortari, in abditam partem sedium secedit ; atque 
ibi omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujusce- 
modi habuit. 

2. " Ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, 
nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, 
dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per 
ignava aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. 
3. Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cog- 
novi fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maxi- 
mum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere ; simul 
quia vobis eadem, quae mihi, bona malaque esse in- 



110 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

tellexi : 4. nam idem velle atqne idem nolle, ea demum 
firma amicitia est. 5. Sed, ego quse mente agitavi, 
omnes jam antea diversi audistis. 6. Ceterum mihi 
in dies magis animus accenditur, quum considefo, 
quse conditio vitse futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindica- 
mus in libertatem. 7. Nam postquam respublica in 
paucorum potentium jus atque ditionem concessit, 
semper illis reges, tetrarchse vectigales esse ; populi, 
nationes stipendia pendere ; ceteri omnes, strenui, 
boni, nobiles atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gra- 
tia,, sine auctoritate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica 
valeret, formidini essemus. 8. Itaque omnis gratia, 
potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi 
volunt; nobis reliquere, pericula, repulsas, judicia, 
egestatem. 9. Quae quousque tandem patiemini, for- 
tissimi viri ? Nonne emori per virtutem proestat, quam 
vitam miseram atque inbonestam, ubi alienae super- 
bise ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere ? 10. Yerum 
enim vero, pro deum atque hominum fidem ! victoria 
in manu nobis est ; viget setas, animus valet : contra 
illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenuerunt. Tantum- 
modo incepto opus est, cetera res expediet. 11. Etenim 
quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium inest, tolerare 
potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundant in ex- 
struendo mari et montibus cosequandis, nobis rem 
, familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse ? illos binas 
aut amplius domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem 
nusquam ullum esse ? 12. Quum tabulas, signa, to- 
reumata emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, postre- 
mo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen 
summa libidine divitias vincere nequeunt. 13. At 
nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum ; mala res, 



CATILINA. Ill 

• 

spes multo asperior. Denique quid reliqui habemus 
prseter miseram animam ? 14. Qiiin igitur exper- 
giscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, libertas, 
prseterea divitise, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt ! 
fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. 15. Res, 
tempus, pericula, egestas, belli, spolia magnifica ma- 
gis, quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. 16. Yel impera- 
tore vel milite me utimini : neque animus neque cor- 
pus a Yobis aberit. 17. Hoec ipsa, ut spero, vobiseum 
una consul agam ; nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos 
servire magis quam imperare parati estis." 

XXI. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala 
abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona 
uUa, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces vide- 
batur, tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quae 
conditio belli Ibret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid 
ubique opis aut spei haberent. 2. Tmn Catilina pol- 
liceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium, ma- 
gistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum 
atque libido victorum fert. 3. Praeterea ' esse in His- 
pania citeriore Pisonem, in Mauritania cum exercitu 
P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes : petere 
consulatum C. Ahtonium, quem sibi collegam fore 
speraret, hominem et familiarem et omnibus necessi- 
tudinibus circumventum : cum eo se consulem initium 
agendi facturum.' 4. Ad hoc maledictis increpat oin- 
nes bonos, suorum unumquemque nominans laudare ; 
admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, 
complures periculi aut ignominiae, multos victoriae 
SuUanag, quibus ea praedae fuerat. 5. Postquam om- 
nium animos alacres videt, cohortatus ut petitionem 
suam curae haberent, conventum dimisit. 



112 C. CRISPI SALLIJSTII 

XXII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent Cati- 
linam, oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum popu- 
lares sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem 
vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse ; 2. inde, 
quum post exsecrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti 
in solemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse con- 
silium suum ; atque eo, dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se 
magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. 
3. NonnuUi ficta et hsec et multa praeterea existima- 
bant ab iis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, quae postea orta 
est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui 
pcenas dederant. 4. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine 
parum comperta est. 

XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, 
natus baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus 
coopertus ; quem censores senatu probri gratia move- 
rant. 2. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam 
audacia : neque reticere, quse audierat, neque suamet 
ipse scelera occultare; prorsus neque dicere neque 
facere quidquam pensi habebat. 3. Erat ei cum Ful- 
via, muliere nobili, stupri vetus consuetudo : cui quum 
minus gratus esset, quia inopia miniis largiri poterat, 
repente glorians maria montesque* poUiceri coepit ; 
minari interdum ferro, nisi obnoxia foret ; postremo 
ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. 4. At Fulvia, in- 
solentise Curii causa cognita, tale periculum reipub- 
licae baud occultum habuit ; sed, sublato auctore, de 
Catilinse conjuratione, quae quoque modo audierat, 
compluribus narravit. 5. Ea res in primis studia 
hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tul- 
lio Ciceroni. 6. Namque antea pleraque nobilitas 
invidia sestuabat, et quasi poUui consulatum crede- 



CATILINA. 113 

bant, si enm qiiamvis egregius homo novus adeptus 
foret. 7. Sed iibi periculum advenit, invidia atque 
superbia post fuere. 

XXIV. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules declaran- 
tur M. Tullius et C. Antonius ; qnod factum primo 
popiilares conjurationis concusserat. 2. jS'eque tamen 
Catilinse furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, 
arma per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam 
sua aut amicorum fide sumptam mutuam Fsesulas ad 
Manlium quemdam portare, qui postea princeps fuit 
belli faciendi. 3. Ea tempestate plurimos cuj usque 
generis homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam 
aliquot, quae primo ingentes sumptus stupro corporis 
toleraverant, post, ubi oetas tantummodo quaestui ne- 
que luxuriae modum fecerat, ses alienum grande con- 
flaverant. 4. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse ser- 
vitia urbana soUicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum 
vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere. 

XXV. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe 
virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. 2. Haec mulier 
genere atque forma, praeterea viro atque liberis satis 
fortunata fuit : litteris Graecis atque Latinis docta, 
psallere et saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, 
multa alia, quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. 3. Sed ei 
cariora semper omnia quam decus atque pudicitia 
fuit: pecuniae an famae minus parceret, baud facile 
discerneres ; libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret 
viros, quam peteretur. 4. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem 
prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, caedis conscia fuerat, 

. luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. 5. Verum in- 
genium ejus hand absurdum; posse versus facere, 
jocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel moUi, 



114: C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

vel procaci ; prorsus multae facetiae multusque lepos 
inerat. 

XXYI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo mi- 
nus in proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, 
si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio 
usurum. 2. ITeque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus 
modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen 
ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae deerant. 3. Namque 
a principio consulatus sui, multa poUicendo per Ful- 
viam, effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memo- 
ravi, consilia Catilinae sibi proderet. 4. Ad hoc col- 
legam suum Antonium pactione provincise perpulerat, 
ne contra rempublicam sentiret : circum se prsesidia 
amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. 5. Post- 
quam dies comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio 
neque insidiae, quas consuli in campo fecerat, prospere 
cessere, constituit bellum facere, et extrema omnia 
experiri, quoniam quae occulte tentaverat, aspera 
foedaque evenerant. 

XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam 
partem Etruriae, Septimium quemdam Camertem in 
agrum Picenum, C. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; 
praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi 
fore credebat. 2. Interea Eomae multa simul moliri ; 
consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna 
loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, 
item alios jubere, hortari, uti semper intenti paratique 
essent, dies noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insom- 
niis neque labore fatigari. 3. Postremo ubi multa 
agitaati nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conju- 
rationis principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, 
4. ibique multa de ignavia eorum questus, docet ' se 



CATILINA. 115 

Manlinm prsemisisse ad earn multitudinem, quam ad 
capienda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca oppor- 
tuna, qui initium belli facerent, seque ad exercitum 
proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem oppressisset ; 
eum suis consiliis multum officere.' 

XXVin. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus cete- 
ris, C. Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam suam polli- 
citus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator, constituere 
ea nocte paulo post cum armatis liominibus, sicuti 
salutatum, introire ad Ciceronem, ac de improviso 
domi sua3 imparatum confodere. 2. Curius ubi intel- 
ligit, quantum periculi consuli impendeat, propere 
per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. 
3. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tantum facinus frustra 
susceperant. 

4. Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, 
egestate simul ac dolore injurise no varum rerum cu- 
pidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia 
amiserat ; prseterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum 
in earegione magna copia erat ; nonnuUos ex SuUanis 
colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis 
nihil reliqui fecerantrV^- — 

XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti 
malo permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato 
consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii 
quantus aut quo consilio foret, satis compertum habe- 
bat, rem ad senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumori- 
bus exagitatam. 2. Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci 
negotio solet, senatus decrevit, ' darent operam con- 
sules, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet.' 3. Ea 
potestas per senatum, more Romano, magistratui 
maxima permittitur, exercitum parare, bellum gerere, 



116 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi 
militiseque imperium atque judicium summum ha- 
bere ; aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum eon- 
suli jus est. 

XXX. Post paucos dies L. Ssenius senator in 
senatu litteras recitavit, quas Fsesulis allatas sibi 
dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat ' C. Manlium arma 
cepisse cum magna multitudine, ante diem sextum 
calendas Novembres.' 2. Simul, id quod in tali re 
solet, alii portenta atque prodigia nuntiabant, alii 
' conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuse atque in Apu- 
lia servile bellum moveri.' 3. Igitur senati decreto 
Q. Marcius Kex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in 
Apuliam circumque loca missi: 4. hi utrique adurbem 
imperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, calum- 
nia paucorum, quibus omnia, honesta atque inhonesta, 
yendere mos erat. 6. Sed prsetores Q. Pompeius 
Kufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum ; 
hisque permissum, 'uti pro tempore atque periculo 
exercitum compararent.' 6. Ad hoc, ' si quis indica- 
visset de conjuratione, quae contra rempublicam facta 
erat, praemium' decrevere ^ servo libertatem et sester- 
tia centum, libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia 
ducenta ; ' itemque decrevere, ' uti gladiatoriae familiae 
Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur, pro 
cujusque opibus ; Romse per totam urbem vigilige 
haberentur, hisque minores magistratus prseessent.' 

XXXI. Quibus rebus permota ci vitas, atque im- 
mutata urbis fi^cies erat; ex summa Isetitia atque 
lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes 
tristitia invasit; 2. festinare, trepidare; neque loco 
nee homini cuiquam satis credere ; neque bellum 



CATILINA. 117 

gerere, neqiie pacem habere ; suo quisque metu peri- 
cula metiri. 3. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus reipiiblicae 
magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare 
sese, manus supplices ad eoelum tendere, miserari 
parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, siiperbia atque 
deliciis omissis, sibi patriseque diffidere. 4. At Cati- 
linse crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat, tametsi 
prsesidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus 
erat ab L. Paulo. 5. Postremo dissimulandi causa et 
ut sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in 
senatum venit. 6. Tum M. TuUius consul, sive prse- 
sentiam ejus timens, sive ira commotus, orationem 
habuit luculentam atque utilem reipublicse, qnam 
postea scriptam edidit. 7. Sed, ubi ille assedit, Cati- 
lina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso 
vultu, voce supplici postulare, ' patres conscripti ne 
quid de se temere crederent : ea familia ortum, ita ab 
adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut omnia bona in spe 
haberet : ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus 
ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem 
Romanam essent, perdita republica opus esse, quum 
eam servaret M. TuUius, inquilinus civis urbis Eomae.' 
8. Ad hsec maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere 
omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. 9. Tum ille 
furibundus : " Quoniam quidem circumventus," in- 
quit, "ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum 
ruina restinguam." 

XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibi 
multa secum ipse volvens, quod neque insidise consuli 
procedebant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis 
munitam, optimum factum credens exercitum augere, 
ac, priiis qu^m legiones scriberentur, antecapere, qu89 



118 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

bello iisiii forent, nocte intempesta cum paucis In Man- 
liana castra profectus est. 2. Sed Cethego atqueLen- 
tulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam auda- 
ciam, mandat, ' quibus rebus possent, opes factionis 
confirment, insidias consul! maturent, csedem, incen- 
dia, aliaque belli facinora parent : sese propediem cum 
magno exercitu ad urbem accessurum.' 3. Dum hsec 
Romae geruntur, 0. Manlius ex suo numero legatos ad 
Marcium Eegem mittit, cum mandatis hujuscemodi : 
XXXIII. " Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, 
nos arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo 
periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab 
injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque 
crudelitate foeneratorum plerique patrise, sed omnes 
fama atque fortunis expertes sumus : neque cuiquam 
nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti, neque, amisso 
patrimonio, liberum corpus habere : tanta ssevitia 
foeneratorum atque prsetoris fuit. 2. Saepe majores 
vestrum miseriti plebis Eomanse, decretis suis inopise 
opitulati sunt : ac novissime memoria nostra, propter 
magnitudinem seris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, 
argentum sere solutum est. 3. Saepe ipsa plebes, aut 
dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magistratuum, 
armata a patribus secessit. 4. At nos non imperium 
neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella 
atque certamina omnia inter mortales sunt, sed liber- 
tatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amit- 
tit. 5. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis mise- 
ris civibus ; legis prsesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris 
eripuit, restituatis ; neve eam nobis necessitudinem 
imponatis, ut quseramus, quonam modo, maxime ulti 
sanguinem nostrum, pereamus." 



CATILINA. 119 

XXXIY. Ad hsec Q. Marcius respondit : ' Si quid 
ab senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Eomam 
supplices proficiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque mise- 
ricordia senatum populumque Eomanum semper fu- 
isse, lit nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxiliiim petiverit.' 
,2. At Catilina ex itinere plerisqiie consularibus, prse- 
terea optimo cuique litteras mittit : ' Se falsis crimi- 
nibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum 
resistere nequiverit, fortunse cedere, Massiliam in 
exsilium proiicisci : non quo sibi tanti sceleris con- 
scius esset, sed uti respublica quieta foret, neve ex 
sua contentione seditio oriretur.' 3. Ab his longe 
diversas litteras Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas 
sibi nomine Catilinse redditas dieebat : earum exem- 
plum infra seriptum est. 

XXXY. "L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua 
fides re cognita gratam in magnis meis periculis fidu- 
ciam commendationi meae tribuit. 2. Quamobrem 
defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare : satis- 
factionem ex nulla conscientia de culj)a proponere de- 
erevi : quam, me dius fidius, veram licet cognoscas. 
3. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod, fructu la- 
boris industriseque mese privatus, statum dignitatis 
non obtinebam, publicam miserorum causam pro mea 
consuetudine suscepi : non quin ses alienum meis no- 
minibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et 
alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque 
copiis persolveret ; sed quod non dignos homines 
honore honestatos videbam^ meque falsa suspicione 
alienatum esse sentiebam. 4. Hoc nomine satis hones- 
tas pro meo casu spes reliquse dignitatis conservandae 
sum secutus. 5. Plura quum scribere vellem, nun- 



120 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

tiatum 'est vim mihi parari. 6. Nunc Orestillam com- 
mendo, tuseque fidei trado: earn ab injuria defendas, 
per liberos tuos rogatus. Haveto." 

XXXVI. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud 
C. Flaminium in agro Arretino, dum vieinitatem, 
antea soUicitatam, armis exornat ; cum fascibus atque 
aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium con- 
tendit. 2. Hsec ubi Eomse comperta sunt, senatus 
Catilinam et Manlium liostes judicat ; ceterae multi- 
tudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab 
armis discedere, prseter rerum cai)italium condemna- 
tis. 3. Prseterea decernit, ^uti consules delectum 
habeant ; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi 
liiaturet ; Cicero urbi praesidio sit.' 4. Ea tempestate 
mihi imperium populi Eomani multo maxime misera- 
bile visum est : cui quum ad occasum ab ortu solis 
omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divi- 
tiaSj quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere ta- 
men cives, qui seque remque publicam obstinatis 
animis perditum irent. 5. Namque duobus senati 
decretis, ex tanta multitudine, neque prsemio induc- 
tus conjurationem patefecerat, neque ex castris Cati- 
linse quisquam omnium discesserat : tanta vis morbi, 
uti tabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat. 

XXXYII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui 
conscii conjurationis fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes 
novarum rerum studio .Catilinse incepta probabat. 
2. Id adeo more suo videbatur facere, 3. Nam sem- 
per in civitate, quibus opes nullse sunt, bonis invident, 
malos extoUunt; vetera oddre, nova exoptant; odio 
suarum rerum mutari omnia student ; turbS atque 
seditionibus sine cura aluntur, c^uoniam egestas facile 



CATILINA. 121 

habetur sine damno. 4. !Sed urbana plebes, ea vero 
prseceps ierat multis de causis. 5. Primum omnium, 
qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime prsesta- 
bant, item alii, per dedeeora patrimoniis amissis, pos- 
tremo omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expu- 
lerat, hi Eomam, sicuti in sentinam, confluxerant. 
6. Deinde multi memores SuUanse victorise, quod ex 
gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita 
divites, uti regio victu atque cultu setatem agerent, 
sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia- spera- 
bant. 7. Prseterea juventus, quae in agris manuum 
mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis 
largitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori 
praetulerat : eos atque alios omnes malum publicum 
alebat. 8. Quo minus mirandum est homines egen- 
tes, malis moribus, maxima spe, reipublicae juxta ac 
sibi consuluisse. 9. Pra3terea quorum victoria SuUas 
parentes proscripti, bona erepta, jus libertatis immi- 
nutum erat, hand sane alio animo belli eventum ex- 
sj^ectabant. 10. Ad hoc quicumque aliarum atque 
senati partium erant, conturbari rempublicam, quam 
minus valere ipsi malebant. 11. Id adeo malum 
multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. 

XXXYIIL Xam postquam, Cn. Pompeio et 
M. Crasso consuiibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, 
homines adolescentes, summam potestatem nacti, qui- 
bus setas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum crimi- 
nando plebem exagitare ; dein largiendo atque polli- 
citando magis incendere ; ita ipsi clari potentesque 
fieri. 2. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque 
nobilitas, senati specie, pro sua magnitudine. 3. Nam- 
que, uti paucis verum absolvam, per ilia tempera 
6 



122 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

quicumque rempublicam agitav^re, honestis nomini- 
bus, alii, sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars, quo 
senati auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simu- 
lantes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant : neque illis 
modestia, neque modus contentionis erat ; utrique vic- 
toriam crudeliter exercebant. 

XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum 
maritimum atque Mithridaticum missus est, plebis 
opes imminutse, paucorum potentia crevit. 2. Hi 
magistratus, provincias aliaque omnia tenere ; ipsi 
innoxii, florentes, sine metu setatem agere, ceteros 
judiciis terrere, qui plebem in magistratu placidius 
tractarent. 3. Sed ubi primiim dubiis rebus novandi 
spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. 
4. Quod si primo proelio Catilina superior aut sequa 
manu discessisset, profecto magna clades atque calami- 
tas rempublicam oppressisset ; neque illis, qui vic- 
toriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin de- 
fessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset, imperium atque 
libertatem extorqueret. 5. Fuere tamen extra conju- 
rationem complures, qui ad Oatilinam initio profecti 
sunt : in liis erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quern re- 
tractum ex itinere parens necari jussit. 6. Isdem 
temporibus Eomse Lentulus, sicuti Catilina prsecepe- 
rat, quoscumque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus ido- 
neos credebat, aut per se aut per alios soUicitabat ; 
neque solum cives, sed cuj usque modi genus liomi- 
num, quod modo bello usui foret. 

XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti 
legatos AUobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impel- 
lat ad societatem belli ; existimans publice privatim- 
que sere alieno oppressos, prseterea, quod natura gens 



CATILINA. 123 

Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium 
aclduci posse. 2. Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotia- 
tus erat, plerisque principibus civitatium notus erat, 
atque eos noverat : itaque sine mora, ubi primum 
legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu 
civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, 
' quern exitum tantis malis sperarent ? ' 3. Postquam 
illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare 
senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset ; miseriis suis 
remedium mortem exspectare : " At ego," inquit, 
" vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, 
qua tanta ista mala efiugiatis." 4. Usee ubi dixit, 
Allobroges in maximam spem adducti Umbrenum 
orare, uti sui misereretur : ' nihil tarn asperura neque 
tam difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, 
dum ea res civitatem sere alieno liberaret.' 5. Ille 
eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua 
erat, neque alieda consilii, propter Semproniam ; nam 
tum Brutus ab Roma aberat. 6. Praeterea Gabi- 
nium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset. 
Eo prsesente, conjurationem aperit ; nominat socios, 
praeterea multos cuj usque generis innoxios, quo lega- 
tis animus amplior esset : delude eos poUicitos operam 
suam domum dimittit. 

XLL Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quid- 
nam consilii caperent. 2. In altera parte erat ses 
alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe victorise ; 
at in altera maj ores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe 
certa prsemia. 3. Hsec illis volventibus, tandem vicit 
fortuna reipublicse. 4. Itaque Q. Fabio Sangse, cujus 
patrocinio civitas plurimiim utebatur, rem omnem, uti 
cognoverant, aperiunt. 5. Cicero, per Sangam con- 



124 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

silio cognito, legatis pragcepit, nt studiuin conjurationis 
vehementer simulent, ceteros adeant, bene poUicean- 
tur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos 
liabeant. 

XLII. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore 
atque ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia 
motus erat. 2. Namque illi, quos antea Catilina 
dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta 
simnl agebant : nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque 
telorum portationibus, festinando, agitando omnia, 
plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. 3. Ex eo nu- 
mero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati 
consultu, causa cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item 
in ulteriore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei provincise lega- 
tus prseerat. 

XLni. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui prin- 
cipes conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, mag- 
nis copiis, constituerant, uti, quum CStilina in agrum 
F^sulanum cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus 
plebis, concione liabita, quereretur de actionibus Cice- 
ronis, bellique gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli 
imponeret ; eo signo, proxima nocte cetera multitudo 
conjurationis suum quisque negotium exsequeretur. 
2. Sed ea divisa boc modo dicebantur, Statilius et 
Gabinius uti cum magna manu duodecim simul op- 
portuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior 
adltus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae para- 
bantur, fieret ; Cetbegus Ciceronis januam obsideret, 
eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem alium ; sed filii 
familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, 
parentes interficerent ; simul, caede et incendio per- 
culsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent. 3. Inter 



CATILINA. 125 

lisec parata atque decreta Cethegus semper qnerebatur 
de ignavia soeiorum: 'illos dubitando et dies prola- 
tando magnas opportunitates corrumpere ; facto, non 
consulto in tali periculo opus esse ; seqne, si pauci 
adjuvarent, langucntibus aliis, impetum in curiam 
facturum.' 4. I^atura ferox, vehemens, manu promp- 
tiis erat ; maximum bonum in celeritate putabat. 

XLIY. Sed Allobroges ex prsecepto Ciceronis per 
Gabinium ceteros conveniimt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, 
Statilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod sig- 
natum ad cives perferant : ' aliter baud facile eos ad 
tantum negotium impelli posse.' 2. Ceteri nihil sus- 
picantes dant ; Cassius semet eo brevi venturum pol- 
licetur, ac paulo ante legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. 
3. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quemdam Croto- 
niensem mittit, uti Allobroges, prius quam domum 
pergerent, cum Catilina, data et accepta fide, societa- 
tem contirmarent. 4. Ipse Yolturcio litteras ad Cati- 
linam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est. 

5. " Quis sim, ex eo, quem ad te misi, cognosces. 
Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te 
virum esse ; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent : 
auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis." 

6. Ad hoc mandata verbis dat : ' quum ab senatu 
hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in 
urbe parata esse, quse jusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse pro- 
pius accedere.' ' 

XLY. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua; 
proficiscerentur, Cicero, per legatos cuncta edoctus, 
L. Yalerio Flacco et 0. Pomptino prsetoribus imperat, 
uti in ponte Mulvio per insidias AUobrogum comita- 
tus deprehendant ; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia 



126 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

mittebantur ; cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, per- 
mittit. 2. Uli, homines militares, sine tumultu prsesi- 
diis coUocatis, sicuti prseceptum erat, occulte pontem 
obsidiint. 3. Postquam ad id loci legati cum Vol- 
turcio venerunt, et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, 
Galli, cito cognito consilio, sine mora prsetoribus se 
tradunt. 4. Yolturcius primo, cohortatus ceteros, 
gladio se a multitudine defendit ; deinde, ubi a 
legatis desertus est, multa priiis de salute sua Pomp- 
tinum obtestatus, quod ei notus erat, postremo timi- 
dus ac vitse diffidens, velut hostibus sese prsetoribus 
dedit. 

XLVL Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per 
nuntios consuli declarantur. 2. At ilium ingens cura 
atque laetitia simul occupavere : nam laetabatur, intel- 
ligens, conjurationepatefacta, civitatem periculis erep- 
tam esse ; porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maxi- 
mo scelere tantis civibus deprehensis, quid facto opus 
esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, impunitatem per- 
dendae reipublicse fore credebat. 3. Igitur, conJBrmato 
animo, vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, 
Statilium, Gabinium, itemque Coeparium quemdam 
Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia 
proficisci parabat. 4. Ceteri sine mora veniunt : 
Coeparius, paulo ante domo egressus, cognito indicio, 
ex urbe profugerat. 5. Consul Lentulum, quod praetor 
erat, ipse manu tenens p#ducit ; reliquos cum custodi- 
bus in 8edem Concordias venire jubet. 6. Eo senatum 
advocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Yolturcium 
cum legatis introducit ; Flaccum praetorem scrinium 
cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem aflerre 
jubet. 



CATILINA. 127 

XLVn. Yoltiircius interrogatiis de itinere, de lit- 
teris, postremo quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuis- 
set, priino fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione ; 
post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti 
gesta eraut, aperit ; docetque ' se paucis ante diebus a 
Gabinio et Coepario socium adscitum nihil amplius 
scire quam legates ; tantummodo audire solitum ex 
Gabinio P. Autronium, Servium SiiUam, L. Yargun- 
teium, multos praeterea in ea conjuratione esse.' 
2. Eadem Galli fatentur, ac Lentulum dissimulantem 
coarguunt prseter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere 
solitus erat : ' ex libris Sibyllinis regnum Romse tribus 
Corneliis portendi ; Cinnam atque SuUam antea, se 
tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri ; praeterea ab 
incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, quern 
ssepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello civili 
cruentum fore.' 3. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum 
prius omnes signa sua cognovissent, senatus decernit, 
'uti abdicato magistratu Lentuhis, itemque ceteri 
in liberis custodiis haberentur.' 4. Itaque Lentulus 
P. Lentulo Spintheri, qui tum sedilis erat, Cethegus 
Q. Cornificio, Statilius C. Csesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, 
Coeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) 
Cn. Terentio senatori traduntur. 

XLYni. Tuterea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, 
quse primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, 
mutata mente, Catilinae cons||^ exsecrari, Ciceronem 
ad coelum toUere ; veluti ex servitute erepta, gaudium 
atque Isetitiam agitabat. 2. Namque alia belli faci- 
nora prgedse magis quam detrimento fore, incendium 
vero crudele, immoderatum, ac sibi maxime calami- 
tosum putabat ; quippe cui omnes copise in usu quo- 



128 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

tidiano et cultu corporis erant. 3. Post eum diem 
quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum adductns erat, 
quern ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retrac- 
tum aiebant. 4. Is qunm se diceret indicaturuin do 
conjuratione, si fides publica data esset, jussus a con- 
sule, quae sciret, edicere, eadem fere, quae Yolturcius, 
de paratis incendiis, de csede bonorum, de itinere hos- 
tium senatum docet : prseterea ' se missum a M. Crasso, 
qui Catilinse nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus 
aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent ; eoque 
magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et cetero- 
rum animos reficeret, et illi facilius e periculo eripe- 
rentur.' 6. Sed ubi Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, 
hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa potentia, 
alii rem incredibilem rati, pars, tametsi verum existi- 
mabant, tamen quia in tali tempore tanta vis hominis 
lenienda magis quam exagitanda videbatur, plerique 
Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii conclamant ' indi- 
cem falsum esse,' deque ea re postulant, uti referatur. 
6. Itaque, consulente Cicerone, frequens senatus de- 
cernit, ' Tarquinii indicium falsum videri, eumque in 
vinculis retinendum, neque amplius potestatem facien- 
dam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam rem 
mentitus esset.' 7. Erant eo tempore, qui existima- 
rent indicium illud a P. Autronio machinatum, quo 
facilius, appellato Crasso, per societatem periculi reli- 
quos illius potentia te^«et. 8. Alii Tarquinium a 
Cicerone immissum aieoant, ne Crassus, more suo 
suscepto malorum patrocinio, rempublicam contur- 
baret. 9. Ipsum Crassum ego postea prsedicantem 
audivi, bantam illam contumeliam sibi ab Cicerone 
impositam.' 



CATILINA. 129 

XLIX. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso 
neque precibus, neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceronem 
impellere potuere, iiti per AUobroges aut per alium 
indicem C. Csesar falso nominaretur. 2. Nam uter- 
que cum illp graves iuimicitias exercebant;. Piso 
oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum, 
propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; 
Catulus ex petitione pontificatus odio incensus, quod 
extrema setate, maximis honoribus usus, ab adolescen- 
tulo Caesare victus discesserat. 3. Pes autem oppor- 
tuna videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, 
publice maximis muneribus grandem pecuniam debe- 
bat. 4. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum facinus impel- 
lere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo, atque 
ementiendo, quae se ex Volturcio aut AUobrogibus 
audisse dicerent, magnam illi invidiam conflaverant ; 
usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui prsesidii 
causa cum telis erant circum ledem Concordiae, seu 
periculi magnitudine, seu animi mobilitate impulsi, 
quo studium suum in rempublicam clarius esset, egre- 
dienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. 

L. Dum haec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis 
AUobrogum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum in- 
dicio, praemia decernuntur ; liberti et pauci ex clienti- 
bus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia 
in vicis ad eum eripiendum sollicitabant ; partim ex- 
quirebant duces multitudinui^^ui pretio rempublicam 
vexare soliti erant. 2. Cethegus autem per nuntios 
familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in 
audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto, cum telis ad sese 
irrumperent. 3. Consul, ubi ea parari cognovit, dis- 
positis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus monebat, convo- 
6* 



130 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

cato senatu, refert, ' quid de his fieri placeat, qui in 
custodiam traditi erant.' Sed eos paulo ante frequens 
senatus judicaverat ' contra rempublicam fecisse.' 
4. Turn D. Junius Silanus, primus sententiam roga- 
tus, quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, 
qui in custodiis tenebantur, prseterea de L. Cassio, 
P. Furio, P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, 
supplicium sumendum decreverat : isque postea, per- 
motus oratione C. Csesaris, pedibus in sententiam Tib. 
Neronis iturum se dixerat ; quod de ea re, prsesidiis 
additis, referendum censuerat. 6. Sed Caesar, ubi ad 
eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a consule, hujus- 
cemodi verba locutus est. 

LI. '' Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de 
rebus dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque 
misericordia vacuos esse decet. 2. Hand facile ani- 
mus verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt, neque quis- 
quam omnium libidini simul et usui paruit. 3. Ubi 
intenderis ingenium, valet ; si libido possidet, ea 
dominatur, animus nihil valet. 4. Magna mihi copia 
est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges atque 
populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consulue- 
rint; sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra 
libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. 5. Bello 
Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Ehodio- 
rum ci vitas, magna atque magnifica, quae populi Eo- 
mani opibus creverat, ii^iida atque adversa nobis fuit : 
sed postquam, bello confecto, de Khodiis consultum 
est, majores nostri, no quis divitia^rum magis, quam 
injurise causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos eos 
dimisere. 6. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe 
Carthaginienses et in pace et per inducias multa nefa- 



OATILINA. 131 

ria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi per occasionem 
talia fecere: magis, quid se dignum foret, qnam quid 
in illis jure fieri posset, quaerebant. 7. Hoc idem 
vobis providendum est, patres conscripti, ne plus va- 
leat apud vos P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus, quam 
vestra dignitas ; neu magis irse vestrse quam famse 
consulatis. 8. Nam si digna poena pro factis eorum 
reperitur, novum consilium approbo ; sin magnitudo 
sceleris omnium ingenia exsuperat, his utendum 
censeo, quse legibus comparata sunt.| 9. Plerique 
eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt, composite 
atque magnifice casum reipublicse miserati sunt : qu89 
belli saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent enumera- 
vere : rapi virgines, pueros ; divelli liberos a paren- 
tiim complexu ; matres familiarum pati, quse victoribus 
collibuissent : fana atque domos exspoliari ; caedem, 
incendia fieri ; postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore 
atque luctu omnia compleri. 10. Sed, per deos im- 
mortales! quo ilia oratio pertinuit? an, uti vos infes- 
tos conjurationi faceret ? Scilicet, quem res tanta 
atque tam atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet ! 

11. Non ita est; neque cuiquam mortalium injurise 
suae parvae videntur : multi eas graviiis aequo habuSre. 

12. Sed alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui 
demissi in obscuro vitam liabent, is quid iracundia 
deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque fortuna eorum 
pares sunt: qui magno im^rio praediti in excelso 
aetatem agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales nov6re. 

13. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est : neque 
studere, neque odisse, sed niinime irasci decet : 14. quse 
apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia 
atque crudelitas appellatur. 15. Equidem ego sic 



132 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus minores, 
quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales 
postrema meminere, et in hominibus impiis sceleris 
eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo severior 
fuit* -16. D. Silannm, virum fortem atque strenuuin, 
certo scio, quae dixerit, studio reipublicae dixisse, ne- 
que ilium in tanta re gratiam aut inimicitias exercere : 
eos mores, eam modestiam viri cognovi. 17. Yerum 
sententia ejus mihi non crudelis, (quid enim in tales 
homines crudele fieri potest ? ) sed aliena a republica 
nostra videtur. 18. Nam profecto aut metus aut in- 
juria te subegit, Silane, consulem designatum, genus 
poense novum decernere. 19. De timore supervaca- 
neum est disserere, quum praesertim diligentia claris- 
simi viri, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in armis. 20. De 
poena possumus equidem dicere, id quod res habet, in 
luctu atque miseriis mortem serumnarum requiem, 
non cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dis- 
solvere ; ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. 
21. Sed, per deos immortales ! quamobrem in senten- 
tiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos ani- 
madverteretur ? 22. An, quia lex Porcia vetat ? At 
alise leges item condemnatis civibus non animam 
eripi, sed exsilium permitti jubent. 23. An, quia 
gravius est verberari quam necari ? Quid autem acer- 
bum aut nimis grave in homines tanti facinoris con- 
victos? 24. Sin, quia levins est; qui convenit in 
minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore 
neglexeris ? 25. At enim qui^ reprehendet, quod in 
parricidas reipubliese decretum erit? Tempus, dies, 
fortuna, cujus libido gentibus moderatur. 26. Illis 
merito accidet, quidquid evenerit ; ceterilm vos, pa- 



CATILINA. 133 

ti*es conscripti, quid in aKos statuatis, considerate. 
27. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt ; sed ubi 
imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum 
illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et 
non idoneos transfertur. 28. Lacedsemonii devictis 
Atheniensibus triginta viros imposuere, qui rempubli- 
eam eorum tractarent. 29. Hi prirao coep€re pessi- 
mum quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum ne- 
care : ea populus laetari et merito dicere fieri. 30. Post, 
ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et malos 
libidinose interficere, ceteros joaetii terrere. 31. Ita 
civitas servitute oppressa stultse Isetitise graves poenas 
dedit. 32. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla quum Da- 
masippum et alios liujusmodi, qui malo reipublicae 
creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus lauda- 
bat ? ' Homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus 
rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos ' aiebant. 
33. Sed ea res magnse initium cladis fuit : nam uti 
quisque domum aut villam, postremo aut vas aut 
vestimentum alicujus concupiverat, dabat operam, 
uti is in proscriptorum numero esset. 34. Ita illi, 
quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi 
trabebantur; neque prius finis jiigulandi fuit, quam 
Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit. 35. Atque ego 
bsec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus vereor ; 
sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 
36. Potest aKo tempore, alio consule, cui item exer- 
citus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi. Ubi 
hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium 
eduxerit, quis illi finem statuet, aut quis moderabi- 
tur? 37. Majores nostri, patres conscripti, neque 
consilii neque audacise unquam eguere; neque illis 



134 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

superbia obstabat, quo miniis aliena instituta, si modo 
proba erant, imitarentur. 38. Arma atque tela mili- 
taria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis 
pleraque sumpserunt : postremo quod ubique apud 
socios aut hostes idoneum videbatur, cum summo stu- 
dio domi exsequebantur ; imitari quam invidere bo- 
nis malebant. 39. Sed eodem illo tempore, Grsecise 
morem imitati, verberibus animadvertebant in cives, 
de condemnatis summum supplicium sumebant. 
40. Postquam respublica adolevit, et multitudine 
civium factiones valuire, circumveniri innocentes, 
alia hujuscemodi fieri ccepgre, tum lex Porcia aliseque 
leges paratse sunt, ,quibus legibus exsilium damnatis 
permissum est. 41. Hanc ego tjausam, patres con- 
scrigti, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in 
primis magnam puto. 42. Profecto virtus atque 
sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tan- 
tum imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene 
parta vix retinemus. 43. Placet igitur eos dimitti et 
augere exercitum Catilinae ? Minime ; sed ita censeo : 
' publicandas eorum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis haben- 
dos per municipia, quae maxime opibus valent ; neu 
quis de' his postea ad senatum referat, neve cum 
populo agat : qui aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum 
contra rempublicam et salutem omnium facturum.' " 

LII. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri 
verbo alius alii varie assentiebantur : al; M. Porcius 
Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi orationem 
habuit. 

2. " Longe mihi alia mens est, patres conscripti, 
quum res atque pericula nostra considero, et quum 
sententias nonnuUorum mecum ipse reputo. 3. Uli 



CATILINA. 135 

mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, 
parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere : res 
autem monet cavere ab illis magis quam, quid in illis 
statuamus, consultare. 4. Nam cetera maleficia turn 
persequare, ubi facta sunt : hoc, nisi provideris, ne 
accidat, ubi evenit, frustr^t judicia implores : capta; 
urbe, nihil fit reliqui victis. 5. Sed, per deos immor- 
tales! vos ego appello, qui semper domos, villas, 
signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rempublicam fecis- 
tis, si ista, cujuscumque modi sunt, quae amplexamini, 
retinere, si voluptatibus vestris otium prsebere vultis, 
expergiscimini aliquando, et capessite rempublicam. 
6. Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum in- 
juriis ; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. 7. Saepe- 
numero, patres conscript!, multa verba in hoc ordine 
feci, saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium 
questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos 
habeo. 8. Qui mihi atque animo meo nuUius unquan\ 
delicti gratiam fecissem, baud facile alterius libidini 
malefacta condonabam. 9. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi 
j)endebatis, tamen respublica firma erat ; opulentia 
negligentiam tolerabat. 10. Nunc vero non id agitur, 
bonisne an malis moribus vivamus, neque quantum 
aut quam magnificum imperium populi Eomani sit ; 
sed hsec cujus cumque modi videntur, nostra, an no- 
biscum una hostium futiira sint. 

11. '' Hie mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et miseri- 
cordiam nominat. Jampridem equidem nos vera 
rerum vocabula amisimus, quia bona aliena largiri 
liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur ; 
eo respublica in extremo sita est. 12. Sint sane, 
quoniam ita se mores habent, liberales ex sociorum 



136 C. CRISPI SALLFSTII 

fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus serarii : ne illi 
sanguinem nostrum largiantur ; et dum paucis scele- 
ratis parcunt, bonos omnes perditum eant. 13. Bene 
et composite 0. Csesar paulo ante in hoc ordine de 
vita et morte disseruit; credo, falsa existimans ea, 
quae de inferis memorantur ; ' diverso itinere malos a 
bonis loca tetra, inculta, foeda atque formidolosa ha- 
bere.' 1-i. Itaque censuit 'pecunias eorum publican- 
das, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos;' 
videlicet timens, ne, si Komse sint, aut a popularibus 
conjurationis, aut a multitudine conducta per vim 
eripiantur. 15. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tan- 
tummodo in urbe, et non per totam Italiam sint, aut 
non ibi plus possit audacia, ubi ad defendendum opes 
minores sunt. 16. Quare vanum equidem hoc con- 
silium est, si periculum ex illis metuit ; sin in tanto 
omnium metu solus non timet, eo magis refert me 
mihi atque vobis timere. 

17. " Quare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque sta- 
tuetis, pro certo habetote vos simul de exercitu Cati- 
linse et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. 18. Quanto 
vos attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior 
erit : si paululum modo vos lauguere viderint, jam 
omnes feroces aderunt. 19. Nolite existimare ma- 
jores nostros armis rempublicam ex parva magnam 
fecisse. 20. Si ita res esset, multo pulcherrimam 
eam nos haberemus : quippe sociorum atque civium, 
prseterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia 
quam illis. 21. Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos 
fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt ; domi industria, foris 
justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque 
delicto neque libidini obnoxius. 22. Pro his nos 



CATILINA. 137 

habemus luxuriam atque avaritiam, publice egesta- 
tem, privatim opulentiam ; laudamus divitias, se- 
qiiimur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos discrimen 
nullum ; omnia virtutis prsemia ambitio possidet. 
23. ]!seque mirum, ubi vos separatira* sibi quisque 
consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, liic pecunise 
aut gratise servitis ; eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam 
rempublicam. 24. Sed ego haec omitto. 

" Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam incendere, 
Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad 
bellum arcessunt ; dux hostium cum exercitu supra 
caput est : 25. vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra 
moenia deprehensis hostibus faciatis ? 26. Miserea- 
mini, censeo, (deliquere homines adolescentuli per 
ambitionem,) atque etiam armatos dimittatis. 27. Ne 
ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia, si illi arma 
ceperint, in miseriam vertet. 28. Scilicet res ipsa 
aspera est, sed vos non timetis earn. Immo vero 
maxime ; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium 
exspectantes cunctamini, videlicet dis immortalibus 
conflsi, qui banc rempublicam in maximis ssepe peri- 
culis servavere. 29. Non votis neque suppliciis mu- 
liebribus auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, 
bene consulendo prospera omnia cedunt : ubi socor- 
dise te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos 
implores ; irati infestique sunt. 30. Apud majores 
nostros T. Manlius Torquatus bello Gallico filium 
suum, quod is contra imperium in liostem pugnave- 
rat, necari jussit, 31. atque ille egregius adolescens, 
immoderatse fortitudinis, morte poenas dedit : vos de 
crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis, cunctamini? 
Videlicet vita cetera eorum huic sceleri obstat. 32. Ve- 



138 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



rum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitige, si 
famse suae, si dis ant hominibus unquam ullis peper- 
cit : 33. ignoscite Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi itemm 
patriae bellnm fecit. 34. Kam qnid ego de Gabinio, 
Statilio, Coepario loqnar ? qnibns si qnidqnam nnqnam 
pensi fuisset, non ea consilia de repnblica habnissent. 

35. " Postremo, patres conscripti, si meliercnle 
peccato locns esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, 
qnoniam verba contemnitis ; sed nndiqne circnmventi 
snmns. Catilina cnm exercitn fancibns nrget; alii 
intra raoenia atqne in sinu nrbis sunt hostes ; neque 
pararij neque consuli quidquam occulte potest : quo 
magis properandum est. 36. Quare ita ego censeo : 
' quum nefario consilio sceleratorum civium respub- 
lica in maxima pericula venerit, hique indicio T. Yol- 
turcii et legatorum AUobrogum convicti confessique 
sint csedem, incendia, aliaque se foeda atque crudelia 
facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, de confessis, 
sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium, more majorum 
supplicium sumendum.' " 

Lin. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes 
itemque senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, 
virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios increpantes 
timidos vocant ; Cato clarus atque magnus habetur ; 
senati decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. 2. Sed mihi 
multa legenti, multa audienti, quae populus Romanus 
domi militiaeque, mari atque terra praeclara facinora 
fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta 
negotia sustinuisset. 3. Sciebam saepenumero parva 
manu cum magnis legionibus hostium contendisse ; 
cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum opulentis 
regibus ; ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse ; 



CATILINA. 139 

facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Eomanos 
fuisse. 4. Ac mihi multa agitanti constabat, pauco- 
riim civiiim egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse; 
eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem 
paucitas superaret. 5. Sed postquam luxu atque de- 
sidia civitas corrupta est, rursus respublica magni- 
tudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia 
sustentabat, ac, sicuti effeta parente, in multis tempes- 
tatibus baud sane quisquam Romse virtute magnus 
fuit. 6. Sed memoriS mea, ingenti virtute, diversis 
moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et C. Caesar : quos 
quoniam res obtulerat, silentio prseterire non fuit con- 
silium, quin utriusque naturam et mores, quantum 
ingenio possem, aperirem. 

LIV. Igitur his genus, setas, eloquentia prope 
sequalia fuere ; magnitudo animi par, item gloria, 
sed alia alii. 2. Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia 
magnus habebatur ; integritate vitae Cato. Ille man- 
suetudine et misericordia clarus factus ; huic severi- 
tas dignitatem addiderat. 3. Caesar dando, suble- 
vando, ignoscendo ; Cato nihil largiendo gloriam 
adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium ; in altero 
malis pernicies : illius facilitas, hujus constantia 
laudabatur. 4. Postremo Caesar in animum induxe- 
rat laborare, vigilare ; negotiis amicorum intentus, 
sua negligere ; nihil denegare, quod dono dignum 
esset; sibi magnura imperium, exercitum, novum 
bellum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. 5. At 
Catoni studium modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severi- 
tatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, neque factione 
cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto 
pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat ; esse 



MO C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

quam videri bonus malebat : ita, quo minus gloriam 
petebat, eo magis sequebatur. 

LV. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis senten- 
tiam discessit, consul optimum factum ratus noctem, 
quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novare- 
tur, triumviros, quae supplicium postulabat, parare 
jubet : 2. ipse, dispositis prsesidiis, Lentulum in car- 
cerem deducit ; idem fit ceteris per prsetores. 3. Est 
locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi pau- 
lulum descenderis ad Isevam, circiter duodecim pedes 
humi depressus. 4. Eum muniunt undique parietes, 
atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta, sed 
incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus fa- 
cies est. 5. In eum locum postquam demissus est 
Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus praecep- 
tum erat, laqueo gulam fregere. 6. Ita ille patricius, 
ex clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui consulare impe- 
rium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis 
exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, 
Coepario eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 

LYI. Dum ea Eomse geruntur, Catilina ex omni 
copia, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, 
duas legiones instituit ; cohortes pro numero militum 
complet : 2. deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex 
sociis in castra venerat, sequaliter distribuerat, ac 
brevi spatio legiones numero hominum expleverat, 
quum initio non amplius duobus millibus babuisset. 
3. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat milita- 
ribus armis instructa; ceterij.ut quemque casus arma- 
verat, sparos aut lanceas, alii prseacutas sudes porta- 
bant. 4. Sed postquam Antonius cum exercitu ad- 
ventabatj Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad 



CATILINA. 141 

urbem, modo in Galliarn versus castra movere, 
hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare : sperabat 
propediem magnas copias sese habitiirum, si Eomae 
socii incepta patravissent. 5. Interea servitia repu- 
diabat, cujus initio ad eum magnse copise cohcurre- 
bant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum suis 
rationibus existimans, videri causam civiuni cum ser- 
vis fiigitivis communicavisse. 

LYII. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit 

Eomae conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo, Cethego, 

ceteris, quos supra memoravi, supplicium sumptum ; 

plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum 

rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur : reliquos Catilina 

per montes asperos magnis itineribus in agrum Pisto- 

riensem abducit, eo consilio, uti per tramites occulte 

perfugeret in Galliam. 2. At Q. Metellus Celer 

cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno prsesidebat, ex 

difficultate rerum eadem ilia existimans, quae supra 

diximus, Catilinam agitare. 3. Igitur, ubi iter ejus 

I ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movit, ac sub 

; ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus 

! erat in Galliam properanti. 4. Neque tamen Anto- 

I nius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu locis 

! sequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur. 5. Sed 

I Catilina, postquam videt raontibus atque copiis hos- 

! tium sese clausum, in urbe res adversas, neque fugse 

I neque prsesidii ullam spem, optimum factum ratus in 

tali re fortunam belli tentare, statuit cum Antonio 

quam primum confligere. Itaque, concione advocata, 

hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 

LYIII. " Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba vir- 
tutem non addere ; neque ex ignavo strenuum, neque 



142 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris fieri. 
2. Quanta cuj usque animo aiidacia natura aut mori- 
bus inest, tanta in bello patere solet : quern neque 
gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam hortere ; 
timor animi auribus officit. 3. Sed ego vos, quo 
pauca monerem, advocavi ; simul uti causam mei 
consilii aperirem. 4. Scitis equidem, milites, socor- 
dia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi cladem nobis- 
que attulerit ; quoque modo, dum ex urbe prsesidia 
opperior, in Galliam proficisci nequiverim. 5. Nunc 
vero quo in loco res nostras sint, juxta mecum omnes 
intelligitis. 6. Exercitus bostium duo, unus ab urbe, 
alter a Gallia obstant: diutius in his locis esse, si 
maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum 
egestas probibet. Quocumque ire placet, ferro iter 
aperiendum est. 7. Quapropter vos moneo, uti forti 
atque parato animo sitis, et, quum proelium inibitis, 
memineritis vos divitias, decus, gloriam, praeterea 
libertatem atque patriam in dextris vestris portare. 
8. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus 
abunde, colonise atque municipia patebunt : sin metu 
cesserimus, eadem ilia adversa fient : neque locus 
neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texe- 
rint. 9. Prseterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis 
necessitudo impendet : nos pro patria, pro libertate, 
pro vita certamus : illis supervacaneum est pugnare 
pro potentia paucorum. Quo audacius aggredimini, 
memores pristinge virtutis. 10. Licuit vobis cum 
summa turpitudine in exsilio setatem agere ; potuistis 
nonnuUi Romse, amissis bonis, alienas opes exspeoJ|| 
tare. 11. Quia ilia teda atque intoleranda viris vide- ' 
bantur, hsec sequi decrevistis. 12. Si bsec relinquere 



CATILINA. 143 

vultis, audacia opus est : nemo, nisi victor, pace bel- 
him mutavit. 13. Nam in fiiga salutem sperare, 
qnum arma, quis corpus tegitur, ab hostibus averte- 
ris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in prcelio iis maxi- 
mum est periculum, qui maxime timent ; audacia 
pro muro habetur. Quum vos considero, milites, et 
quum facta vestra sestimo, magna me spes victorise 
tenet. 14. Animus, getas, virtus vestra me hortantur, 
praeterea necessitudo, quse etiam timidos fortes facit. 
15. Nam multitudo hostium ne circumvenire queat, 
proliibent angustiee loci. 16. Quod si virtuti vestrse 
fortuna inviderit, cavete inulti animam amittatis ; 
neu capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam viro- 
rum more pugnantes, cruentam atque luctuosam vic- 
toriam liostibus relinquatis." 

LIX. Hsec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa 
canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum sequum 
deducit : deinde, remotis omnium equis, quo militibus, 
exaequato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes 
exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. 2. Nam, uti 
planities erat inter sinistros montes, et ab dextra rupes 
aspera, octo coliortes in fronte constituit, reliqua signa 
in subsidio artius collocat. 3. Ab his centuriones 
omnes lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militi- 
bus optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem 
subducit. 4. C. Manlium in dextera, Fsesulanum 
quemdam in sinistra parte curare jubet : ijDse cum 
libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit, quam bello 
Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. 
5. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, pedibus aeger, quod 
prcelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato exercitum 
: permittit. Ille coliortes veteranas, quas tumulti causS 



144 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 

conscripserat, in fronte ; post eas ceterum exercitum 
in subsidiis locat. Ipse equo circumiens, unumquem- 
qiie nominans appellat, liortatur, rogat, uti memine- 
rint se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, 
j)ro aris atque focis suis cernere. 6. Homo militaris, 
quod amplius annos triginta tribunns, aut prsefectus, 
aut legatus, aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu 
fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat ; 
ea commemorando militum animos accendebat. 

LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius 
tuba signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet ; 
idem facit hostium exercitus. 2. Postquam eo ven- 
tum est, unde a ferentariis proelium committi posset, 
maximo clamore cum infestis signis concurrunt ; pila 
omittunt ; gladiis res geritur. 3. Yeterani, pristinae 
virtutis memores, cominus acriter instare; illi baud 
timidi resistunt ; maxima vi certatur. 4. Interea 
Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, laboran- 
tibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia 
providere, multum ipse pugnare, soepe liostem ferire : 
strenui milites et boni imperatoris officia simul exse- 
quebatur. 5. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, contra 
^ ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, coliortem prsetoriam 
in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque 
alios alibi resistentes interficit ; deinde utrimque ex 
lateribus ceteros aggreditur. 6. Manlius et Fsesula- 
nus in primis pugnantes cadunt. 7. Postquam fusas 
copias, seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, 
memor generis atque pristinae dignitatis, in confertis- 
simos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans confoditur. 

LXI. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres, 
quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exer- 



CATILINA. 145 

citu Catilinse. 2. Nam fere qnem quisque vivus 
pngnando locum ceperat, eum, amissa anima, corpore 
tegebat. 3. Pauci aiitem, quos medios cohors prae- 
toria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed omnes tameii 
adversis vulneribus conciderant. 4. Catilina vero 
longe a suis inter hostiiim c^avera repertus est, 
paululiim etiara spirans, ferociamque animi, quam 
habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. 5. Fostremo ex 
ij omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam 
civis ingenuus captus est : 6. ita cuncti suae hostium- 
que vitse juxta pepercerant. Y. Neque tamen exer- 
citus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam 
adeptus erat ; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occide- 
rat in proelio, aut graviter vulneratus discesserat. 
8. Multi autem, qui de castris visendi aut spoliandi 
gratis, proeesserant, volventes liostilia cadavera, ami- 
cum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; 
fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie 
per omnem exercitum laetitia, mceror, luctus atque 
gaudia agitabantur. 



LEXICON. 



A., an aboreviation of Aldus. 

Aj ahy abSy prep, with the ahl. 
from. Before the agent of a passive 
verb, by, as : Mitti a CrassOj to be 
sent by Crassus. Denoting relative 
position, on, as : Ab ea parte^ on 
that side. Denoting order of time^ 
after, as : Ab incenso Capitolio 
vigesimus annus^ the twentieth 
year after the burning of the Cap- 
itol. Cavere ab insidiis, to guard 
against treachery. 

Abdico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ab 
& dico, are, to give), to turn out 
of doors, disown as a son ; to lay 
down, resign. 

Abditus, a, wn, part, see Abdo. 
Adj. concealed, remote, removed, 
retired, unknown, private. 

Abdo, ere, didi, itum, tr. (ab <k 
do, to put or place), to put away, 
remove ; to hide, conceal. 

Abduco, ere, xi, ctutn, tr. (ab <ic 
duco), to take awpy, remove ; to 
lead aside ; to Lad away ; to 
withdraw. 

Abeo, Ire, ii (k ivi, itum, intr. 
(ab d; eo), to go away, depart, 
withdraw, go. InVger abire, to 
come off safe or unhurt. Prceceps 
abire, to plunge headlong into 
crime. 

Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. (ab 
<Sc jacio), to throw away : to throw 
or cast down, prostrate ; to throw 
aside, remove ; to debase, humble. 



ABSTINEO 

Abjuro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ab ds 
juro), to deny falsely upon oath, 
forswear. 

Abnuo, ere, ui, tr. (ab dc the ob- 
solete nuo), to deny or refuse by 
countenance or gesture ; to ex- 
press dissent by a motion of the 
hand or head ; to refuse, deny, re- 
ject Sometimes followed by de, 
Neque il/i senatus de ullo negotio 
abnuere audebat, nor did the sen- 
ate dare to refuse him any thing 
he demanded. 

Aborigines, um, m. pi. (as being 
in a country ab origine), the Ab- 
origines, the original inhabitants 
of a country ; particularly, the 
first inhabitants of Italy, in La- 
tium, under Saturn and Janus. 

Absens, tis, adj. (abs d: ens, pres. 
part, of sum, not in use), absent, 
out of the country. 

Absolvo, ere, vi, utum, tr. (ab dc 
solve), to loose, unloose, untie ; to 
set at liberty, release, discharge, 
liberate ; to despatch, send away : 
to finish, complete, bring to a 
close. Paucis absolvere, to relate 
in few words. 

Abstinentia, ce, f (abstineo), ab- 
stinence, moderation ; blameless- 
ness, disinterestedness ; freedom 
from avarice ; temperance. 

Abstineo, ere, ui, entum, tr. (abs 
d: teneo), to abstain from, to re- 
frain from, to keep from, to avoid. 



ABSTRAHO 



148 



ACKITER 



Absirdhoj ^re, xi, cturriy ir. {abs 
<t traho), to draw away ; to tear 
away, drag away; to tear, rend. 

Absum, esse, fai, intr. {ab <k 
sum), to be absent ; to be distant ; 
to refrain from assisting, stand 
aloof, keep one's self away. I*au- 
lum ab f'uga abesse, to be not far 
from flight, to be on the point of 
flying. 

AbsumOy ere, psi, ptwn, tr. (ab 
& sumo), to take away ; to con- 
sume, destroy ; to take off^, kill 

Absurdus, a, um, adj. (ab <t »ur- 
dus), absurd, foolish, unbecoming, 
inglorious, inferior or contempti- 
ble. 

Abundantia, ce, /. (abundans), 
abundance, plenty. 

AbundSy adv. (abundus), abun- 
dantly, in abundance, amply, 
enough. It is also used as an inde- 
clinable noun, enough, plenty. 

Abutor, i, usus sum, dcp. (ab <b 
utor), to abuse, make an improper 
use of. 

ACf conj. (probably a contrac- 
tion of atque), and ; than or as 
after words expressing comparison, 
such as pariier, juxta, secus, swii- 
lis, alius. Ac siy as if. Simid ac, 
as soon as. Sometimes it may be 
translated but, as : nihil dolo fac- 
tum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthce. 
Acccdo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. 
(ad <i' cedo), to approach, draw 
near, come to, accost ; to have re- 
course to ; to attack ; to be added 
or joined to ; to accrue. Hue ac- 
cedebat, to this was added. 

Accendo, ere, cndi, ensum, tr. 
(ad 6s the obsolete cando) to set on 
fire, to light up, burn. Figura- 
tively, to inflame, excite, stir up, 
stimulate, exasperate. 

Acceptio, onis, f. (accipio), the 
accepting or receiving. 

Accept us, a, um, part., see Acci- 
pio. Adj. grateful, pleasing, ac- 
ceptable. 

AcctdOy ire, cidi, intr. (ad d; ca- 



do), to fall; to fall upon, como 
upon ; to befall, happen, occur. 

Accio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. (ad <k 
cio), to send for, summon, call, call 
in, desire to come. 

Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, tr. (ad 
d; capio), to receive, take ; to bear, 
endure ; to get, obtain ; to get in- 
formation of, hear, learn, under- 
stand ; to accept ; to admit ; to 
form. Uti in deditionem accipere- 
tur, that he might be allowed to 
surrender. 

Accurate, adv. (accuratus), dili- 
gently, carefull}', accurately, atten- 
tively". With attention, cautiously. 
AccuratissiDie accipere, to receive 
with the greatest attention, 

Accurro, ^re, curri, d; cucurri, 
cursum, intr. (ad d: curro), to run, 
to run to. 

Accuso, are, dvi, alum, tr. (ad dt 
causa), to accuse, impeach ; to 
blame, find fault with, censure. 

Acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, 
sour, pungent. Figuratively, sharp, 
brisk, powerful, vehement ; cruel, 
savage, fiery, impetuous, furious; 
severe, austere ; brave, bold, cou- 
rageous, enterprising ; diligent^ 
strenuous ; keen, sharp, penetrat- 
ing ; enei*getic, vigorous. 

Acerbe, adv. (acerbus), sharply, 
bitterly, severely, harshly, cruelly. 

Acerbus, a, um, adj. (acer), sour, 
unripe. Figuratively, cruel ; un- 
friendly, bitter ; hard, severe, 
harsh ; hurtful, pernicious ; aus- 
tere, morose. 

Acerrime, see Acriter. 

Acies, ei, /., the edge or point, 
as of a sword ; a line of soldiers, 
file, rank ; an army in battle ar- 
ray ; an army ; a pitched battle ; 
the sight of the eye, the eye ; 
force, power, influence ; acuteness, 
talent. 

Acquiro, ere, quisivi, quisltum, 
tr. (ad d quccro\ to acquire, gain, 
procure, obtain. 

AcrXter, adv., camp. acriuSf sup. 



Acrno 



149 



ADMINISTRO 



acerriine^ {acer\ sharply, keenly, 
eagerly, vehemently ; valiantly, 
courageously, vigorously ; exceed- 
ingly, very; studiously, diligent- 
ly; cruelly, severely. 

ActiOy 0711 s^f. (a^o), an action, act, 
operation ; an accusation, charge ; 
an action at law, judicial process, 
arraignment. 

Actum J i, 77, {ago\ seldom used 
in the sing.^ an act, action, deed, 
exploit 

ActuSy see Ago. 

Ad, prep, loith the acc.^ to, unto ; 
at, near ; even to, up to, towards ; 
in ; about ; against ; according 
to ; besides, in addition to ; with 
respect to; in reply to ; for; next 
to, after. In composition it either 
implies motion to, or strengthens 
the sense. 

Adcequo, are, dvf, dtum, tr. {ad 
it cequo), to equal, be as great as ; 
to make equal. 

Addo, Sre, dldiy dXtum, tr. {ad ct 
do), to add; to appoint, assign, 
put ; to give, impart, bestow ; to 
produce, gain. Multum reipub- 
licce addiderant, had done much 
for the republic, had contributed 
much to the greatness of the re- 
public. 

Adduco, ^re, xi, ctum, tr. {ad d: 
duco), to lead, bring, conduct; to 
bring on, cause ; to bring to, re- 
duce ; to persuade, induce. In 
maximam spem addnctus, raised to 
the greatest hope. 

Ademptus, see Adimo. 

Adeo, adv. {ad d' co), so, so far, 
to such a degree, insomuch; in- 
deed, too ; so much ; even, nay 
even ; but, but also ; therefore, 
accordingly. Id ad^o suo more 
videbatur facere, that indeed, <fcc 
Id adco malum reverterat, even that 
evil, <fcc. 

Adeo, ire, ii or ivi, \tiim, {ad <t 
eo), to go to, approach, come near ; 
to approach for the purpose of ex- 
amining, reconnoitre ; to approach 



in a hostile manner, attack ; to 
undertake; to incur. 

Adeptus, see Adipiscor. 

Aderam, adero, adesse, d:c., see 
Adsu?n. 

Adherhal, dlis, m., Adherbal, a 
Numidian prince, 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {ad <k 
haheo), to adopt, use, employ; ta 
take, admit; to bring, supply; to 
offer, give ; to behave to, treat. 
Adhibitis ainicis, his friends hav- 
ing been called in, that is, to give 
advice. 

Adhuc, adv. {ad & hue), hitherto, 
thus far, as 3'et, still, even yet. 

Adigo, ere, egi, actum, tr. {ad & 
ago), to drive, drive in, thrust, im- 
pel ; to force, compel, oblige. Ad 
jusjura7idu7n adigere, to oblige to 
make oath, to bind by an oath. 

Adimo, ^re, emi, einptu7n, tr, 
{ad ds emo), to take away, remove, 
deny. 

Adipiscor, i, adeptus, dep, {ad <k 
apiscor), to obtain, acquire, get, 
procure ; to overtake ; to under- 
take, assume. 

Adltus, us, m. {adeo\ a going to, 
approach, entry ; a way or means 
of approach. 

Adjwnentum, i, n, {adjuvo), as- 
sistance, help, aid, means of pro- 
moting. 

Adjungo, (fre, nxi, nctum, tr. 
{ad d: jinigo), to add, join, annex, 
unite ; to acquire, obtain ; to gain 
over, conciliate. Sociu7n sibi ad- 
jungere, to take as an associate. 

Adjutor, oris, 771. {adjuvo), an 
aider, helper, assistant, abettor. 

Adjuvo, are, juvi, jutum, tr. {ad 
(jt juvo), to help, aid, assist, sup- 
port, uphold. 

Administer, tri, m. {ad ds min* 
ister), a servant, inferior officer, 
manager ; a workman ; an assist- 
ant, promoter, abettor. 

Ad7ninistro, are, &vi, Htum, tr. 
dc i7itr. {ad d; ministro\ to act, do 
one's part, attend, work, perform 



ADMIRANDUS 



150 



ADVEESUS 



duty ; to administer, manage, con- 
duct, direct, govern. Bellum ad- 
ministrarey to have the manage- 
ment of a war, to wage war, to 
carry on a war. 

AdmiranduSy a, w?n, part., see 
Admiror. Adj. admirable, worthy 
to be admired, astonishing, amaz- 
ing. 

Admit or J dri, dtus, dep. {ad (k 
miror), to wonder greatly, be as- 
tonished, be surprised ; to wonder 
greatly at ; to admire. 

Admitto, ere, mlsi, 7nissu»i, tr. 
{ad dt mitto), to send to or forward ; 
to admit ; to permit, allow ; to 
commit, perpetrate. 

Admddum, adv. {ad <£• modus), 
very, much, exceedingly, truly ; 
with numerals, exactly, just, about. 

Admon^o, ere, ui, \tum, tr. {ad 
<k moneo), to remind, put in mind, 
warn, admonish, advise; to incite, 
encourage, urge on. 

Adnitor, i, Isus, <£• nixus, dep. 
{ad ds nitor), to rest nr lean upon ; 
to strive, labor upon ; to exert 
one's self. Adnitente Crasso, Craa- 
sus exerting himself in the matter. 

Adolescens, eiitis, adj. {adoles^o), 
young. Noun, c. g., a young man 
or woman, a youth. 

Adolescentia, ce, f. {adolescens), 
youth, the period from the fif- 
teenth to the forty-fifth year of 
one's life ; according to some, from 
the fifteenth to the thirtieth ; ac- 
cording to others, from the four- 
teenth to the twenty-eighth year. 

Adolescent id us, i, in. dim. {ado- 
lescens), a very 3'oung man, youth, 
stripling. As an adj. young. 

Adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultum, 
intr. {ad 6: olesco), to grow, grow 
up, come to maturity ; to increase, 
advance, become greater. 

Adoptatio, onis, f. {adopto), an 
adopting, adoption. 

Adopto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {add: 
opto), to choose, take; to adopt, 
take as a son. Jn r^gnum adop- 



iare, to make a successor to the 
throne by adoption. 

Adscisco, dc Ascisco, ere, sclvi^ 
scltum, tr. {ad dc scisco), to take, re- 
ceive, approve, acknowledge, ad- 
mit, unite ; to gain over, attach to 
one's interest. 

Adsisto, dt Assisto, see Assisto. 

Adstrictus, see Adstringo. 

Adstringo, dc Astringo, ere, inxi, 
ictum, tr. {ad dc stringo), to bind 
close, fasten to, tie, bind, oblige. 
Majoribus adstrictus, engaged in 
more important matters. 

Adsum, adesse, adfui, intr. {ad 
dc sum), to be present, be at hand, 
be here ; to be ready with assist- 
ance, assist, help, aid, stand by, 
defend; to come; to be fast ap- 
proaching, be near, to come upon, 
come on ; press upon, press on ; 
to be. 

Adulter, ^ri, m., an adulterer, a 
debauchee. 

Adulterlnus, a, um, adj. {adul- 
ter), illegitimate, spurious ; adul- 
terated ; forged, faUe. 

Adult us, a, um, part., see Ado- 
lesco. Adj. grown up, full grown ; 
perfect, mature, ripe. 

Aduectitius, a, um, adj. {adveho), 
brought from abroad, foreign, im- 
ported. 

Adviho, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {ad dc 
veho), to couiluct, carry, remove ; 
to import ; to conve}', bring. 

Advenio, Ire, eni, entum, intr. 
(ad dc venio\ to come to, come, ar- 
rive at, arrive. 

Advento, are, dvi, intr. freq. {ad- 
venio), to come frequently ; to 
come on, come, approach, arrive 
at. 

Adventus, us, m, {advenio), a 
coming, approach, arrival. 

Adversariu^ i, vi. {advers%*s\ an 
adversary, an enemy. 

Adversor, dri, dtus, dep. {adver- 
sus), to oppose, resist, thwart 

Adversus, a, um, part., see Ad- 
verto. -^<(/. opposite, over against, 



ADVERSCS 



151 



^QUALIS 



fronting, in front; adverse, inimi- 
cal, hostile, contrary, opposing, 
opposed ; unfavorable ; regarded 
as an enemy. Advemum vuhivs, 
a wound in front Cicatrices ad- 
verso cor pore, scars in front, Ipsce 
sibi adversce, inconsistent with each 
other. Adversis equis concurrere, 
to charge with hoi^ses [all the time] 
turned against the enemy, that is, 
without turning to retreat, to charge 
straight on. Humance resjiuxceet 
mobiles semper in adversa mutan- 
tur, human affairs, inconsistent and 
variable, ar^ ever changing [from 
one state] to the opposite. Ad- 
versce res, adverse circumstances, 
calamities, misfortunes, adversit}'; 
defeat. Like other adjectives ad- 
vers^is may sometimes be translated 
as a noun, an enem}', an opponent. 

Adver-'ius or Adversum, adv. d: 
prep, with tlieacc. (adverto), against, 
in front of, opposite to, over against, 
facing ; towards ; in opposition to. 
Cibus if lis adversum famem atque 
titim erat, they used food to ap- 
pease hunger and thii-st^ 

Adverto, ire, erti, ersmn, tr. {ad 
{jb verto), to turn to or towards. 
Animum advertere, or animadver- 
tere, to turn one's mind to, give 
one's attention to ; to attend, ob- 
serve, heed ; to perceive, under- 
stand. Advertere has also the 
tame meaning without animum, 

Advoco, are, dvi, dtnm, tr. (ad (Jb 
voco), to call, to call a person to 
one, call together ; to summon, 
call to one's support, employ, use. 

.jEdes do csdis, is, f., a room, 
apartment ; a temple. In the plu- 
ral, a house, a dwelling, as ccynsist- 
ing of several apartments; tem- 
ples. 

^dijicium^ i, n. (cedijico), an edi- 
fice, structure, building. 

JEdSfico, are, avi, dtum, tr, S 
intr. {aides <£' facio), to build ; to 
erect, rear, construct a building. 

^dilis, is, m. (cedes), an sedile, 



a Roman magistrate whose business 
it icas to superinteyid the repairs 
of the temples and other public 
buildings, tJie cleansing of the 
streets^ (jcc, to regulate the mar- 
kets, and provide for the public 
games. 

jEger, cegra, oegrum, adj., weak, 
infirm, indisposed, sick, diseased, 
corrupted ; sorrowful, unhappy, 
troubled, downcast, desponding, 
ill at ease. 

^grcy adv. comp. cegrius, sup, 
agerfime (ceger), unwillingly, dis- 
contentedly, with displeasure ; 
with trouble ; hardly, scarcely. 
jEgre ferre, to bear with displeas- 
ure, take it ill, be displeased. 

^gritudo, \nis, f, (ceger\ bodily 
infirmity, illness; sorrow, grief, 
affliction, anguish, golicitude, care. 
Nimis molliter cegritudinem pati, 
to bear misfortune too sensitively, 
to be too much affected by trou- 
ble. 

^gyptus, i, f,, Egypt, an exten- 
sive cauntry of Africa, Sallust 
speaks of it as belonging to Asia. 

^milius, i, m., ^milius, a name 
belonging to a Roman gens. 

jEmulus, a, urn, adj., emulous, 
imitating ; rivalling, envious. Oft- 
en used as a noun in the masc. and 
fem., a rival, emulator, imitator. 

jEneas, ce, m., ^Eneas, the son of 
Vejius and Anchises, the hero of 
Virgil's jEneid^ who, after the fall 
of Troy, is said to have led a colony 
of Trojans into Italy, and to have 
founded the Roman state. 

JEquabUis, e, adj. (cequo), equal, 
uniform, equable, always the same ; 
consistent. Virfama cequabili et 
inviolata, a man of uniform and 
irreproachable character. 

jEquabiliter, adv., ccytnp. cequabi- 
lius (cequabilis), equally, evenly, 
impartially, uniformly, calmly, 
equably. 

^qtidlis, e, adj. (cequus), equal, 
liko, similar ; even, level, flat; co- 



JLQUALITER 



152 



AFFLICTO 



eval, contemporary; steady. As 
a 7102m, a contemporary, one equal 
in years, one of the same age. 

ujEquatiter, adv. (cequalis\ equal- 
ly, in equal proportion. 

^que, adv. {ceqmis), equally, in 
an equal degree, alike, as much, 
in the same way. 

uEquitas, dtis, f. {cequus\ equal- 
ity, evenness; equity, impartiali- 
ty, fiiir dealing, justice ; modera- 
tion, equanimity ; tranquillity of 
mind. 

^qumn, % n. (cequus), equity, 
justice. 

uEquus, a, um, adj^ level, smooth, 
plain, equal ; similar ; convenient, 
advantageous ; just, equitable, 
fair, impartial, honest, upright; 
reasonable, right, moderate ; fa- 
vorable, friendly ; moderate, calm, 
unmoved, unruffled. Injurias gra- 
vius cequo habere, to be too deeply 
affected by injuries, ^qua mami 
discedere, to come off on equal 
terms, u^quo animo, with unruf- 
fled mind, willingly, patiently, 
calml}', contentedly. 

uErarium, i, n. (as), the place 
where the public money was kept, 
treasury, exchequer; the public 
money, national revenue. 

y^rmnna, ce, f., labor, toil, hard- 
ship ; difficulty, calamity, trouble, 
misfortune, misery, adversity. 

^s^ ceris, 7i.y copper, brass, 
bronze ; any tiling made of copper, 
brass, or bronze; money, coin. 

jEstas, dtis, f. (cestus), summer; 
summer heat, summer air. 

^.Himo, are, dvi, atum, tr. (ces), 
to estimate, value, prize, appreci- 
ate ; to set a value on any thing ; 
to rate, count; to think, judge, 
believe, deem ; to consider. 

uEstlvus, a, um, adj. ((xstics), re- 
lating to the summer, summer. 
Estiva castra, or as a noun, cesti- 
va, drum, n. pi., summer quarters, 
ft stationary summer camp ; a cam- 
paign. 



^stuo, arCy dvi, ahum, inir. 
(cestus), to be very hot; to boil 
with heat, to boil; to flow; to 
burn with love or desire ; to be 
anxious, perplexed, undecided, dis- 
turbed in mind. Invidia cestuare, 
to burn with envy. 

uEstus, us, ??2., burning or scorch- 
ing heat, hot weather ; a boiling 
or bubbling up ; the ebbing and 
flowing of the tide ; overpowering 
force, ardor, fury; doubt, uncer- 
tainty, pei'plexity. ^stu secundoj 
the tide being favorable. 

uEtas, dtis, f. (far cevitas from 
avum), age, time of life ; life ; 
time. Extrema cetate, in advanced 
life, ^tatem agcre or habere^ to 
pass one's life, to live. 

^ternus, a, um, adj. (for cevi- 
ternus from ctvum), eternal, ever- 
lasting; lasting, perpetual; im- 
mortal. 

^thiops, opis, m., an Ethiopian, 
inhabitant of Central Africa. 

uEvum, i, n., length of time, du- 
ration ; time or period of life, life, 
age ; an age, generation, ^vi 
brevi.% of short duration, sliort- 
lived. 

Afer, Afro, Afrum, adj., Afri- 
can. 

Affdtim, adv. (ad d\fatim\ abun- 
dant 13^, largely-, copiously, suffi- 
ciently, in abundance. 

Affecto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (affi- 
cio), to seek after, strive after, 
covet ; to try to gain over, solicit, 

Affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum^ 
tr. irr. (addcfero), to take, bring, 
carry ; to give, grant ; to cause, 
produce; to bring word, report^ 
announce. 

Affinis, e, adj. (ad d' /nts), ad- 
joining, contiguous, adjacent ; re- 
lated by marriage. As a noun, 
a relative b}- marriage, relation. 

Affinltas, dtis, f (ajinis\ vicin- 
ity ; near union, connection ; rela- 
tionship by marriage, affinity. 

Affile to, are, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 



AFFLIGO 



15S 



ALA 



(jaffligo\ to strike or dash against ; 
to agitate, toss; to afl9.ict, vex, 
plague, torment, harass. Se afflic- 
iare, to be afflicted ; to grieve, sor- 
row ; to be in great distress. 

Affligo, ere, ixi, ictum, tr. {ad (t 
fligo), to dash against; to dash to 
the ground, overthrow ; to dis- 
tress, vex; to weaken, injure, ruin. 
Res suas afffictas videre, to see their 
affairs dashed to the ground, or 
ruined. 

Afflico, ere, uxi, uxum, intr. (ad 
dsjluo), to flow to or towards; to 
run towards, assemble ; to abound 
in ; to abound, be in abundance. 
, Africa, ce, /., Africa, one of the 
three great divisions of the globe 
according to Vie ancients. It is 
sonietimes used in a more confined 
sense for the Roman province in 
Africa, 

Afrieanus, a, um, adj. {Africa), 
belonging to Africa, African. As 
a noun, Afrieanus, i, m., Afriea- 
nus, a surname given to the two 
Scipios on account of their con- 
quests in Africa. 

Africus, a, um, adj. {Africa), 
African. Mare Africum, the Afri- 
can sea, a name given by the Ro- 
mans to that part of the Mediter- 
rayiean which lies along the coast 
of Africa. 

Ager, agri, m., a field; a farm; 
land, soil ; a territory, country. 

Agger, eris, m. {agger o), a heap, 
pile, mound ; a rampart ; a dam, 
mole. 

Aggredior, i, gressus, dep. {ad dt 
gradior), to go to, approach ; to 
accost, apply to ; to undertake, 
set about, begin ; to fall upon, at- 
tack, assail. Aggredi pecunid, or 
with pecunid omitted, aggredi, to 
ti*y to bribe, tamper with. 

Agito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ago), 
to set in motion, drive ; to drive 
to and fro, agitate, toss, disturb, 
perplex; to carry on, prosecute, 
perform, do, administer, act; to 



incite, stimulate ; to pass, spend ; 
to take up one's position, patrol. 
With or without animo, to revolve 
in one's mind, meditate, discuss, 
think, plan, purpose. Agitaiur, 
imp., affairs are managed. Mo- 
ras agitare, to delay. Loetitiamy 
gaudium, luctum agitare, to give 
one's self up to, manifest, display 
. Pax agitabatur, peace pre- 
vailed, there was peace. Vitam 
agitare, or with vitam oinitted, agi- 
tare, to pass one's life, spend one's 
time, live, be. Quce quum prce- 
cepta agitarem, while I was en- 
deavoring to follow out these in- 
structions. Zceti pacem agitaba- 
7nus, we were enjoying the happi- 
ness of peace. 

Agmen, inis, n. {ago), an army 
on the march ; the march of an 
army ; an army ; a march. 

Ago, ere, cgi, actum, tr., to set in 
motion, drive; to lead, conduct, 
direct; to do, make, perform; to 
treat, transact ; to pass, spend. 
uEtatem agere, to pass one's life, 
live, and loith cetatem or som,e sim- 
ilar noun omitted, agere, to be, 
live, dwell, remain. With vineas 
or testudinem, to push forward. 
Sese agere, to conduct one's self. 
Agere cum aliqux>, to transact busi- 
ness, converse, or discuss, with 
one. Cu7n populo agere, to address 
the people. Prcedas agere, to drive 
away booty. Joca atque seria 
agere, to converse sportively and 
seriously. Gratias agere, to give 
thanks. Agitur, imp^ the business 
is, the question is. 

Agrestis, e, adj. {(^g^f), of or 
belonging to the fields or coun- 
try, rustic, rural ; dwelling in the 
fields, unpolished, rude, rough, 
clownish. As a noun, a peasant, 
rustic. 

Aio, ais, ait, defect, to say, 
speak, aver. Aiunt, they say, or 
it is said. 

Ala, ce, /., a wing ; the wing of 



ALACER 



154 



ALTER 



an army, and as the wing of the 
Roman army was occupied by the 
auxiliary cavalry^ a boay of horse, 
containing from 300 to 500 men. 

Aldcer, cris, ere, adj.j lively, act- 
ive, brisk ; ready, prompt ; cheer- 
ful, good-humored. 

Jdhlnus, i, m., Spurius Posthu- 
mius Albinus, who was consul with 
M, Minucius Rufus, 112 B. C. 

AlblnuSy ij m., Aulus Posthu- 
mius Albinus, a brother of the con- 
sul Sp. Albinus. 

Alyory oriSy m. (algeo)^ cold, 
coldness. 

AliaSj adv. (alius\ otherwise; 
at another time ; sometimes. 

Alibif adv. {alius <k ibi\ else- 
where, at another place. Alios 
alibi resistentes interficity he kills 
them resisting some in one place 
and others in other places, or in 
different places. 

Alieno, dre^ dvi^ dtum, tr. {alie- 
nus\ to alienate, estrange ; to sep- 
arate, transfer; to cast off, degrade. 

Alienus^ a, um, adj. (alius\ be- 
longing to another, another's, for- 
eign; foreign to one's nature or 
character; unsuitable, not condu- 
cive to, inconsistent; of another's 
choosing, unfavorable ; adverse, 
hostile, inimical. As a 7WU7i, 
alienus, i, ;/?., a stranger, and alie- 
num, if n., other people's property. 
uEs alicnum, debt. 

AliOy adv. (alius), to another 
place, to another subject ; Alius 
alio, one to one place, another to 
another, to different places or 
points. Neque aliud alio cerneres, 
nor you would see one thing car- 
ried hither and another thither, 
that is, would not see perpetual 
commotion. 

Aliquamdiic, or aliquam diu, 
adv., for some time ; for a consid- 
ei'able time. 

Aliquando, adv. (aliquis, or alius 
<jb quando), sometime, sometimes; 
ever ; at length, at once. 



AliquantuSf a, um, adj. (alius <£? 
quantus), some, somewhat, consid- j 
erable; moderately large. As a 
noun, aliquantum, i, n., a consider- 
able part, a considerable number. 
Aliquanto, abl. with comparatives, 
somewhat, considerably. 

Aliquis, qua, quod ^ quid, adj. 
do indef. pro. {alius <t quis), some, 
any ; somebody, something ; some 
one, any one. 

Aliquot, adj. indecl.{alius <Sc quot), 
some, several, a few. 

Atiter, adv. {alius), otherwise, in 
a different manner ; in any other 
case, else ; moreover. 

Alius, a, ud, adj., other, another, 
different. Alius — alius, the one 
— the other. Alii — alii, some — 
others. Alii — pars or partim, 
some — others. Alius alio more 
viventes, one living in one way, 
another in another waj-, that is, 
in different ways. Alius ab alia 
parte, one from one direction, ano- 
ther from another. Aliud, any 
thing or something else, and in con- 
nection with a negative, no other 
thing, nothing else. 

Alldtus, see Affero. 

Allevo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ad d: 
levo), to lift up, raise aloft, sup- 
port. 

Alhcio, ere, lexi, tectum, tr, (ad 
<t lacio), to attract to one's self, 
allure, entice, decoy. 

Allobroges, ogum, m. pi. {Allo- 
brox, ogis, sing.) the Allobroges, a 
warlike people in Gallia Narbo- 
nensis, whose chief city, Vienna, 
now Vienne, was situated near the 
Rhone. 

Alo, ere, alui, alitum or altum, 
tr., to nourish, support, feed, main- 
tain ; to bring up, educate. 

Altc, adv. {altus), on high, high- 
ly ; deeph', low, far. 

Alter, era, erum, gen. alterius, 
adj. , th e other of two, A Iter — alter, 
the one — ^the other. Unus et alter, 
one and the other, some, several. 



I 



ALTTTUDO 



155 



AKGUSTUS 



Altitudoy inisy f. {alius), height, 
altitude ; depth. Mg. depth, un- 
fathomableness. In altitvdinem, 
in height, upwards. 

Altus, a, urriy part, see Alo, A dj. 
literally, grown great (by nourish- 
ment, <fec.), hence, viewed from he- 
low upwards, high ; viewed from 
above downwards, deep. Figura- 
tively, high, lofty, great; deep, 
profound. 

Alveus, i, m^ the channel or bed 
of a river ; a trough ; the hull of 
a ship. 

Ambio, Ire, ii <k ivi, itum, tr, d: 
intr. {amb (t eo), to go around ; to 
go round for the purpose of obtain- 
ing votes or favors, canvass, solicit, 
entreat; to surround, encompass. 

Ambitio, onis, f (ambio), the go- 
ing around of candidates to can- 
vass for votes ; an eager desire of 
popularity or distinction, popu- 
larity-seeting, ambition; indul- 
gence or flattery for the sake of 
popularity. 

Ambitiosus, a, nm, adj. {ambitio), 
courting popular favor, ambitious; 
tending to gain popularity, popu- 
lar. 

Ambitus, us, m. {ambio), a going 
round ; a canvassing for votes ; an 
unlawful striving for office, par- 
ticularly by bribery, briber}'. 

Ambo, ce, o, adj. pi., both. 

Amentia, ce,f {a?nen,'<), madness, 
insanity, folly. 

Amicitia, tv, f. {amictis), friend- 
ship, amity, alliance. Pro 7iosira 
amicitia, in consideration of our 
friendship, that is, as a friend. 

Amicus, a, um, adj. {amo\ friend- 
ly, benevolent, kind : as a noun. 

Amicus, i, 7)1., a friend, ally, 
counsellor. 

Amitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. {a 
(t mitto), to send away, dismiss, 
let go ; to let slip, lose, throw 
away, relinquish. 

Amo, are, dvi, dtwn, tr., to love ; 
to be fond of, delight in. Abso- 



lutely, to make love, play the lover, 
be licentious. 

AtncenuSy a, um, adj. {amo), 
pleasant, agreeable, delightful, 
charming, sweet. 

Amor, oris, m., love, affection. 

Amdveo, ere, movi, mdtum, tr. 
{a d: 7noveo), to remove, take away, 
withdraw. Senatu amovere, to ex- 
pel from the senate. 

Ample, adv. {amplus), largely, 
abundantly. 

Amplector, i, exus, dep. {am dr 
plecto), to embrace, surround, en- 
circle, clasp. Figuratively, to em- 
brace in love, love, be attached to. 

Amplexor^ dri, dtus, dep. freq. 
{amplector), to embrace, entwine, 
clasp. Figuratively, to love, be 
fond of, honor. 

Amplius, adv. {comp. of ample), 
more, further, longer. A7nplius 
posse or valere, to be more "power- 
ful. 

Amphis, a, um, adj., ample, large, 
spacious, abundant. Figuratively, 
splendid, brilliant, glorious. Com- 
meatus spe amplior, the supplies 
[were] more abundant than had 
been expected. 

An, conj. 6; adv., in direct ques- 
tions it is 7iot translated, as : an ve- 
7iit ? has he come ? In indirect ques- 
tions, whether. An — a/i, whether — 
or. The first an is satnetimes omit- 
ted, as : ferro an fame acrius ur- 
guear, and its place is sometimes 
supplied by 9i5 or utrutn, 

Aiiceps, cipiiis, adj. {an = amh'ds 
caput), two-headed ; twofold, dou- 
ble ; doubtful, uncertain ; faith- 
less. 

Ancilla, ce, f, a maid-servant, 
female slave. Mulier a7icilla, a 
maid-servant, 7nulier being used 
pleonastically. 

Angustia, ce, f, generally in the 
plural, angustice, drum {angustus), 
a narrow place or passage ; a de- 
file ; narrowness. 

Angustus, a, ww, adj. {ango, to 



A>Ti£A 



156 



A2vTO:STUS 



tlfmmgU% narrow, strain cloee, con- 
fined; limited, smalL 

Anima, <B,f^ tbe iH^atlu the \\- 
tiJ prineipiJ, life ; the soul, mind, 
spirit. Animam ftHMere, to pre- 
serve one's life. 

AnxmrndwertOt ere, H, nan* tr. 
{amiraeUd fnm aniuutm adwerio, 
see Adt»erio\ to tnm ODe*s mind to, 
give one's attention to, to attend, 
obeerve ; to perceive^ understand ; 
to pnnish. AnitnadrertUtir, pnn- 
idunent is inflicted. 

Anhmal, aliz^ n. (anima), a living 
creature, animaL 

^ftiMiu; t, m^ the mind, sonl, 
spirit ; the will, thoughts, desire, 
purpose; the disposition, charac- 
tei; inclination: the heart, cour- 
age ; a choleric disposition, anger. 
Animmm JLedere, to change one's 
mind. Ammaam, habere, to have 
goodenun^e^ AmmtaiioUere, to 
take cr regain courage. Cttm ani- 
mo habere, wolvere, r^nUmre, agir 
tare, to revolve in one's mind, pon- 
der over, think over, meditate, de- 
vise, plan. The geniiixe animi is 
often uaed tcmewhat pUomutieaUy 
wUk wordz demoting aUrilmtes op 
tie mund, as: iimar animi, for U- 
mtcr, /m dieium animi, for judieimm. 

AnnUar, i, ixns, or uau, dep. {ad 
& niiar), to lean upon; tosuire 
for, exert one's energies to gain, 
aim aL 

Annius, i, m., Cains Anniie, a 
prefect i^ the city of Lepdt, in 
Africa, String the Jugwrthine war. 

Anniu*, i,m^l. Lucius Annim^ a 
tribmne of the people in the tigne of 
the Jugtaihine war. IL Quintis 
Annina^ a Roman tenator who en- 
tered into the eonspiraey of CaH- 
line. 

Annnt, t, fPL, a year. Annig 
eomfeetMM, worn with age^ 8iq>er- 
annnated. 

Annmu, a, wm,m^{annMi^ last- 
ing a year, a year long ; happen- 
ing every year, yearly, annnaL 



Ante, prep, with the acc^ before. 
Cf time, before, previous to. Of 
order or ranir, before, superior to, 
in preference to, more than. Ante 
Cmrthaginem tieletam, before the 
destruction of (}arthage. Ante 
predimn factum, before the battle 
was fought. Ante te cognitum, 
before knowing you. Ante diem 
textum ealendas Notembris, the 
SLsth day before the calends of No- 
vember, that isj October 26. 

Ante, ade., before. Of time, be- 
fore, formerly. Of order or Mmc- 
eetsion, before, in advance, ahead. 
Pamta ante, a little while ago, just 
now. Pauei* ante diebui, a few 
days before. 

Apkiea, ode. {ante — ea), before, 
formerly, heretofore, previously. 

Antecapio, ere^ cepi, eaptum, tr, 
{ante ds eapio), to take possession 
of beforehand, pre-occnpy ; to use 
beforehand ; to prepare before- 
hand ; to anticipate. Xocteni an- 
tecapere, to anticipate, not to wait 
for, Uie night, Siiim or famem 
antecapere, to anticipate, not to 
wait for, thirst (/r htmger, that is, 
hg proeo^atites to excite them pre- 
matmrelg, or d»e by keeping the 
appetite eonttantlg glutted, to pre- 
vent their being f^ 

Anteeo, tre^ ii dc ivi, intr. {ante 
it eo), to go before, precede; to 
surpass exceL 

AnteferOj ferre, tuli, Idtitm, tr. 
{ante dc fero\ to carry before ; to 
set before, give the preference to, 
prefer. 

Arttehac, adv. {ante <t hic\ before 
this time, before now, formerly, in 
time past 

AnteqHom, or in two words, ante 
quam^ eonj., before tbat^ bdiore, 
sooner than. 

Antevenio, ire, eni, entwm, intr, 
d: tr. {ante dc venio\ to get be- 
fore, get the start of; to prevent, 
thwart ; to excel, surpass. 

AntaniuSy i, m^ Caius Antoniofl^ 



A5XIE 



157 



AEDEO 



the toUemgrne cf Cieero tm the pom- 
tmlMp. He was ike worn cftke edr 
Unrated araiior^ M. AMtomha, emd 
'mmeU cf MarkAtUemy the tritamr. 

Anme. ode. {amxhi9\ anxMHidj, 
eamesUj, pdunliill j, irith gfieC 

AnxhiMf a, wm, at^ {mmgo), anx- 
: :-as, disquieted, tioabted ; ^>pre- 
hensTev learfbL 

Aperim, ire, end, ertum, tr. {ad 
S park), to uncoyer, <^ii, unT^ 
Figmratiftdy, to diaeorer, make 
known, display. 

Aperte, ads. (aperhu), opealj, 
clearij, manifeetlj; pablidv. 

Ap€Ttm»f Oy wan, party see Aperia. 
Adj^ opcB, Ijing open. Figwra- 
Haily, I^un* manifesl, extent. 
Im, aperto eme, to be elear or dis- 
:LQet. 

Appdla, arty wti, dtwrn^ fr. (ad^ 
peUo), to call, name; entitle ; to 
ipeak to, addiesfiy aeeoet ; to a|^ljr 
to lor aidy appeal to; imj^ore ; to 
eoi^Tatalate^ Adkerialis ^pd- 
lanA eopia non fmi, there was no 
<^portnntty [given them] to speak 
with Adh^baL 

Appdla, ere, ptUi^ pmlsttm, ir^ {md 
Spdlo, ere\ to drire to or towards ; 
to make for; to draw near to; ar- 
iiTe a^ land, disembark. 

Appeiemx, emiiM, part, see appeta. 
Adj^ ei^eri J deslroaB ol; thirrang 
after; coTetons^ greed j. 

Appeta, ere, f vt, Uion, tr. {ad & 
peio), to try to get, striTe for, aim 
at; to wish for, long for, eoT^ 

Apprehemda, ere, dt, mat, tr, (ad 

5 prehemdo^ to lay bold €^ wkat, 
apprebeBd, anrest. 

Appiroba, dre^ am^ atom, tr, {ad 

6 pnbo^ to approTe; eoramend, 
praise ; to eoiifirm, demonstrate. 

Ap/prefh^qaa^are, on, olian, tmlr. 

{ad ds prepimqmoy, to draw near, 

ai^pvoaeh. 

AppaUMM,9eeAppdia,ereL 
Ajmd, prepL wUk ike aee^ a^ 

near. Qf peraoiu; with, near to ; 

at the hoine of; in the writings 



o^ in, by ; before, in tiie pres€nee 
of ; in the time of, anions ; under. 
€f plmeea, at^ near, in, about. 
Apmd OMukmm mewm, to my mind 

Apmiim, m, f^ Apulia, a eemtitry 
eflemerBtdy, 

Aqmm, ce, /I, water. Siemaiet 
aqmm, the winter rains. 

Aqtnlm^ m,f^ma eagke. In mili - 
tary lamffomye, an eagle; the prin- 
eiptd atmdmrdeftheRamtm li^mn. 

Aqmor, ari, atma, dip. {afma}, to 
get or drkw water. 

Arm, as,/,,9B altar. Pro oris 
eAqaefoeiz gmis, for their altars and 
heartiDs=» their religion and their 
home& 

ArinUr, tri, wl^ a witness apee- 
tator, obfierrer ; an arbiter, nm- 
pircL 

Arbitrdhu, MMfWi.{ariitrar% will, 
jn^men^ c^iinion; pleasure; lik- 
ing; med&alioB, interrentioB. 

ArhUrimm, % m {arbUer}, the de- 
einan of an aibilnlor, judgment ; 
the will, pleasure. 

Arhsirar, dri, aimg, dep. {arhitery, 
to gire a jn^ment ; to be of o]Mn- 
icm, jndge, thmk, belieT^ suppose. 

Arbor or ^7601; SrU, /., a tree. 
^76ore hrfeewMdma, miprodneti^e 
citree&, 

ArboMimm^ i, «. {arbor}, a thick- 
et biii^wood, shmU>efy ; a Tine- 
yard. 

Areeuo, ere, twi, Hior, pro. m- 
Jb^ poMti, areeasi inr a r e u ai r i {or 
for ad^eio\ to smnmon, send for; 
inxite; fotdi; to smnmon to a 
eomt of josl^ee; aeense, arraign. 
Areeuere eapUisy to accuse (^ a 
capital crime 

AreMM, see Arx. 

Areti or ' Arte, adv. {aTctus\ 
closely, conpaetly, in close order 
o>r array ; strietiy, rigorooslv. 

ArdeMM, emHx, part., see ardei^ 
A^ <m fire, burning glowii^. 
^F ^g ft uatia dy, arden^ eager, impa- 
tient, impetoons. 

Ardea, ere, arn, artym, hUr^ to 



ARDOR 



158 



ASPER 



be on fire, burn, glow. Figura- 
tively, to be eager, ardent, impa- 
tient. 

Ardor, oris, m, (ardeo), heat, 
burning heat. Figuratively, heat, 
ardor, fervor, eagerness. Haud 
procnl ab ardorihis, not far from 
the [tropical] heats. 

Arduus, a, wn, adj^ high, steep, 
difficult to reach. Fiauratively, 
arduous, difficult, laborious, trou- 
blesome. 

Arena, cp, f. (areo\ sand. 

Arenosus, a, um, adj. (arena), 
sand}^ 

Argenium, i, m., silver; silver 
money, money. 

Arldus, a, um, adj. (areo), arid, 
dry, dried up, parclied, thirsty. 

ArXca, etia, m., a ram. In mili- 
tary language, a battering-ram, an 
engine for battering down xcalU, 
one end of which was made of iron, 
in the form of a ranis head. For 
a fuller description^ see note, Jug. 
LXXVI, 6. 

Arma, orum, n. pi., armor ; arms, 
military weapons offensive and de- 
fensive, but of the former only such 
as were used in close conjlict ; war, 
conflict. Arma atque tela, arms 
defensive and offensive. Tela arc 
properly missile weapons, artna, 
armor fitted to the body, and such 
weapons as were retained in the 
hand for close combat, 

Armdtus, a, um, part., see armo. 
Adj. armed. Asa noun, an armed 
man, soldier. 

Armeyiius, a, uni, adj., Armenian, 
of Armenia, a country of Asia lying 
between the Taurus and the Cau- 
casus, now Anatolia. As a noun, 
an Armenian. 

Anno, dre, dvi, dtufn, tr. (arma), 
to arm, equip. 

Aro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
plough, till, cultivate. Absolutely, 
to plough ; to carry on the busi- 
ness of agriculture, 

Arpinum^ i, 7u, Arpinum, a town 



of Latium where Marius and Cicero 
were born, now Arpino. 

Ar rectus, see Arrigo. 

Arreptus, see Arripio. 

Arretinus, a, um, adj., Arreti- 
nian, belonging to Arretinum, a 
city of Etruria, now Arezso. 

Arrigo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. (ad dt 
rego), to raise, erect Figuratively, 
to stir up, arouse, animate, encour- 
age, inspirit. 

Arripio, ere, ipui, eptum, tr. (ad 
d' rapio), to take by force, lay hold 
of, seize, snatch up. 

A rrdgo, dre, dvi, Otum, tr. {ad dt 
rogo), to claim unjustly, arrogate, 
assume. 

Ars, art is, f, art, skill, dext^r- 
it}', science ; a trait of character, 
quality, property ; habit, pursuit, 
practice ; method, manner, means; 
artifice, trick, stratagem ; industry, 
exertion. In aliis artibus, in other 
res|>ect«. Artes animi, intellectual 
pursuits. 

Arte, see Arete. 

Art^fcx, Ids, c. g., (ars d: facto), 
one skilled in any art, an artificer. 
As an adj., skilled, practised, ex- 
perienced. 

Artificium, i, n. (artifex), a trade, 
art; skill, contrivance; artifice, 
stratagem. 

Arvwfi, i, n. (aro\ a ploughed 
field ; a field ; agriculture, tillage. 

Arx, arcis, f, a castle, strong- 
hold, fortress, citadel. 

Ascendo, ere, di, sum, tr. dc intr. 
(ad 6: scando\ to go up, ascend, 
mount, climb. Navim aseendere, 
to go upon a ship, embark. 

Ascensus, us, m. (ascendo\ an 
ascending ; an ascent. 

Asia, ce, f., Asia, one of the great 
divisions of the globe. 

Aspar, dris, t/i, Aspar, a Xu- 
midiati sent by Jugurtha as ambas- 
sador to King Bocchus. 

Asper, trra, erum, adj., rough, un- 
even, rugged. i^^ntfvUtWy, diffi- 
cult, troublesome, advene, bad; 



ASPERE 



159 



AUCTORITAS 



dangerous, perilous, hurtful ; in- 
clement ; rigorous, cruel, bloody. 
Res asperce^ perilous circumstances, 
troubles, hardships ; difficult en- 
terprises. Quce, occulte tentaverat, 

aspera fcedaq^ie evenerant, had 

resulted in disappointment and 
disgrace. 

A^per^j adv. (asper), roughly, 
harshly, keenly, bitterly, merci- 
lessly. 

AsperXtas, atift.f. (asp€r\ rough- 
ness, ruggedness, unevenness. Fig- 
uratively, difficulty, trouble, dan- 
ger, peril; roughness, harshness, 
austerity, 

Aspemor, drl, dtus, dep. (ad d: 
sperno\ to reject^ avoid; to scorn, 
aespise, spurn. 

AsActUior, Iri, tensiis, dep. {ad d: 
8entio\ to assent to, adopt one's 
opinioD, agree to, consent, ap- 
prove. 

Aiiiequor, i, cutun, dep. (ad Jc se- 
f/Hor\ to follow after, overtake, 
reach. Figuratively^ to attain to, 
accomplish, procure, gain. 

AMldeo, ire, edi, easum, intr. (ad 
d' sedeo), to sit, sit down ; to take 
r»ne*s seat next to. 

A^sisto, ere, astlti, intr. (ad 6: 
>m/o), to stand by; to stand, take 
one's stand, 

Ai^samOy ere, mpsi, mptum, tr. 
(ad tfr sumo), to take to one's selfi 
assume, choose, adopt; to arro- 
gate. 

Astutia, or, /. (aatntm), shrewd- 
ness, craftiness, knavery, wariness, 
address. Astutiie, pi., address, 
shrewdness. 

At, conj., but, but yet, but on 
the other hand. At serves to con- 
nect different but not entirely oppo- 
site ideas. 

AthencB,aritm,f. pi., Athens, the 
capital of Attica. 

Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athence), 
Athenian, belonging to Athens. 
As a noun, an Athenian. 

Atqrte, conj., and, and also ; and 



indeed, and especially, adding 
something more weighty or empha- 
tic ; than or as, after words express- 
ing comparisons, such as, pariter, 
juxta, secus, alius, simiiis, <£t. 
Sitnul atque, as soon as. 

Atrocitas, dtis, f. (atrox), atro- 
city, barbarity, cruelty, terrible- 
nessL 

Atrociter, adv. (atrox), cruelly, 
fiercely, atrociously, violently, 
fearfull}', terribly. 

Atrox, Ocis, adj., fierce, cruel, 
atrocious ; terrible, horrible ; per- 
ilous, dangerous, hazardous, diffi- 
cult. 

Attendo, ere, endi, entum, tr. (ad 
dc tendo), to stretch towards, ex- 
tend. Atteridere, animum, or atten- 
dere, with animum omitted, to give 
heed to, attend to, mark, observe, 
watch. 

Attenfe, adv, (attentus), atten- 
tive! v, carefully, diligently, assid- 
uously. 

Attero, ere, trlvi, trltum, tr. (ad do 
tero\ to rub one thing against 
another ; to wear away by rub- 
bing, impair, weaken, diminisii, 
destroy. 

AtCineo, ere, tinui, teiUum, tr. (ad 
dc leneo), to hold, keep, occupy; 
to detain, keep in suspense, amuse. 

Attingo, ere, tigi, tactum, tr. (ad 
d: tango), to touch upon, come in 
contact with ; to reach, attain ; to 
come against in a hostile manner, 
attack; to undertake, engage in; 
to touch upon briefly, treat slight- 
ly of; to touch upon, border upon, 
lie contiguous to. 

AttrXbuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (ad ds 
tribuo), to assign, give, attribute. 

Au4:tor, oris, tn. (augco), one who 
makes, produces, or causes a thing, 
an author, maker, creator, doer, 
performer; a reporter, informant; 
an adviser. 

Atictorltas, dtis, f. (auctor), au- 
thority, dominion, power ; juris- 
diction; influence, weighty credit, 



AUCTUS 



160 



BELLICUS 



reputation. Auctoritas seiiatuSy a 
decree of the senate. 

Auctus, see Augeo. 

Audacia^ oe,f. (avdaz), boldness, 
courage, intrepidity ; audacity, 
assurance, impudence. 

Audaclter, or Audacter^ cortxp. 
aitdacius, adv. (audax), boldly, cour- 
ageously, fearlessly; rashly, dar- 
ingly. 

AudaXy dcis^ adj., bold, coura- 
geous, intrepid ; audacious, daring, 
reckless, impudent. 

Audeo, ere, ausus, seinidep^ to 
dare, be so bold as. With facere, 
aggredi, or some similar verb omit- 
ted, to attempt, undertake. 

Audio, Ire J Ivi, Itum^ tr.^ to hear, 
perceive. 

Augeo, ire, auxi, auctum, tr., to 
make greater, augment, increase, 
enlarge ; to heighten, exalt, ad- 
vance, promote ; to strengthen. 
Intr., to grow, grow up, 

Augesco, err, intr. incho. (augeo), 
to begin to grow ; to grow, ex- 
pand, become greater, rise. 

Aulus, i, vu, Aulus Postumius 
Albinus, see Albinus. 

Auretia, ce, /., Aurelia Orestilla, 
the tcife of Catiline. 

Auris, is, /., the ear. 

Aiiru?n, i, n., gold; gold coin, 
money. 

Ausus, see Audeo. 

Aut,conj., or. Aut — au/, either 
— or. 

A litem, conj., but, yet, neverthe- 
less ; also, likewise. 

Autroiiius, i, in.^ Publius Autro- 
nius, a confederate of Catiline^, 
He was of senatorial rank, and be- 
came consid elect in conjunction 
with P. Sulla, but afterwards lost 
the coTisulship on a charge of 
bribery. 

Auxiliarius, a, uui, adj. (auxi- 
liwn), ready to help, helping, aid- 
ing, auxiliary. 

Auxiliory driy citu9, dep, {auxi- 
lium)y to lend aid, help, assist. 



Auxilium, t, n. (augeo), assist- 
ance, aid, succor. Auxilia, pl.^ 
auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. 

Avaritia, ce,f (avarus), avarice, 
covetousness, greediness. 

Aveo, or haveo, ere, intr., to be 
in good health, be well. Ave, 
aveto, have, haveto, hail, happiness 
attend thee I farewelL 

Aversus, a, u?n, part (averto). 
Adj. turned away, opposite to ; 
alienated, unfriendly, hostile. 

A vcrto, ere, ti, mm, tr. (a <t verto), 
to turn away, avert, divert ; to 
alienate, estrange, to put to flight 

Av)de, adv. (avidus), eagerly, 
earnestly. 

Avidus, rt, um^ adj. (aveo, to long 
for), eagerly desiring, longing for, 
desirous, ambitious ; greedy of 
money, avaricious, covetous. 

Avlug, a, um, adj. (ad: via), situ- 
ated apart or at a distance from a 
load, inaccessible; out-of-the-way, 
unfrequented. Iter avium^ an out- 
of-ihe-way path; a side-march. 

Avus, I, w,, a grandfather. 



B. 

Bahiut^ i, m., Cains Baebius, a 
tribune of the people who was bribed 
bg Jugurtha, 

Balcdris, e, adj., Balearic, be- 
longing to the Balearic islands, the 
inhabitants of which icere celebrated 
for their skill as slingers. These 
islands, two in number, now called 
Majorca and Minorca, are situated 
in the Mediterranean near the coast 
of Spain, 

Barbiirus, a, utn, adj., foreign. 
As a 7wun, a foreigner, barbarian, 
in opposition to Greeks or Bo- 
mans. 

Bellicosus, a, wn, adj, (bellum\ 
warlike, martial. 

Bellicus, a, um, culj. (beUum\ of 
war, relating to war, milit.irv ; 
martial. 



BELLIENUS 



161 



CJiCUS 



Bellienuiy e, w?., Lucius Bellie- 
nus, a Roman jrcetor, B. C. 104. 

Belluoj CB, f.y an animal, beast. 

Belluiiiy i, 71,, war. Belli, gen., 
and bello, abl., in war, in the time 
of war. Belli domique, in peaoe 
and in war. 

Bejie, coinp. vielius, siip. optime, 
adv. {henus for bonus), well, hap- 
pily' ; largely; successfully. 

Benedico, ere, xi, ctiim, tr. d: intr. 
{bene (Jo died), to speak well of, 
commend. 

Benefacio, ere, ftci, factum, intr. 
{bene dc facio), to do good, coufer 
a favor, benefit. 

Benef actum, i, n. {benefacio), a 
good act, a noble deed ; a bene- 
fit, service. 

Benefcium, i, n. {benefcus), a ben- 
efit, favor, kindness ; a gift or office 
conferred by the people or senate. 

nenevolentia, ce, f {benevolens), 
good-will, benevolence, kindness, 
friendship. 

Benigne, adv. {benignus), kindly, 
courteously ; liberally, freel}'. Be- 
nigne habere, to treat with kind- 
ness. 

BenignXtas, dtis, f. {benignns), 
benignity, kindness, courtesy, lib- 
erality. 
I Bestia, cp,f, a wild beast. 

I Bestia, ce, m., Lucius Calpurnius 

' Bestia, a Roman nobleman who 
I held the consulship with P. Scipio 
' Nasica, B. C. Ul. 

Bestia, ce, m,, Lucius Calpurnius 
Bestia, one of the Catilinarian con- 
spirators, 

Biduum, i, n, {bis d: dies), the 
i space of two days, two days. 

Bi7ii, ce, a, adj. pi. {bis), two by 
two; two. 

Bis, adv., twice. 

Bocchus, i, m., Bocchus, king of 
Mauritania, and fatherin-law of 
Jugurtha, with who7n he at first 
made war against the Romans, but 
whom he afterwards betrayed into 
their hands. 



Bomilcar, aris, m., Bomilcar, a 
Numidian deep in the confidence of 
Jugurtha. 

Bonum, i, n. {bonus), whatever 
is good or virtuous, goodness, vir- 
tue, right ; a good, favor, benefit, 
blessing, advantage, utility, profit. 
Bona, orum, pi., the goods of for- 
tune, temporal blessings, property, 
efi'ects ; advantages, benefits. Maxi- 
mum bonum, the chief good. Bo- 
num honestumque, goodness and 
honor. Supra bomini atque hones- 
tum, beyond what is proper and 
becoming, to an excess inconsist- 
ent with propriety and dignity. 
Bonum et aquum, virtue and jus- 
tice. 

Bonus, a, um, comp. melior, sup, 
optimus, adj., good, worthy, virtu- 
ous ; friendlv, affectionate ; brave, 
gallant ; skilful, resolute, ener- 
getic ; useful, suitable ; sweet, 
agreeable. As a noun, boni, drum, 
m. vl., the good, good men; the 
nobles, the aristocracy. Bona 
amicitia, faithful friendslnp. 

Brevis, e, adj., short, brief, tran- 
sitory. Brevi with tempore omit- 
ted, in a short time, shortly. 

BrevXier, adv. {brevis), briefly, in 
a few words. 

Bruttius, a, um, adj., Bruttian, 
belonging to the Bruttii, a people 
icho inhabited the southern part of 
Italy. Ager Bruttius, the country 
of the Bruttii, now called Calabria. 

Brutus, i, m., Decimus Brutus, 
the husband of Sempronia. He was 
C07i8ul B. a 11. 



a 

CL, an abbreviation of Caius. 

Caddver, eris, n. {cado), a corpse, 
dead body. 

Cado, ere, cecldi, cGsum, intr., to 
fall ; to fall in battle, be slain, per- 
ish ; to fall out, happen, result in. 

CaciLS, a, um, adj.^ blind. Cu- 



C^DES 



162 



CAPSA 



pidine ccccus, blinded by desire or 
passion. 

Coedes, is^ f. (ccedo), a cutting or 
hewing down; murder, slaughter, 
massacre, carnage. 

CcedOy ere, cecldi, ccesum, tr^ to 
fell, cut down; to strike dead, kill, 
slaughter, slay. 

CcbIo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ccbIuih^ 
a graving tool), to carve figures in 
relief, emboss. 

Ccepio, Onis, m^ Quintus Servi- 
lius Cajpio, a Roman consul 106 

B. C. lie was afterwards sent into 
Gallia Narbonensis to oppose the 
Ciynbri, and was defeated by thein. 

Ciesar, arts, in., Caius Julius 
Caisar, the celebrated war rior, states- 
man, and historian, 

Ccesar, dris, m^ Lucius Julius 
Caisar, a distant relative of C. Ju- 
lius Caisar. He was consul with 

C. Figulus, B. C. 64. 

Caius, i, ?/!.. Caius, a Roman 
prccnoynen. 

CalamXtas, dlis,/., calamity, mis- 
fortune, disaster ; loss, injury, dis- 
tress, 

Calamitdsus, a, nm, adj. {calami- 
tas), calamitous, ruinous, destruc- 
tive. 

Calendce, Orum, f pi. (calo), the 
calends, the first day of tlie month. 

CaUide, adv. (callidus), skilfull}' ; 
artfully, cunningly, craftily. 

Callidltas, dtis, /. (callidtts), 
skilfulness; artfulness, cunning, 
craft, subtilty. 

CallXdus, a, 7im, adj. (calleo, to he 
skilful), skilful; shrewd, cunning, 
crait}', subtle. 

Calor, oris, ??i., warmth. 

Calpurnius, i, m., Calpurnius, 
the name of a Roman family ; see 
Bestia. 

Cahimnia, «•, /., false accusation, 
chicanery, tricker}^ intrigue ; slan- 
der, calumny. 

Camera, ce, f^ a vault, vaulted 
roof or ceiling. 

CamerSy erti.% wi., a Camertian, a 



citizen of Camerinum, now Came- 
rino, a town of Umhria. 

CampxLs, i, m., a level surface, a 
plain, open field. Campus Mar- 
tius, or with Afartius omitted, the 
field of Mars, an extensive plain on 
the bank of the Tiber, in Rome, 
where the elections were held. 

Cauis, is, c. g,, a dog. 

Cano, ere, cecini, can turn, tr. <£• 
intr., to sing ; to play, blow, as a 
trumpet. Signa canere, to sound 
the signal?, give the signal. Signa 
is sometunes the subject of this verb, 
as : Signa canunt, the signalfl 
sound, the signals are given. 

Capesso, ire, \vi, itum, tr. desider. 
{capio), to seize or catch at eager- 
ly, lay hold of; to take in hand, 
undertake to carr}- on. Capessere 
rempublicam, to undertake to ad- 
minister the republic, to take 
charge of the public weal. 

Capio, ere, c^pi, captum, tr., to 
take, receive ; to seize, lay hold 
of, take up ; to take possession of, 
carry away ; to overtake, come 
upon, reach, catch ; to overjx)wer, 
capture, make captive; to gain 
over, entrap, deceive ; to take to 
one*8 selfi choose. Consilium m- 
pere, to take a resolution, form a 
plan or design. Rempublicam ca- 
pere, to usurp the government of 
the state. Detrimeutum capere^ 
to suffer harm. Panas capere, to 
take satisfaction or revenge, to 
avenge. 

Capital is, e, adj. {caput), relating 
to the head or life, capital. Ret 
capital is, a capital crime. 

Capita, onis, m., see Sabinius. 

Capitolium, i, n, {capui\ the 
capitol, a splendid edifice on the 
Capitoline hill in Rome. It in- 
cluded several temples, the principal 
one of which was dedicated to Ju- 
piter Capitolimis. 

Capsa, ^, f., Capsa, a city tiht- 
ated in the midst of a desert in tkt 
eastern part of Xumidia, 



CAPSENSIS 



163 



CATULUS 



Capsejisis^ is, in. (Capsa), an in- 
habitant of Capsa, a Capsian. 

Captlviis, a, uirif adj. (capio), 
caught, captured, captive. As a 
noun, a prisoner, captive. 

Capto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. intcns. 
(capio\ to catch at eagerly, catch ; 
to strive for ; strive after eagerly. 

Captus, see Capio. 

Capua, CB, /, Capua, a celebrated 
city of Campania, in Italy, the ruins 
of which are still to he seen near the 
modern Capua. 

Caput, Itis, n., the head ; a head, 
Boul, person ; life. Capite censi, 
the lowest or poorest class, who 
having no property loorth taking 
into the account, were entered in the 
census lists only as so many in num- 
ber, that is, were rated by the head. 

Career, eris, n., a prison. 

Careo, ere, ui, ltu7n, intr., to be 
free from, be without, be destitute 
ot be in want of; to do without, 
abstain from. 

Carina, at, f, the keel of a ship. 

Caro, carnis, f, flesh. 

Carptim, adv. (carpo), in detach- 
ed parts, with selection. 

Carthagmientis, e, adj., of or 
belonging to Carthage, Carthagi- 
nian. As a noun, a Carthaginian. 

Carthago, \nis, f, Carthage, 
one of the most celebrated cities of 
tfic ancient world, was situated on 
the northern coa.%t of Africa, and 
was reputed to have been founded 
by a colony of Tyrians under Queen 
Dido. It was especially ranark- 
able for the three wars waged by it 
with its great rival, Roine, the last 
of which resulted in its entire de- 
struction. 

Carus, a, um, adj., dear, of a 
high price or value. Figuratively, 
dear, esteemed, beloved. Carum 
cestitnare, to value highly. Carum 
habere, to hold dear. 

Cassius, i, m., Lucius Cassius, a 
Roman prcetor who was sent to 
bring Jugurtha to Rome. He was 



distinguished as a judge for the 
correct7tess of his decisions. 

Cassius, i, m., Lucius Cassius 
Longinus, a Roinan of senatorial 
rank and a confederate of Cati- 
lines. 

Castelldnus, a, um, adj. (castel- 
lum), of or relating to a castle or 
fortress. As a noun, an occupant 
of a castle or fortress, a soldier in 
garrison. In the plural, the sol- 
diers in a fortress, a garrison. 

Castellum, i, n. dim. {castruj?i), a 
castle, fort, fortress. 

CastrcL, Orum, n. pi., a camp, 
encampment. Castra facere, to 
encamp. 

Casurus, see Cado. 

Casus, us, m. (cado), a fall ; an 
event, accident, chance ; case, cir- 
cumstance ; a misfortune, calam- 
ity, fate ; occasion, opportunity. 
Casu7n dare, to give an opportu- 
nity. Pro meo casu, considering 
my situation or circumstances. 

Catabathmos, », m., the Cata- 
bathmos, a sloping tract of coun- 
try, forming, according to Sallust, 
the east erf I boundary of Africa. 

Cattna^ ce, f, a chain. 

Cater va, (je, f, a multitude, 
crowd ; a troop, squad. 

Catervdtim, adv. (caterva), in 
crowds ; in troop or scjuads. 

Catilina, ce, m., Lucius Sergius 
Catiline, the leader of the Catili- 
narian conspiracy. 

Cato, Onis, m., Marcus Porcius 
Cato, commonly called Cato the 
Younger, to distinguish him from 
his grandfather, Cato the Censor. 
He was surnamed Uticensis on ac- 
count of his death at Utica, where 
he committed suicide after the de- 
feat of Pompey, in whose army he 
held a command, 

Catulus, i, m., Quintus Luta- 
tius Catulus, a Roman senator of 
very high character. He was con- 
sul mth M. Lepidus 1SB. C, and 
afterwards censor. 



CAUSA 



164 



CETHEGUS 



Causa, ce, /., a cause, reason, 
ground ; an occasion, motive ; an 
excuse, pretext, pretence ; a cause, 
case, suit at law. Causa, with the 
gen., on account of, for the sake 
of. Ea causa, on that account, for 
this or that reason. Causam dicer e, 
to make one's defence. Causa cog- 
nita, the case having been investi- 
gated, after trial. 

Caveo, ere, cdvi, cautum, tr. d* 
intr., to be on one's guard, take 
care, beware, take heed of; to 
avoid, shun. Followed by the abl. 
with a or ab, to guard against, 
defend one's self against. 

Cecidi, see Cado. 

Cecidi, see Ccedo. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. d: 
tr., to go away, depart; to with- 
draw, give place, yield ; to cede, 
give up, grant ; to retreat, fly ; to 
turn out, succeed. 

Celebro, are, dvi, atum, tr., to 
frequent; to solemnize, celebrate ; 
to praise, honor, extol; to make 
illustrious. 

Celer, eris, in., Quintus Cffici- 
lius Metelms, surnamed Celer, a 
Roman prceior and friend of Cice- 
ro's, who was military commander 
in the country of the Piceni, at the 
time of Catiline's conspiracy. 

Censeo, ere, sui, sum, tr., to rate, 
assess for the purpose of taxa- 
tion, tax ; to appraise, to estimate, 
value; to judge, think, consider; 
of individual senators, to be of 
opinion ; of the senate as a body, to 
decree, ordain, vote. 

Ceiisor, oris, m. (censeo), a cen- 
sor, a Roman officer ichose duty it 
was to take the census {that is, to 
estimate the property of the citizens, 
arid 7nake an enumeration of the 
heads of the families in the state), 
and to watch over the morals of the 
people. 

Centum, num. adj. indec.^ a hun- 
dred. 

Centuriaf ce, f. (centum), a hun- 



dred, ceirtury. In the Roman 
army a century was a company 
consisting at first of one hundred 
men, but in later times of only 
sixty. As a division of the people 
at the cmnitia, a century comprised 
a hundred voters. 

Centurio, onis, m. (centuria\ a 
centurion, a captain of a century. 

Cepi, see Capio. 

Cera, ce, /., wax ; a wax bust of 
an ancestor, ancestral bust* 

Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. <t 
intr., to perceive, discern, distin- 
guish, see ; to decide any thing 
doubtful; to decide by combat^ 
fight, contend. 

Certamen, mis, n.(certo), a strug- 
gle, strife, combat, engagement ; a 
dispute, discussion. Ad certamen 
venire, to come to be decided by 
force. 

Ccrtatim, adv. (certo), emulously, 
eagerly, earnestly. 

Certe <h Certo, adv. (certus\ 
certainly, for certain, surely, no 
doubt 

Certo, adv., see Certe. 

Certo, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
decide by combat, combat, fight, 
contend ; to strive, strive to sur- 
pass or conquer. Certatur, the 
battle is fought. Certantes murum 
petere, vying with each other, 
emulous! y . 

Cert us, a, um, adj. (cerno\ de- 
termined, decided, settled ; cer- 
tain, sure, true. As a noun, cer- 
tum, i, n., a certainty. Certiorem 
facere, to inform, apprise. Cer- 
tior fiei'i, to be informed, be ap- 
prised. Pro certo habere, to con- 
sider certain. 

Cessi, see Cedo. 

Ceterus, a, um, adj. (the nom. 
sing, not in use), the otlier, the 
rest, the rest of. Cetera, ace. pl.^ 
in other respects. 

Ceterum, adv. 6: conj. (ceterus\ 
as for the rest ; but, still, besides. 

Cethegus, i, m., Caius Cornelius 



CIBUS 



165 



CLADES 



Cethegus, an active confederate with 
Catiline. The part assigned him 
in the plot was to take the life of 
Cicero. 

Gibus, i, 7)1., food, aliment, nour- 
isbment. 

Cicatrix, Icis, f, a scar. 

Cicero, onis, m., Marcus TuUius 
Cicero, the illustrious Roman ora- 
tor. He was horn at Arpinum 106 
B. C. By his vigilance h^ discov- 
ered, and by his eiiergy supjyressed 
the conspiracy of Catiline. He was 
called, in consider atio7i of his emi- 
nent services, the Father of his 
country. He was put to death in 
the sixty-fourth year of his age by 
order of Mark Antony, against 
who77i he had composed his Philip- 
pics. 

Cimhricus, a, wn, adj., Cimbrian, 
pertaining to the Cimbri, a nume- 
rous Celtic race defeated by Marius 
on their invasion of Italy. Bellum 
Cimbricum, the war with the Cim- 
bri. 

Cinna, ce, m., Lucius Cornelius 
Cinna, a Roman nobleman and as- 
sociate of Marius in the civil war, 
where he rnade himself conspicuous 
for his cruelty. Julius Ccesar 
married his daughter, Cornelia. 

Circiter, prep, icith the ace, 
about, near. 

Circum, adv. <fr prep, with the 
ace, around, about, in the neigh- 
borhood of, near. 

Circwndo, are, dedi, ddtum, tr. 
{circum d' do, to place or set), to 
place around, surround, encom- 
pass, invest, draw up around, o-s 
an army around a city. 

Circumeo, Ire, ii do ivi, circuitum, 
intr. irr. {circum <k eo), to go 
around. Tr., to go the rounds of, 
visit ; to surround, encompass. 

Circumfcro, ferre, tuli, latum, 
tr. {circum db fero), to carry round. 

Circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, 
ir.^ to pour round ; to spread in 
crowds all around^ to crowd 



around. Undique circumfusi erant, 
were all around them in crowds. 

Circumsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, 
intr. (t tr. {circum <b sedeo), to sit 
around; to besiege, lay siege to, 
invest. 

Circumspecto, are, dvi, atum, tr. 
<h intr. intens. {circumspicio), to 
look eagerly around ; to regard 
with suspicion, observe cautious- 
ly- 

Circumspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
intr. <fc tr. {circum d: specio, to see), 
to look around, take heed ; to ex- 
amine closely. 

Circumvenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
tr. {circum dc venio), to surround, 
encompass, invest; to beset, em- 
barrass, ensnare, deceive, condemn 
unjustly. Singulas urbes circum- 
venire, to go around to the cities 
one by one. 

Cirta, ce, f, Cirta, the capital 
city of the Numidian kingdxmi, af- 
terwards Constantina, now Cosan- 
tina. 

Citerior, comp., citimus, sup., adj. 
{cis), on this side, hither; nearer. 
Gallia citerior. Hither Gaul, or 
Cisalpine Gaul, that part of Italy 
lying between the Alps and the riv- 
ers Rubicon and Macra. It was 
settled by various tribes of Gauls 
who had passed over the Alps. 

Cito, adv. {citus), soon, quickly, 
speedily. 

Citus, a, um, adj. {properly part, 
from cieo, to excite), swift, quick, 
rapid, at full speed. 

Civllis, e, adj. {civis), of or re- 
lating to a citizen or citizens, civil. 
Sanguis civilis, the blood of citi- 
zens. Victoria civilis, a victory 
in the civil war. 

Civis, is, c. g., a citizen. 

Civitas, atis, f gen. pi., um or 
ium, {civis), citizenship ; tlie body 
of the citizens of a state, a com- 
munity, state, nation ; a city. 

Glades, is,f, an injury, misfor- 
tune ; a discomfiture, defeat, rout ; 



CLAM 



166 



COGNOMEN 



slaughter, massacre, havoc, de- 
struction, 

Clam, adv., secretly, stealthily, 
privily. Prep, with the ace. or 
ahl.y without the knowledge of. 

Claw , oris, m. (clamo), a loud 
cry, I ^ut, clamor, din. 

ClaritudOj mis, f. {clams), clear- 
ness, splendor. Figuratively, re- 
nown, celebrity, fame, glory. 

Clarus, a, uin, adj., clear, bright 
Figuratively, renowned, illustri- 
ous, famous. 

Classis, is, /., a fleet; a class or 
division v the Roman people, 
Servius Tut-Hus divided the Roman 
people into five clasnes, according to 
the amount of their property, while 
those who had not sufficient property 
to entitle them to admission into the 
fifth or lowest class, though very 
numeroics, were not considered as 
forming a class. These were called 
capite censi, and were not permitted 
to serve in the army before the time 
of Mar ins. 

Claudo, ^re, si, sum, tr., to shut, 
shut up, close ; to inclose, surround. 
Aiiud clausHtn inpectore, one thing 
locked up in the breast. Clausa, 
sc. loco, places which were shut up. 

ClausuSy see Claude. 

Clavis, is, f (claudo), a key. 

Clemens, entis, adj., mild, gen- 
tle, merciful, indulgent ; not exag- 
gerated, softened. 

dementia, cr, f (clemens\ mild- 
ness, gentleness, benignity, clem- 
ency, mercy, moderation. 

Cliens, entis, m., a client, that is, 
one who attaches himself to a patron 
and is protected by him. 

Ciientcla, ce, f. (cliens), client- 
ship. Sometimes used for cliens, a 
client. 

Cn., an abbreviation of Cnanis. 

Cnceus, i, m., Cnaeus, pronounced 
Ne-us, a Roman pramomen. 

Coceguo, are, dvi, alum, tr. (con 
d' (pquo), to make even or level, to 
level. 



Coalesce, ^re, alui, allium, intr, 
(con d: alesco), to grow together, 
unite, blend, coalesce; to grow, 
strike root. FigurcUively, to unite 
so as to foi-m one, agree. 

Coarguo, ere, ui, tr. (con dt ar- 
guo), to show clearly, prove ; to 
convince. 

Cochlea, op, f, a snail. 

Coctus, see Coquo. 

Co'egi, see Cogo. 

Caelum, i, n., the sky, heavens, 
vault of heaven ; the upper world, 
heaven. 

Coeno, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (e<xna\ 
to sup, eat supper. Tr., to eat at 
supper, sup upon. 

Coeparitts, i, w., Quintus Coepa- 
rius, one of Catiline's confederate*. 
He was from tlie city of TerracincL, 

Ccepi, def verb, used only in the 
tenses derived from the second root, 
and the participles coeptns and ccep- 
turus, 1 began, [ commenced. 
Cceptus est has the same significa- 
tion as ccepi, but is used in prefer- 
ence to it before a passive infinitive. 
Ubi silentium ccepit, when silence 
was restored. 

Coerceo, ere, ui. Hum, tr. (am d: 
arceo), to shut up on all sides. Fig.^ 
to keep within bounds, restrain, 
check, curb. 

CoercXtus, a, urn, part., see 
coerceo. Adj., capable of being 
restrained, restrainable. 

Cogito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. dt 
intr. (con dc agito), to revolve in 
the mind, thmk, meditate, con- 
sider. 

Cogndtio, onis, f. (cognatus), a 
relationship by blood, relation- 
ship. 

Cogndtu.% a, uiru, adj. (con dt na- 
tus,from nascor), related by blood, 
kindred. As a nouti^ a relation 
by blood, relative. 

Cognltus, a, wn, see cognosce. 
Adj., known, proved, tried. 

Cognomcfiy Inis, n, (coh dt no- 
men), a surname. Cui Afrieano 



COGNOSCO 



167 



COMMERCIUM 



cognomen fuit, to whom the sur- 
name Africanus was given. Cog- 
nomen generally denotes the family 
name as nomen does that of the 
gens^ but Sallust in the preceding 
example uses it for agnomen, 

CognoscOf ere, 7ioviy nitum^ ir, 
{con 6: nosco\ to ascertain, learn, 
discover, perceive, see; to become 
acquainted with, know ; to know 
again, recognize; to learn the na- 
ture or character of; to recon- 
noitre, investigate ; to acknow- 
ledge. Promissa ejus cognitum 

misit, to examine into (the 

practicabilit}^ of) his proposals. 

CogOt ere, coegiy coactum, tr. 
{con <£* o,go), to bring together, 
collect, assemble ; to force, com- 
pel, drive; to procure by force; 
to force together, unite ; to re- 
strain, govern ; to urge, constrain, 
persuade. 

Cohors, iis^ /, a cohort A co- 
hort was the teiith part of a legion, 
and consequently the number of men 
in it varied at different times from 
300 to 600. 

Cohortory ar% atus, dep. {con dt 
hortor), to exhort^ animate, en- 
courage. 

CoUectuSj see Colligo. 

ColligcLy CB, m. {con dc lego)^ a 
partner in office, colleague. 

CoHlbet, buity or bXfum est, imp. 
{con d: libet), it pleases, is agree- 
able. It sometimes has a subject^ 
<is: QucB victoribus collibuissenty 
what pleased the victors, what 
the victors pleased to do. 

Colligo, ^re, egi, ectnm, tr. {con 
dt lego\ to bring together, collect^ 
assemble. 

ColliSy is, m.y a hill. 

CollocOy drCy dviy dtum, tr. {con 
db loco), to place, dispose, arrange ; 
to station, post 

Colloquium, i, n. {colloquor) a 
conference, interview, conversa- 
tion, colloquy. 

Colloquor, i, cuius, dep. {con db 



loquor\ to speak together, hold a 
conference, have an interview, 
converse. 

Colo, ere, colui, cultum, tr., to 
labor upon, cultivate, till ; to in- 
habit figuratively, t« .ultivate 
the friendship of, cherish, 'lonor, 
treat respectfully. Neque illos 
arte colam, me opulentcr, I will 
not treat tl>em with rigor, myself 
with indulgence. 

Colonia, ce, f {colonus), a planta- 
tion, settlement, colony ; a body 
of colonists, a. colony. 

Colonus, i, m. {colo) a husband- 
man, farmer ; a colon. >c 

Colos, or Color, oris, m,, color. 

Comes, Itis, c. g., a companion, 
comrade, partner, assistant 

Com\nus, adv. {com dk manus\ 
hand to hand, in close combat 

Comitdtus, us, m. {comitor), a 
company of followers, train, reti- 
nue. 

Comitia, drum, n. pi. {co7i dc eo), 
a formal assembly of the people, 
for the transaction of business or 
the election of officers ; an election. 
Comitia Jiabere, to hold an elec- 
tion. 

Commaculo, are, dvi, dtum, tr, 
{con do maculo), to pollute all over, 
defile, disgrace. 

Comnudtus, us, m. {commeo), a 
going to and fro. In military 
language, a leave of absence, fur- 
lough ; a train for carrying sup- 
plies; supplies, provisions. 

Com?tiemdro, dre, dvi, dtum, ir. 
{con do memoro), to call to one's own 
or to another's mind, remind ; to 
make mention of, mention, relate. 

Coinmendatio, Onis, f {commen- 
do), a recommendation, commen- 
dation, praise. 

Commendo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
{con dc mando), to commit to the 
charge of, intrust to ; to commend, 
recommend. 

Commercium, i, n. {con dc merx), 
commerce, trade, traffic. 



COMMERCOR 



168 



CONCEDO 



Commercor^ dri, dtus, dep. {con d: 
mercor), to buy up, purchase. 

ComminuOy ere, ui, utum, tr. 
{con (t minuo)y to break into email 
pieces, breakdown, crush, shatter. 
Figuratively, to lessen, weaken, 
impair. 

Committo, ^re, mist, miautn, tr. 
{con (t 7nitto\ to put together, 
combine, unite ; to commit, perpe- 
trate; to bei^in, commence. Com- 
mittere proelium, to begin a battle, 
join battle. 

Commodo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
{commodus), to put in order, adapt, 
adjust; to leud, afford, furnish, 
supply. 

Commddujny i, n. {commodas\ 
convenience, profit, advanta<7e. 

Coinmonefdcio, vrr, flci, factum, 
tr. {coinmonco 6: facio), to call to 
anyone's mind, remind, admonish. 

Connndror, dre, dtus, dcp. (con 
d: inoror\ to stay, tarr}', remain ; 
to keep back, retiird, detain. 

Commdveo, fre, Ovi, 6tum, tr. 
(con d: viovco), to set violontl}' in 
motion, move, shake. Fig., to 
move, agitate, excite, alarm, trou- 
ble, disquiet, touch, affect, strike. 

Commnn^co, dre, dvi, dtuni^ tr. 
{communis), to make common, join, 
unite ; to share with ; to impart,, 
comniunicato. Canxatn civium cum 
servis fugitivis coynmunicare, to 
make the cause of the citizens 
common with fugitive slaves. 

Communio, Ire, Ivi, Uwn, tr. 
{con ti" tnunio), to fortify, secure. 

Comtnunis, e, adj., belonging to 
several or to all, common, general, 
univei-sal. 

Commutdtio, onis, f. {commuio), 
n change, alteration, 

Commuto, dre, dvt, dtum, tr. 
{con <k muto), t-o change, alter. 

Comptiro, dre, dvi, dium, tr. {con 
ii' paro\ to put together; to get 
ready, prepare, provide, furnish ; 
to collect ; to ordam ; to put togeth- 
er in order to compare, compare. 



ComptriOy ire, peri, pertum, tr^ 
and Compirior, iri, pertut, dep. 
{con <t pario), to find out, ascer- 
tain, have sure intelligence ofi 
know* Parum comperhnu*, I have 
not fully ascertained, I am uncer- 
tain. Habeo compertum, I have 
found out or discovered for a cer- 
tainty. Parum compertus, too lit- 
tle known, not sufficiently proved. 

Compleo, ire. Hi, ituni, tr. {con dc 
l^eo), to fill, fill up ; to complete. 

Cofnplexus, ««, m. {complector), 
an encircling, embrace. 

Cofnplures, ura, adj. pi. {con dt 
plus), very many, a great many. 

Compdno, ire, potui, posltttm, tr. 
{con dt pono\ to place together; 
to place together in order to com- 
pare, compare ; to put in order, 
dispose, arrange ; to make, con- 
trive, plan ; to form, compose ; to 
agree upon, arrange, concert; to 
bring to a close, terminate ; to ap- 
pease, calm ; to bur}'. 

Comporto, dre, dri, dtum, tr. 
(fo.i .«' ..../., \ to carry or bring to- 
g« ot, bring, o^rry. 

' ...J •, adv. {compo9itu4\ in 
good order, neatly, handsomely; 
skilfuU}', elegantly. 

ComposUu*, a, urn, part, see 
Compono. A(^ , well-arrange<i, 
skilfully disposed, elegant^ pol- 
ished, apt, fit 

Comprdbo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
{con d' proho), to approve, aMent 
to, allow ; to confirm, verify, 
prove. 

Con, see Cum. 

Condtus, see Conor. 

Concede, ire, cessi, ce/tfuni, intr. 
d: tr. {con d' cedo\ to retire, with- 
draw, retreat, give place ; to yield, 
submit, give up, grant, relinquish, 
concede; to go, repair to. Co»- 
cessum est, it was yielded or grant- 
ed. In Ju* at que dedUionem conr 
cedcre, to come under the laws and 
sway. Nattira concedert, to pay 
the (iebt of nature, die. 



OONCESSUS 



169 



CONFIRMO 



Concesatcgy SCO Concedo. 

Concido, ere, Idi, intr.(con (Jbcado)y 
to fall down; to fall, die, perish. 

Coticio, onis, f. (cojuneo), an as- 
sembly t>f the people or army, an 
address before the people or army ; 
an address, haran'^iie. Pro con- 
done^ before an assembly of the 
people or soldiers, in public. 

ConcUo, drfy dviy dtmn^ (r. {con dc 
cito)^ to put in quick motion ; to stir 
up, exeite, arouse, provoke, cause. 

Concldmo, are, dvi^ dtum, intr. 
ci' tr. {con <b clamo), to call out to- 
irelher; to cry out, shout, exclaim. 

Concordia, (r, /.' {concors), con- 
cord, unanimity harmony; Con- 
cordia, the goddess of concord, 

Conaiblna, op, f. {concubo\ a 
concubine. 

Concupitea, fre, plvi, pUum, 
incho. tr. {con drcupio), to have an 
ea^»-r dosire fur, long for, covet, 
strive after. 

Coucurro, ire, eurri, mrsunt, 
intr. {con d: curro), to run togeth- 
er; to run together in a hostile 
manner, join battle, charge, en- 
gage ; to concur, agree. 

Concur aus, uh, in. (concurro), a 
running together, concoui-se ; a 
charge, onset, engagement. 

Concutio, (re, ussi, ussum, tr. 
{con <t cfitio), to move violently, 
shake, agitate. figuratively, to 
shake, cause to waver, trouble, 
terrify, intimidate. 

Condemno, dre, dvi, dtuin, tr. 
(con dr i^iinno\ to condemn. 

^ / ' ' //, see Condo. 

CoudtUo, 67ii8, f. {condo), a con- 
dition, stipulation, contract, agree- 
ment, terms; a proposal, proposi- 
tion; advantage, fruits. 

C'»nd\tor, Oris, m. {condo), a 
builder, founder, maker. 

Cowio, ire, dldi, dxtwn, tr. {con 
6: do), to put together as a whole, 
found, build, make ; to put any 
where for the sake of concealment, 
conceal, hide. 
8 



Condono, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {con 
(k dona), to give freely, present, 
bestow ; to make an offering of, 
sacrifice, devote ; to forgive an 
offence, overlook, pardon. Alte- 
rins libidini malefacta, to pardon 
crimes to gratify the lust of an- 
other. 

Conduco, ire, xi, ctujn, tr. {con 
d: duco), to bring or lead together, 
collect, assemble ; to conduct ; to 
hire. 

Confectus, see Conficio. 

Confer CIO, Ire, fersi, fertutn, tr. 
{con d\farcio), to crowd together; 
to stuff, cram. 

Confiro, ferrc, contuli, colldtum, 
tr. irr. {con do fero\ to bring or 
carry together, collect, gather, pro- 
cure. 

Confertim, adv. (confertu8\ close- 
ly, compactly, in close array. 

Confer tun^ a, um, part., see Con- 
fereio. Adj., close, thick, com- 
pacw; in close array, in close col- 
umn. 

Cofifessus, a, um, part., see 
Confittor. As a noun, one who 
has confessed a crime. 

Cofijicio, ire, f?ci, fectum, tr. 
{con d: facto), to put together ; to 
make, cause, effect ; to accom- 
plish, finisii, end; to weaken, en- 
feeble, wear out, destroy, consume. 
Siti confici, to be consumed with 
thirst, perish with thirst. Vvl- 
neribus confectu^^ covered with 
wounds. 

Confldo, ire, fUus, semidep. 
{con d'Jido), to confide in, trust to, 
rely upon ; to trust, feel confident, 
feel sure. 

Conflnis, e, adj. {con dc finis\ 
adjoining, contiguous, near. 

Confirmo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
{con dc frmo), to make firm or 
strong, render efficient, confirm, 
strengthen ; to strengthen one's 
courage, encourage, embolden, an- 
imate, persuade ; to establish by 
proof, prove, demonstrate, ratify ; 



C0NFI6US 



170 



CONSrDEKO 



to affiim, assert, declare. Lahores 
et victorias confirmare^ to crown 

Conflims, see Confido. 

Conflteor, eri, fcssus, dep. {con 
(tfateor), to confess, avow, ac- 
knowledge. 

Conjllqo, ere, xi, ctiun, tr. d' inlr. 
{con d; fiigo\ to strike or dash to- 
gether; to come to a battle, light, 
contend; to conflict, be at vari- 
ance. 

Conflo, dre^ dvij dtuin^ tr. {con tt 
Jlo\ to blow together, excite by 
blowing, kindle. Figuraiivelij^ to 
stir up, create, cause. -/£« alienum 
confare, to contract debts. 

Conjluo, ire, ri, ctwn, intr. {con 
(t Jiuo), to flow together, run to- 
gether, flock, crowd. 

ConfodiOy ire, fodi, fossutn, tr. 
{co7i ct fodio\ to pierce through, i 
transfix, stab. | 

Confugio, ire^ f^gh intr. {con <L' i 
fugio\ to flee, fly for succor. 

Cotigldbo, art . avi^ dtum, intr. i 
{con <£' globo), to fonn *nto a ball ; I 
to assemble, draw together, collect ■ 
into a crowd. 

CongrkUor, »', gressns^ dep. {con 
d* grculior), to come together, meet ; 
to come together in a hostile man- 
ner, engage, fight, contend. 

Cojigress^us, u.% ffi. {congredior\ I 
a coming together, meeting ; an 
encounter, enj^agement^ conflict, 
battle. 

Congressus, part.^ see Congre- 
dior. 

Conjicio, ere, jeci, jcctum, tr. 
{con 6: jacio\ to throw together; 
to throw, cast, thrust. Conjicerc 
in vinculo, to oast into prison. 

Conjunctns, see Conjungo. Adj. 

Conjungo, ere, junxi, junctum^ 
tr. {con dc jungo), to join togeth- 
er, unite, associate; to unite in, 
form. 

ConjuratiOy onis, f. {conjuroX a 
confederacy confirmed by an oath ; 
a conspiracy, plot, 



ConjurdtuSy part., see Conjure 
As a noun, a conspirator. 

Conjuro, dre, dvi, dtumy intr. 
{con d: juro), to swear together, 
bind each other by an oath ; to 
conspire, enter into a conspiracy. 

Connubium, i, n. {con d nubo), 
marriage, wedlock. 

Conor, dri, dtus, dep., to under- 
take, attempt, endeavor, try. 

Conquiro, ire^ quislvl, quisltuWy 
tr. {con d qucero\ to seek, get to- 
gether, collect ; to seek after, try 
to obtain, procure. 

Conscientia, «•, /. {conscio\ a 
knowledge possessed in common 
with another; consciousness, con- 
science; a consciousness of guilt, 
guilty conscience. 

Conscius, a, um, adj. {con9c%o\ 
conscious, privy to, having know- 
ledge of; conscious of guilt, guilty. 

Conscrlbo, ire, scrip^i^ tcriptum^ 
tr. {con d scribo), to write together 
on a roll, enrol, enlist, levy ; to 
choose, elect. PcUres couscripti, 
conscript fathei-s^ elected and as- 
sembled fathers, the title of the 
Roman senate when sitting. 

ConscriptHs, gee Conscribo, 

Consecro, dre^ dvi^ diwn, tr. {con 
d sncro), to devote to the gods, con- 
secrate, dedicate. 

Consenesco, ire, ui, intr. {con <£r 
senescoX to grow old; to become 
weak, frail, or feeble ; to become 
obsolete. 

Cirnsiro, irt, tevi^ sUum^ tr. {con 
d seroX to sow, plant. Arbutiis 
consitns, overgrown with • . 

Consiro, ire, senii^ sertum, tr. 
{con d sero), to join togetlier. 
CoJiserere 7nanutn, to fight hand to 
hand, join battle, come to close 
quai lei's, fight. 

Conservo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. («m 
d servoX to preserve, keep, keep 
up, maintain. 

Considero, dre^ dvt, dtum, tr* 
{con d sido, to settleX to ooaaider, 
weigh, think upon. 



CONSIDO 



171 



C:ON8ULO 



Consldo, ere, sedi, sessiimj intr. 
{con d' sido), to sit down together, 
eit down ; to settle, take up one's 
abode ; to encamp, halt, station 
one's self. 

ConsHium, t, n. (consulo\ con- 
Bultation, deliberation, considera- 
tion, prudence ; counsel, advice ; 
a resolution, intention, purpose, 
design, object, aim, pLin ; a strata- 
gem, artifice ; a council. Frasenti 
consilioy in the presence of the 
council. Non est consiliutn, it is 
not my intention or design. Quo 
con^lio ? for what reason ? wh}' ? 

ConsiMOy ^rCj stlli, stUniriy intr. 
(con (£• sisto\ to take one's stand, 
make a stand, stand still, stand. 

ConsltuSy see ComerOy to sow. 

Conypcctu-^, ua, m. (conipicio\ 
the act of seeinir, seeing ; eight, 
view. In conapectu, before the 
eyes, in tlie presence. 

ConsplciOy ire, sftexi, ttpectum, tr. 
(con d: tpecio\ to look at atten- 
tively, see, perceive, observe; to 
h)ok upon with admiration. Con- 
spici, to let oue'a self be seen, at- 
tract notice or admiration. 

Conxplcor, ari, dtus, diy. (con d' 
s]jecio\ to perceive, get sight of, 
dcscr}'. 

Constanter, adv.(ronstan!t\ stead- 
ily, firml}', uniformly, stably. 

Constantid, «,/. (constans), sta- 
bility, steadiness, firmness; con- 
stancy, perseverance. 

ConstcrnOy ere, strdvi, stratum^ 
tr. (con d stemo\ to strew or cover 
over. 

Const^tuOy irCy «», iitum^ tr. (con 
d: staiuo), to place, station ; to 
stop, ciiuse to halt, halt ; to estab- 
lish, fix, settle; to agree upon, 
appoint; to resolve, determine, 
decree. Jntr.y to niake an ap- 
pointment. Iter constituere, to de- 
termine upon a march, resolve to 
march. 

ConstitutuSy see Constituo. 

ConstOy QrCy Miltiy stdtum^ intr. 



(con d do\ to stand still, stand 
firm, be established. Constat, 
imp., it is manifest, evident, clear, 
or certain. 

Constrdtus, see Consterno. 

ConstruOy ere, war/, uctum, tr. 
(con d struo\ to put together, con- 
struct, build, form. 

Consuefdcio, ire, feci, factum, tr. 
(consuesco d: facio), to accustom. 

ConsuescOy ere, suevi, suetum, 
intr. d tr. (con d: suesco), to be- 
come accustomed, accustom one's 
self; to accustom, inure. Coji- 
siu-vi, I am accustomed or wont, 
am in the habit of. Consuevity 
imp., it is wont or customary. 

Consuetudoy mis, f. (consuesco), 
custom, habit ; intercourse, inti- 
mac}'. 

ConsuetuRy a, um, party see Con- 
suesco. Adj., customary, usual, 
habitual, wonted. 

Consul, ulis, nu (consulo), a con- 
sul, */ne of the i\r^ chiff magistrates 
of R(/me after the abolition of the 
m on a rchy. Th i « ojficer xca^ elected 
annually about the beginning of 
August, and from that tune till he 
entered upon his office, in the Janu- 
aru followingy he was called consul 
designaiuSy consul elect. The Ro- 
mans marked the year in which any 
particular event occurred by the 
names of the consuls then in office, 
as : L. Tullo et Jf. Lepido considi- 
bust, in the consulship of Lucius 
TuUus and Marcus Lepidus. 

Consul driSy Cy adj. (consul), of or 
belonging to a consul, consular. 
As a nouik, a man of consular rank ; 
an ex-consul. 

ConsnUatuSy us, m. (comml), the 
office of consul, consulship, con- 
sulate. 

Consulo, ere, ulvi, ultum, intr. 
dc tr. to take counsel, deliberate, 
discuss; to judge, consider, deter- 
mine upon. With the dat., to con- 
sult for, be mindful of, be concern- 
ed about^ regard, take care of, aid. 



CONSULTATIO 



172 



CONTREMO 



Wifh the ace, to consult, ask the 
opinion or advice of. Male co7t- 
suiere, to adopt bad measures, pur- 
sue an injurious course, resolve 
upon imprudently. Bene consu- 
lere, to adopt wise counsels, pur- 
sue a piudent course, resolve upon 
wisely. Gravius in aliqucm con- 
sulerCj to adopt too severe meas- 
ures, or give too unfavorable a 
decision against any one. Sena- 
ins consulitur, or consulittir alone^ 
the opinion of the senate is asked. 
Consuiitur, imp., a consultation is 
lield, a decision is made. 3Iihi 
oonsultwn est, my interests have 
been cared for. 

Consultatio, onis, f. (consulto), a 
consultation, dehberation. 

Consulto, adv. (properly abl. of 
cousultum), on purpose, design- 
edly. 

Consulto, are, dvi, dtum, inir. <£• 
tr. (eonsulo), to deliberate, consult, 
discuss ; to consult for, provide 
for, to take care of. 

Consultor, aris, in. {cons-ulo), one 
who gives advice, an adviser, coun- 
sellor. 

Consultum, i, n. {conmilo), delib- 
eration, consideration ; a decree, 
resolution, act; a plan, measure; 
counsel, advice. 

Cotis'ultus, see Consulo. 

Consumo, ere, snmpsi, snmptum, 
tr. (co7i d: sumo), to consume, de- 
vour; to destroy, kill; to waste, 
employ in vain, use up. 

Consurnptus, see Consurno. 

Co7itagio, dnis, f. (continpo), a 
touching, contiict ; contagion, in- 
fcct'on, disease. 

Contenwo, ere, tempsl, temptum, 
tr. {con (V temno), to make light of, 
contemn, despise, treat with con- 
tempt, express contempt for. 

Contemptor, oris, pi. {contemiio), 
a conttMuner, disdainer, despiser. 
// is sometimes used as an adjective, 
haughtj', disdainful. 

Contemptus, a, um, part., see 



Contemno. Adj.^ contemptible, 
despicable, vile. 

Contendo, ere, di. turn, tr. d'intr. 
(con <t tendo), to stretch or strain 
to the utmost, exert, put forth ; to 
exert one's self to reach or attain, 
strive after eagerly, seek for ; to 
push forward, hasten ; to hold one 
tiling against another in order to 
compare them, compare ; to try 
one's strength against another, 
contend, fight, engage. 

Contentio, onis, f. (contendo), a 
contention, contest, dispute, con- 
troversy. 

Contero, Sre, trivi, tritum, tr. 
(con d' tero), to grind to pieces, 
wear away ; to waste, employ use- 
lessly. 

Continentia, ee, f. (contineo), a 
holding back. Firjuratively, a re- 
straining of one's desires, self-con- 
trol, moderation, continence, tem- 
perance. 

Contineo, ere, tinni, tentum, tr. 
(con d: teneo), to hold or keep to- 
gether ; to hold, keep, retain; to 
hold in check, keep back, curb, 
restrain. 

Continito, are, dtn, dtum, tr. 
(continnus), to join together, unite, 
continue, prolong. 

Contra, prep, with the ace, 
against, in opposition to, contrary 
to, in reply to. Adv., on the con- 
trary, on the other hand, in re- 
turn, back again ; followed by ac 
or atque, otherwise than, contrary 
to what Contra ea, on the con- 
trary, just the reverse. Contra 
rempublicam facere, to act as an 
enemy to the statt^ be guilty of 
tieason. Contra inceptum suum, to 
thwart his undertaking. Quod con- 
tra est, the revei*se of whiclj is true. 

Contrdhn, Cre, xi, ctum, tr. (con 
d' traho), to draw together, assem- 
ble, collect 

Contremo, ^e, ui, intr. (con db 
trevio), to tremble greatly, be 
greatly agitated, quake. 



CONTEOVEESIA 



173 



coQurs 



Controversial ce,/. {controv€rw^\ 
a controversy, dispute, debate. 

Contubernium^ i, n. (con ct ta- 
herna)y a dwelling together in the 
same tent ; the intercourse of a 
young man with the general wliom 
he accompanies, attendance. Con- 
tuberiiio patris militahat, lie was 
serving as a soldier in attendance 
upon his father, wjis learning the 
art of war under the eye of bis 
father. 

Contuli. see Confer o. 

Contumelia^ cp, /., an injury 
coupled with contemptuous usage, 
affront, insult, contumely, dis- 
grace. 

Contumclio-ms^ a, wm, adj. {con- 
tumelia), reproachful, insulting, 
insolent, abusive. 

Contundo, ere^ tiidly tusimi, ir. 
(con d: tundo), to beat, bruise, 
crush to pieces. Figuratively^ to 
break, destroy, crush, im|)air. 

Contxirbo^ are^ dvi, Cdwn, tr. {con 
(t turbo), to throw into confusion, 
confuse, disturb, disquiet, perplex. 

Contuaus^ see Coritundo. 

Co7ivcnio, ire, veni, veniun\, intr, 
<£• tr. {con <£• venio), to come or 
meet together, assemble, collect; 
to agree, correspond, accord, con- 
sent; to be agreed upon, be con- 
cluded; to suit, become, be suita- 
ble or becoming. TV., to go to 
meet, come to, approach, speak to, 
accost, Convenit, imp., it is fit, 
suitable, becoming, or convenient ; 
it is agreed or settled. Pax con- 
venit, a peace is agreed upon or 
concluded. Pax conventa, a peace 
which has been agreed upun, a 
concluded peace. 

Conventio, onis, f. {convenio), a 
coming or meeting together ; a 
meeting, assembl}', convention; an 
agreement. 

Conventus, part., see Convenio. 

Conventus, its, in. {convenio), a 
meeting, assembly, convention, 
council. 



Conversiis, se^ Converto. 

Converto, ere, ti, sum, tr. {co7i dh 
verto), to turn about, wheel round, 
turn, change, alter, convert. Intr.^ 
tu turn one's self round, turn, be- 
take one's self to, apply 1o ; to re- 
turn ; to be changed, change. 

Con V ictus, see Convinco. 

Convinco, ere, vici, victum, tr. 
{con d' vinco), to show to be guilty, 
convict; to overcome by argu- 
ment, convince. 

Conviviuyn, ?', n. {con d' vivo), a 
feast, banquet, entertainment. 

Convoco, are, avi, aium, tr. {con 
(jc voco), to call together, assemble, 
convoke. 

Cooper io, Ire, rui, rtum, ir. {con 
dc operio), to cover over. Fig.t to 
overwhelm, bury, sink. 

Coopertus, see Cooperio. 

Coorior, iri, ortus, dep, {con d: 
orior), to arise, rise. 

Co ortus, see Coorior. 

Copia, ce, /., plenty, abundance, 
fulness, an ample or plentiful store 
or 6upph% a great number, multi- 
tude ; an armed force, baud, arm}', 
in this last sense rarely in the sin- 
gular. Figuratively, ]^ower, abil- 
ity, means ; an opportunity, leave, 
permission. In the plural, provi- 
sions, necessaries, supplies ; rich- 
es, resources, goods, property. In 
military language, iorces, troops, 
an army. Mihi est copia, or habeo 
copiam, I have the ability, have it 
in my power, am able, can. Ex 
copia, from the abundance, from 
the whole number. Ex copia re- 
rum, or ex copia, under the cir- 
cumstances, all things considered. 
Pro rei copia, considering the cir- 
cumstances, suitably to the cir- 
cumstances. Quoniam JugurthcB 
copiam haberet, since he had Ju- 
gurtha in his power. 

Coquo, ere, coxi, coctum, tr., to 
prepare for use any kind of food, 
cook, roast, boil, bake, toast. 

Coquus, i, m. {coquo), a cook. 



CORAM 



174 



CRIMEN 



Corain^ prep, with the abl., in 
the presence of^ in view of, before 
the eyes o^ before. 

Coriwit, i, n., a hide, skin, 
leather. 

Corncliua^ t, ?«., Cornelius, the 
name of persons belonging to the 
gens Cornelia, of tchom there were 
several distinguished families^ snch 
as the Scipio7ies, the LerUiUi, the 
Cinnce, the Sullce. 

Cornelius, i, m., Cains Cornelius, 
a Roman knight and confederate 
of CotiHne\ who in conjunction 
with Vargunteius was to have mtir- 
dered Cicero. 

Cornlcen, Tnt«, m. {cornu dt cano), 
a horn-blower, corneter. 

Cornijicius, t, m., Quintus Cor- 
nificius, a distinguished Roman, 
who was honored with some of the 
highest ofjices in tJie state. 

Cornu, n., indecl. in sing. ; in 
pi. Curnucu, uum^ a horn ; the wing 
of an army. 

Corpus, oris, tt., a bod\', sub- 
stance ; the body, person ; a 
corpse. Vis corporis, bodily 

BtrenjJftli. 

Correctus^ see Corriga. 

Correptus, see Carripio. 

Corrfgo, ire, exi, ectmn^ tr. {con 
d; rego\ to make straight Fig., 
to set right, correct, reform, amend, 
remedy. 

Corrlpio, ire, ipui, eptum, tr. (con 
<i* rapio), to lay hold of hastily, 
snatch up, seize ujxin ; to carry off. 

Comwipo, ire, rupi, ruptum, tr. 
(con <£• ru)npo), to destroy, ruin ; 
to corrupt^ spoil, hurt., injure ; to 
waste, squander, impair, debase; 
to bribe, seduce, mislead, deceive. 
Jfitgtios opportunitates corrumpere, 
to let rare opportunities be lost 

Corrupt uA, a, wn, part , see Cor- 
rumpo. Adj., corrupt^ depraved, 
bad. 

Cotta, OE, m., Lucius Aurelius 
Cotta, Rotnan consul 65 B. C, and 
afterwards censor. 



Crassus, t, m., Marcus Licinius 
Crassus, surnamed Dives, on ac- 
count of his wealth, was a Roman 
of great influence, and member of 
the first triumvirate with Pompey 
and Ceesar. 

Creber, bra, brum, adj., close to- 
gether, thick, numerous ; frequent, 
oft repeated. Crebras vigilias pch 
nerf, to post sentinels on short in- 
tervals. 

Credibllis, e, adj. (credo\ worthy 
of belief, credible, probable, likely. 

Credit um, i, il (credo\ any thing 
committed to one's trust, a debt, 
loan. 

Credo, ire, fdi, Uum, intr. dt tr.^ 
to commit to one's trust, confide ; 
to have confidence in, rely upon, 
believe; to take upon trust, be- 
lieve ; to think, suppose, imagine, 
have no doubt, ^"eque loco, neque 
mortal i cuiquam^ aut tempori, satis 
credere, dues not feel secure in any 
place, with any person, or at any 
time. Credo inserted hetxccen the 
parts of a sentence as a polite limi- 
tation of the writer s opinion mag 
be translated, I should think, it 
would seem to me, probably, o/- 
trags referring to what immediaUlff 
follows. 

Creo, are, dvi, dium, tr., to cre- 
ate, make, form, produce ; to cre- 
ate, choose, elect. 

Cresco, ere, crevi, crttum, itUr., 
to grow, become greater, increase, 
exttnd, spread ; to grow forth, 
spring up ; to increase in iufluenci) 
or popularity, become infiuentiaL 

Creticus, i, tn,, Quintus Caecilius 
Metellus, surnamed Creticus, Ro- 
man consul B. C. 70, and command- 
er in Apulia and the neighboring 
districts during the war with Cati- 
line. 

Crevi, see Cresco, 

Crimen, hiis, tu, an accusation, 
charge, crimination, reproach; a 
crime, fault Falsa crimina, false 
accusations, calumnies, slander. 



CRDIIXOK 



175 



CUPIO 



Crhnlnory art, dtus, dep. {cri- 
men\ to charge with a crime, ac- 
cuse, blame, reproach. 

Crbninose, ad>}. (criminosiis\ by 
way of accusation, reproachfully ; 
slanderously. 

Crotaniensix, e, adj., Crotonian, 
of or belonging to Crotona, now 
Crotone, a town in the southern 
part of Italy. A» a noun, a Cio- 
•tonian, an inhabitant of Cro- 
tona. 

Crucidins, its, in. {crucio\ tor- 
ment, torture, pain, anguish; pun- 
ishment, 

Crudelis, e, adj. {crudus), cruel, 
Bavage, inhuman. 

Cnidelitas, atis, f. {criid^Iis\ 
cruelty, hard-heartedness, inhu- 
manity. 

Cnulellter, adv. (cnidelis), in a 
cruel manner, cruelly. 

Cntento, are, dvi, dtutn, tr. (cru- 
e7itu8\ to sprinkle or stain with 
blood, make bloody, imbrue. 

Cruentus, o, w;/», adj. (cruor\ 
stained with blood, bloody. I'i(;f-t 
bloodthirsty, cruel, ferocious. 

Cruor, ori% m., blood from a 
wound, gore, blood. 

Crux^ crucisy /., a cross, /n 
cruciwi agerCy or agitare, to cru- 
cify. 

CujuscumquemOdi or Cujuscum' 
qiL€ tnoili (gen, of quiscumque d: 
modus), of whatever sort or kind. 

CujusIXbet, see Quilibet, 

Cuju.vnoiiiy or Cfjus modi (gen, 
of quis d* modus), of what kind or 
sort, of whatever kind. 

Cnjnsquemddi, or Cnjusque modi 
(gen. of quisque do moduj<\ of what- 
ever kind, of every kind. 

Culpa, ce, f, a fauit, misconduct, 
blame, crime. 

C III tor. Oris, m. (colo), one who 
attends to or has tlie caie of any 
thing, ti cultivator, tiller, husband- 
man; an inhabitant. Exercitus 
agri ac pecoris jnagis quam belli 
cultor, an army better acquainted 



with husbandry and pasturage 
than war. 

Cult us, us, m. (colo), a nursing, 
taking care of any thing, cultiva- 
tion. Figuratively, a training, edu- 
cation, improvement ; a manner 
of living, style, custom ; everv 
thing necessary to a domestic 
establishment, food, clothing, fur- 
niture, necessaries, conveniences; 
a luxurious style of living, luxury, 
elegance, indulgence, refinement. ; 
a style of dress, elegance of dress, 
showy attire. Cultus corporis^ 
food and clothing. Cultus miser a- 
bilis, a mean garb^ wretched plight. 
Eodem cultu quo libcros suos domi 
hahuit, he brought up at court iu 
the same manner as his own chil- 
dren. 

Cmw, adi\ see Quum. 

Cum, prep, with the abl., with, 
along with, in conjunction or com- 
pany with, together with, provided 
with ; against, at. Cum ortu solis, 
at sunrise. In composition it has 
the forms, con, com, col, cor, and co, 
and signifies with, together, or 
only strengthens the meaning. 

Cum que, see Quicumque. 

Cunctor, dri, dtus, dep., to delay, 
linger, stay ; to hesitate, doubt, 
be perplexed. 

Cunctns, a, urn, adj., all, the 
whole, all together. 

Cuplde, adv. (cupidus), eagerly, 
gladly, ardently. 

CupidXtas, dtis, f (cupidus), an 
eager desire, longing for. /n a 
bad sense, cupidity, thirst for gain, 
avarice ; lust, passion. 

Cupldo, \nis,f. [cupio], a desire, 
longing for, passion, thirst. 

Cnpldus, a, nm, adj. (cupio), de- 
sirous of, longing for, eager for. 

Cnpiendns, a, um, part., see Cu- 
pio. Adj., to be desired or wish- 
ed for, desirable. 

Cupiens, entis, part., see Cupio. 
Adj., desirous, eager, ardent. 

Cupio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr., to de- 



CURA 



176 



DECEDO 



sire, be desirous of, wish, long for, 
covet. 

Cura, ce,/., cnre, solicitude, anx- 
iety, concern, trouble; care, pains, 
solicitude, study, management. 
Habere curce to have a concern 
for, attend to, aid, promote. AH- 
cui curce esse, to be a care or con- 
cern to any one, or making the 
dative the subject, to take care of, 
attend to. Curam habere, to be con- 
cerned or anxious about, care for. 
Curator, oris, in. {euro), one who 
takes care of or has the manage- 
ment of a thing, a manager, over- 
seer, agent, superintendent. 

Curia, ce, /., a curia or ward, one 
of the thirty divisions of the Roman 
people made by Romulus ; a tem- 
ple in which a cuiia met for wor- 
sliip; the senate house. 

Cnrius, i, m., Quintus Curius, a 
Roman icho was expelled from the 
senate for disgraceful conduct. He 
joined the conspiracy of Catiline^ 
and afterwards disclosed it. 

Curo, are, dvi, at tan, tr. (cura), 
to take care of, care for, see to, 
attend to, provide for or against 
Absolutely, to liave charge, be in 
command. 

Cu7-sus, us, m. (cnrro\ a running, 
race ; a course, journey, way. 
Carsu, abL, in or by running, 
quickly, in haste. 

Custodia, flp, /., a keeping guard, 
watching over; confinement, cus- 
tody; a ])lace of confinement, pris- 
on ; a guard, watch ; a body- 
guard, escort. Libera custodia, 
free custody, the kind of restraint 
to which Romans of t lie higher raiik 
were subjected icheit suspected of 
crime. These, instead of being im- 
prisoned^ were placed under the 
charge of a magistrate or senator, 
to be kept in his house till the time 
of trial. 

Custos, ddis, c. g., a keeper, 
guard ; a protector. Cum custo- 
dihus, under guard. 



Cyrene, es,f, Cyrene, now Curin, 
a city on the northern coast of 
Africa, 

Cyrus, i, m.^ Cyrus the Great, 
the founder of the Persian empire. 



D 

IJ., an abbreviation of Decimus.. 

Dabar, aris, m., Dabai*, a Numi- * 
dia7i, the grandson of Masinissa. 

Daynasippus, i, m,, Lucius Da- 
masippu?, was pre^tor urbanus 84 
B. C, and at the command of the 
younger Marl us, put to death many 
of the senators who were of the party 
of Sulla. 

JJamno, ctre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
(dannnon), to condemn. 

Damnum, t, 7i., loss, hurt, dam- 
age, injury. 

Datus, see Do. 

De, prep, with the abl., of, from. 
Denoting separation, from, away 
from, out of. Denoting the subject 
of a mental action, on, abouts, re- 
specting, concerning. Deiwting a 
cause or reason, because, of, on ac- 
count of, owing to. Denoting con- 
fonnity tcith or regard to any thing, 
with reference to, as regards, as 
to ; according, after, pursuant to. 
With adjectives adverbially, as : de 
integro, anew, afresli. Jn compo- 
sition it signifes downwards or 
without, or it strengthens the mean- 
ing. 

Debeo, ere, ui, Itum, tr. {de (t 
habeo\ to owe. Jntr., to be in- 
debted, be under obligation. De- 
brri, to be owed, be due. With 
the infnitive debco denotes duty, I 
ought, it is right that I should. 

Deb)tHS, a, um, part , see Debeo, 
Adj.y due, merited, deserved. 

Dcccdo, ere, cessi, ccsftum, intr. 
{de d' cedo), to go away, depart, 
withdraw, to retire from, depart 
from ; to pjive place, yield ; to 
abate, subside. 



DECEM 



177 



DEFORMO 



Deceniy num. adj. indec.y ten. 

December, bris, m. (decem\ De- 
cember, the tenth taonth of the 
Roman year, which began with 
March. Adj., of December. 

Decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. 
(de (So cerno), to decide any thing ; 
to determine, settle, decree, vote. 
Older, appoint; to resolve, con- 
clude, think, judge. Intr., to give 
one's opinion ; to fi<jht, contend. 

iJccet, deccre, decuit, imp^ it be- 
comes, is becoming or proper, is 
suitable or meet, it behooves. Jt 
sometimes has a subject, as: Qiice 
ab imperatore decuerijit (provideri), 
omnia proviso, that &\\ thmgs which 
it behooved a commander to i)ro- 
vide had been provided. 

DecXmus, a, um, adj. {decern), the 
tenth. 

Decimus, i, m., Deciraus, a Ro- 
man prcenomen. * 

Decldro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de <t 
claro), to make clear, show clear- 
ly, reveal, declare ; to manifest, 
evince; to declare, proclaim pub- 
licly. 

Jjecllvis, e, adj. (de <t clivus\ bend- 
ing downwards, sloping, slanting. 

Decori', adi'. (decorus), befitting- 
ly, becomingly, properly ; grace- 
fully. 

Decoro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (decus), 
to decorate, ornament^ adorn, beau- 
tify, embellish. 

Decorus, a, um, adj. (decus), be- 
coming, befitting, proper, deco- 
rous; comely, graceful. 

Dccretum^ i, n.(decerno), a decree, 
ordinance, statute; an action, of a 
pubHc officer. 

Decretus, see Decerno. 

Decus, oris, n. (decet), ornament, 
splendor ; grace, dignity ; moral 
worth, credit, reputation, honor, 
virtue. Sine decore, in sorry 
plight. 

Dcdecoro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de- 
decus), to disgrace, dishonor, ren- 
der infamou?. •!• 
8* 



Dedecus, oris, n. (de So decus), 
disgrace, dishonor, shame ; infa- 
my; a disgraceful action. Per 
dedecus, disgracefullv, dishonor- 
ably. 

IJedi, see Do. 

Deditio, onis, f (dedo), a giving 
up, surrender. Facere deditionem, 
to surrender. 

Dedititius, i, m. (deditio), one who 
has surrendered. Dedititius est, 
he has surrendered. 

Deditus, see Dedo. 

Dedo, ere, dcdidi, deditum, tr. 
(de (t do), to give up, surrender, 
capitulate; to give up one's sel^ 
devote one's self to. 

Deduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (de <k 
duco), to lead or bring down; to 
lead or bring forth, lead out, con- 
vey, conduct^ remove ; to bring, 
lead, accompany. Vigilias dedu- 
cere, to distribute or post watches. 

Deduct us, see Deduco. 

Defendo, ere, di, sum, tr., to keep 
or ward off, repel, avert ; to de- 
fend, protect, guard ; to maintain, 
support. 

Defensio, dnis,f (defendo), a de- 
fending, defence. 

Defenso, are, dvi, dtum, tr. frcq. 
(drfendo), to defend, protect. 

Defensor, oris, m. (defendo), a de- 
fender, protector. 

Defessus, a, um, adj. (de dkfessics), 
worn out, exhausted; weary, tired, 
faint. 

Deficio, ere, feci, fectum, intr. <k 
tr. (lie d: facio), to become faithless, 
revolt, rebel ; to fall off from, for- 
sake ; to let the spirits sink, be 
disheartened or discouraged, give 
up; to lose strength or power, be- 
come feeble, fail, be wanting ; to 
cea=e, perish, end. 

Defluo, ere, uxi, intr. (de 6: fiuo), 
to flow down or downwards. Fig- 
uratively, to pass away, come to an 
end, vanisli, go to waste, fall into 
decay. 

Defomxo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de 



DEGEEDIOE 



178 



DEPKECOR 



S formo), to deform, disfigure, 
spoil; to humble, bring low. 

Degredior, i, gressus, dep. (de <jc 
gradior), to go down, descend. 

Degusto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {de 60 
gusto), to taste, taste of. 

Dehinc, adv. {de 6: hinc), hence- 
forth, hereafter ; in the next place, 
then; afterwards. Primum — de- 
hinc, in the first place — in the 
second place. 

Dehor tor, dri, dtus, dep. {de <t 
hortor), to dissuade, advise to the 
contrary. With the 'mfinitive, to 
dissuade from, as: Flura scribere 
dehortatur me fortuna mea, my 
(miserable) fortune dissuades me 
from writing more. 

Dein, or Deinde, adv. {de d: inde), 
then, and then, after that, in the 
next place, afterwards, again ; 
henceforth, hereafter; thence, Pri- 
mum — deinde, in the fii'st place — 
in the second place. 

Deinceps, adv. {dein 6: capio), 
after that, then, in the next place ; 
successively. 

Delectus, a, urn, part., see Deligo. 
Adj., chosen, choice, select. As a 
nouii, Delecti, oruni, rn. pi., chosen 
men ; a select band of soldiers. 

Delectus us, 771. {deligo), a choos- 
ing, choice. Li military language, 
a levying: of soldiei^, a levy of sol- 
diei-s. Habere dclectum, to make a 
levy or draft of soldiers. 

Deleo, ere, evi, etum, tr., to blot 
out, expunge erase. Figuratively, 
to overthrow, destroy-. 

Delicice, drum, f. pi. {delicio), 
any thing that gratifies the senses, 
delight, enjoyment. 

Delictum, i, n. {delinquo), a fault, 
error, failure in duty, crime, of- 
fence. Delicta corrigere, to reform 
abuses. 

Deligo, ere, egi, ectum, tr. {de d: 
lego), to pick, choose, select. 

Delinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, tr. 
{de <£• linquo), to fail, fail in duty, 
do wrong, do amiss, transgress. 



Delubrum, i, n., a sacred place, 
sanctuary, shrine, temple. 

Dementia, ce, f. {demois), mad- 
ness, folly. Per dementiam, through 
madness, madly. 

Demissus, a, urn, part., see De- 
mitto. Adj., downcast, dejected, 
disheartened, sad, melancholy ; in 
low circumstances, humble, indi- 
gent. 

Demitto, ere, tnisi, missum, tr. 
{de <£• mitto), to send or let down, 
lower. Figuratively, to let sink. 
In pectus demittere, to let sink into 
the breast, that is, to impress deep- 
1}' upon the mind. 

Detno, ere, dempsi, demptum, tr. 
{de 6: emo), to take away, remove. 

Demum, adv., at length, at last, 
finally, in fine; onh', especially; 
certainly, indeed, in truth. Turn 
demum, then at length, not till 
then. « Ea demum Jirma amicitia 
est, that indeed is faithful friend- 
ship. 

Denego, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {de d: 
nego), to say "no" to any thing; 
to deny, not to suffer ; to refuse to 
give, refuse. 

Deni, ce, a, adj. pi. {decern), ten 
by ten, ten apiece, ten. 

Denique, adv., in fine, in a word ; 
at last, finally, at length. 

Depello, ere, pUli, puhum, tr. {de 
d: pello), to drive or thrust down ; 
to drive away, expel, remove, re- 
pel. 

Depono, ere, posui, posXtwn, tr. 
{de d pono), to lay or put down, 
lay, put ; to la}' aside, leave off, 
abandon, give up. 

Deprdvo, drc, dvi, dtum, tr. {de d 
pravo). to deprave, spoil, corrupt, 
pervert, seduce, vitiate. 

Deprccor, dri, dtuf, dep. {de d 
precor), to seek to avert by prayer 
or entreaty, beg to be freed or 
saved f»*om, deprecate ; to pray 
that some evil may be averted ; 
to say or acknowledge, at the same 
time deprecating or regretting 



DEPKEHENDO 



179 



DicTrro 



what is acknowledged. Postquam 
errasse regem deprecati sunty after 
they had said that the king, to 
their regret, had erred. 

Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, tr. (de 
(b preheudo), to take in the act of 
doing something wrong, detect, 
surprise, arrest, catch, seize; to 
discover, find out. 

Deprcssus, see Deprimo. 

Deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, tr, 
{de dc premo), to press down, weigh 
down ; to dig down, to sink. Fig- 
uratively, to depress, oppress. Lo- 
cus humi depressus, a place dug or 
sunk into the ground. 

Derelinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, tr. 
{de d; relinquo), to abandon, leave, 
desert ; to leave at one's death. 

Deacendi, ere, di, sum, intr. {de 6: 
scando), to go or come down, de- 
scend. Figuratively, to sink into, 
penetrate. 

Descensus, us, m. {descendo), a 
coming down; a descent. Qua 
illi descensus erat, where he was 
to come down. 

Desero, ere, nci, rtum, tr. {de 6: 
sera), to abandon, leave, desert, 
forsake; to leave off, break off, 
discont^inue, quit ; to fail. 

Desertus, a, um, see Desero. Adj., 
desert, uninhabited, lonely. 

Desidero, are, avi, dhim, tr., to 
desire, wish for, long for, strive to 
get ; to need. 

Desidia, cc, f. {deses), idleness, 
sloth, inactivity. 

Designatus, a, um, see Designo. 
Adj., elect, applied to the consuls 
and other officers from the time of 
their election till they entered upon 
the discharge of their offices. 

Designo, are, aii. Citum, tr. {de c£' 
signo), to mark, point out ; to sig- 
nify, mean ; to choose, elect, .ap- 
point. 

Desino, ere, slvi, situm, intr. {de (t 
sino), to cease, leave off, desist. 
Tr., to end, terminate. 

Desisto, erCy stitiy slitum, intr. 



{de d' sisto), to cease, give over, 
desist from. 

DespectuSy see Despicio. 

Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {de 
d: specio)y to look down upon 
Figuratively, to look upon with 
contempt, despise, contemn, dis- 
dain, throw contempt upon. 

Desum, deesse, defui, intr. irr. 
{de <£• sum), to be wanting or lack- 
ing, fail. Deest mihi, there is 
wanting to me, I lack. 

Deterreoy ere, ui, itum, tr.[{d€ d; 
terreo), to deter, frighten from, 
discourage, hinder. 

Detineo, ere, ui, entum, tr. {de d; 
teneo), to hold back, detain, stop ; 
to keep from, prevent, hinder. 

Detrecto, are, dvi, dtuTn, tr. {de ds 
tracto), to decline, refuse ; to speak 
ill o^ cast reproach upon, dispar- 
age. 

Detrime^itum, «, n. {detero), det- 
riment, damage, loss, harm. 

Deus, i, m. {plur., dei, dii, dh di — 
deis, diiSy do dis), a god. 

Dcvictus, see Devinco. 

Devimo, ere, vici, victum, tr. {de 
(£• vinco), to conquer, overcome, 
vanquish ; to make to yield, sacri- 
fice. 

Dexter, tra, trum, or tera, teruniy 
adj., right, on the right hand. 

D extra, ov Dexter a, ce, f. (sc. ma- 
nus), the right hand, right side, 
right Dextrdy sinistrdy on the 
right and left. ^ 

DextimuSy a, um, adj. sup. of 
dexter, the extreme right. Dex- 
timi, as a noUn, those stationed on 
the extreme right, the right wing. 

Dico, ere, ixi, ictum, tr. dc intr., 
to say, speak, tell, relate, set forth, 
narrate; to speak in public, make 
an address ; to appoint, agree to, 
fix upon. Dicere sententiam^ to 
give one's vote, vote. 

Dictito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. 
{dico), to speak or say often, assert 
frequently, say commonly, pre- 
tend. 



DICTUM 



180 



DISCERNO 



Dictuniy i, n. (dico), a word, 
Bpeech, expression ; a saying, pro- 
verb ; a response, proverb. 

Dictus, see Dico. 

Did id, see Disco. 

Diduco, ere, vxi, ctum, tr. {dis d: 
duco), to lead apart, draw aside ; 
to separate, ])ait, divide. 

Diductus, see Did^cco. 

Dies, ei, in. (sometimes also feini- 
nine in the sing.), a day; a time. 
Dies noctesgue, and die noctuque, 
by day and by night, day and 
night. In dies, from day to day, 
daily. Diei extrernum, the cloie 
of day, late in the day. 

D'ijfficllis, r, adj. (dis db faciiis\ 
difficult, hard, hard to reach. Dif- 
Jicilis aditu, difficult of access. 

DifficuUas, atis. /. (dijicilis), dif- 
ficulty, critical situation, trouble ; 
unfavorablencss. 

DifficuUer, adv. (difficilis), with 
difficulty. Haud difficultcr, with- 
out difficulty. 

Diffidentia, ce, /. (diffido), want 
of confidence, distrust, fear, de- 
spair. Diffidentiam rei simnlare, 
to pretend to despair of success. 

Dijfldo, tre, Jisns, semidep. (dis 
d: fido), to be diffident, want con- 
fidence, distrust, to despair of, 
give \ip as hopeless, to be anxious, 
be discouraired. 

Di(/nltas, dfis, f. (dignus), wortli, 
dignity, merit; high station, of- 
fice, honor, nobilil3\ 

Digmis, a, um, adj., worth}', de- 
serving; merited, deserved, suita- 
ble, meet. Non dicjnus, unworthy. 

Digredior, i, gressus, dep. (dis d: 
gradio), to separate, part, set off 
in different directions, depart; to 
go or turn aside. 

Digressus, see Digredior. 

Dilahor, i, lapsus (dis d' labor), 
to slip or glide different M'ays ; to 
run awa}*, be scattered, disperse ; 
to steal away, pass away ; to 
dwindle away, go to ruin, decay, 
vanish. 



Dilacero, drey dvi, dtuni, tr. (dis 
d: laccro), to rend in pieces, make 
havoc of, destroy. 

Dilapsu.% see Dilahor. 

Diligenter, adv. (diligens), dili- 
gently', attentively, industriously. 

Diligentia, a, f. (dtligens), dili- 
gence, attentiveness, industry. 

Dimidius, a, vm, adj. (dis cc me- 
dius), half. Dimidia pars, a half. 

Dimitto, ere, misi, missunt, tr. 
(dis d: mitto), to send away, dis- 
miss, let go, discharge ; to lay 
aside, pass over. 

Dimuveo, ere, niovi, vwtum, tr. 
(dis d: moveo), to separate, divide, 
remove. Figuratively, to alienate, 
estrange. 

Dirlmo, ^re, emi, emptwn, tr, 
(dis d: eino\ to take to pieces, sep- 
arate into [>arts, separate. Figur 
rativcly, to break off. interrupt, 
put a stop to ; to baffle, frustrate, 

Dirlpio, ere, ripni^ reptiitn, tr. 
(dis do rapio\ to tf ar asunder ; to 
lay waste, plunder, pillage, seize, 
carry off. 

Diruo, ire, ui, utum, tr. (dis dc 
ruo), to pull to pieces, pull down, 
demolish, destroy. 

Dis, an inseparable particle, de- 
noting separation (of a whole into 
pnrt.s or of several objicts from each 
othrr\ negation or apposition. 

DfS, see Deus. 

Discido, vre, ccssi, cessutn, intr. 
(dis dc cedo), to go away in differ- 
ent directions, separate, divide, 
depart ; to go, betake one's self ; 
to come o^ from a contest. Disee- 
dere victus, to come off conquered, 
be conquered. Ab ormis disce- 
dere, to lay down arras. Profu- 
gtis discedtre, to fly. In alimjxu 
sententiam discedire, to go over to 
the iiide of one, agree with one in 
opinion, assent to one's opinion. 

Discfpto^ dre, dvi, dtum, intr. 
(dis tl' capto), to contend, debate, 
dispute, discuss, treat 

Discemo, Ire, crfviy cretmn, tr. 



DISCrPLINA 



181 



DIVELLO 



(dis (b cerno\ to separate, divide, 
part. Figuratively, to distinguish, 
discern, determine. 

Disciphna, ce, f. (disco), instruc- 
tion, learning; science, skill, art; 
military discipline. 

Disco, ere, didici, tr., to learn, 
acquire a knowledge of, study ; to 
know, undeisiand. 

Discordia, ce, f. (discors), discord, 
dissension, a quarrel, strife, broil. 

Discordiosiis, a, um, adj. (discor- 
dia), pione to discord, turbulent. 

iJiscrlinen, mis, n. (discerno), 
that which divides or separates 
two things from each other, space, 
interval. Figuratively, difference, 
distinction. 

Disject us, see Disjicio. 

Disjlcio, ere, jeci, jectuin, tr. (dis 
c£' jacio), to cast asunder ; to scat- 
ter, discomfit, rout, defeat, 

Disjungo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (dis ds 
jungo), to disunite, separate, di- 
vide. 

Dispar, uris, adj. (dis do par), 
unequal, unlike, dissimilar. 

Dibpcrgo, tre, si, .mm, tr. (dis dc 
pargo), to scatter different ways, 
disperse, diffuse. 

Disp€rsui<, see Dispergo. 

Dispertio, Ire, Ivi, Ituin, tr. (dis 
ds partio), to distribute, divide. 

DixpOno, ^re, posul, posttum, tr. 
(dis d: pono), to place here and 
there, distribute, dispose, arrange, 
station. 

Disposlttis, see Dispono. 

Dissetisio, onis, f. (dissentio), a 
disagreement^ vaiiance, dissen- 
sion, dispute. 

Dissejitio, Ire, si, sum, vttr. (dis 
dc sentio), to be of a different 
opinion, dissent, disagree ; to be 
different. 

Dissero, ere, serui, sertum, intr. 
d: tr. (dis d: sero), to discourse, 
talk, debate, discuss ; to treat of, 
discuss, say, relate. 

Dissitnilis, e, adj., (dis d: similis), 
dissimilar, unlike, different 



Dissimitlter, adv. (dissi milts), 
differenth^ in a different manner. 
Haud dissimiliter, not differently, 
in a similar manner. 

Dissimulator, oris, m. (dissimu- 
lo), one who makes as though that 
were not which is, a dissembler. 

Dissimido, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
(dis d: simnlo). to make a thing 
appear to be what it is not, dis- 
semble, cloak, conceal, deny. 

Dissolvo, ere, solvi, solutiim, tr. 
(dis dc solvo), to loosen, separate, 
untie. Figuratively, to wear gra- 
dually aw^ay, terminate the life 
of. Dissolvi senectute, to die of old 
age. 

Distraho, ^re, ax?, actum, tr. 
(dis do traho), to draw different 
ways, pull asunder, separate. 
Figuratively, to perplex, distract. 
Animus multitudine distrahitur, 
the affections are divided by the 
great number [of them]. 

Distribuo, Sre, ui, utum, tr. (dis 
dc tribuo), to distribute, divide, 
place partly in one place and 
partly in another. 

Ditio, onis, /., power, rule, do- 
minion, authority. 

Diu, adv., com p. diutius, sup. 
diutisalme (ahl. of the obsolete dius, 
a day), by day ; long, for a long 
time. 

Dius, for divus, a god. Dius 
fdius, the god of faith, that is, 
Jupiter. Medius Jidius, or as one 
word, mediusfd(us, so help me Ju- 
piter, upon my honor, as sure as 
; heaven. The full form of the in- 
\ vocation would be, me dius fdius 
\ juvet. 

DiuturnXtas, dtis, f {diuturnus'), 
lonsj continuance, long duration. 

Diuturnus, a, um. adj. (diu), of 
long duration or continuance, long- 
continued, long, protracted. 

Divello, tre, vcJli d: vuhi, vul- 
sum, tr. (dis du vello), to pull asun- 
der, disjoin ; to tear away, separate 
bv violence. 



DIVERSE 



182 



DOMO 



Diversk, adv. (diversus), in differ- 
ent parts, here and there, in dif- 
ferent ways. 

Diversus, a, um, part, see Diver- 
io. Adj., turned in opposite direc- 
tions, opposite, contrary, contra- 
dictory, from different directions, 
in different places, separate, each 
for himself; different, unlike, in- 
consistent, various. Metu atque li- 
hidine diversus agitabatur, he was 
urged to opposite courses by fear 
and desire. Diversi agebant, they 
kept apart. Diverso itinere, in a 
different way. 

Diverto, ere, ti, sum^ tr. 6c intr. 
(dis (b verto), to turn different 
ways, turn aside. 

Dives, itiSy adj., rich, wealthy, 
opulent. 

Divido, ere, visi, visum, tr., to 
divide, part, separate ; to portion 
out, distribute. 

Divinus, a, um, adj. (diviis), be- 
longing to the gods, divine ; god- 
like, heavenly, inspired. Divina 
et humana omnia, all things di- 
vine and human, or religious and 
civil. 

Divisio, d7iis, f. (divido), a divi- 
sion, distribution. 

Divlsus,^ see Divido. 

Divitice, arum, f. pi. (dives), 
riches, wealth. 

Divulgo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (dis 
d' vulgo), to make public, spread 
the report of, divulge. 

Do, dare, dedi, datum, tr., to 
give, grants bestow, present, af- 
ford, offer, impart; to give up; 
to make, occasion; to show, ex- 
hibit. Negotium aliciii dare, to 
assign to an}- one the duty or post, 
to direct. Lit eras dare, to write 
a letter or letters, write to. Dare 
fidcm, to promise. Dare fidcm 
publicans, to pledge the public 
faith, to give a promise of pardon 
on the faith of the state. Dare 
poanas, to pay the penalty, be 
punished. JDare operam to take 



pains, exert one's self, take care. 
Dare dono, to give as a present, 
present. Dare se, to give up or 
resign one's €elf. Dare jusjuraii- 
dum, to take an oath, swear. 
PrcEceps dari, to be driven head- 
long into ruin, be ruined. 

Doceo, ere, ui, turn, tr., to teach, 
instruct, explain ; to tell, say. 
Doctus sum, I have been taught, I 
know. 

Docte, adv. (doctus), learnedly, 
skilfully, profoundly. 

Doctor, oris, m. (doceo), a teach- 
er, instructor, master. 

Doctus, a, um, part., see Doceo. 
Adj., learned, skilled, well-versed. 

Dorumeutum, i, n. (doceo), that 
which serves to teach, an exam- 
ple, instance; a proof, evidence. 

Dolejis, entis, part., see Doleo. 
Adj., causing pain or vexation, 
paijiful, galling, offensive. 

Doleo, ere, ui, itum^ intr., to be 
pained, grieve, sorrow, be sad or 
sorry. Tr. to grieve for, mourn, 
lament. 

Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), a painful 
sensation whether of body or 
mind, pain ; grief, sorrow, distress, 
anguish, indignation, resentment, 
anger. 

Dolus, i, in., a device, strata- 
gem, trick, fraud, artifice ; crafti- 
ness, subtlety, acuteness, design, 
Dolo an verk, treacherously or sin- 
cerely. 

Dominatio, on is, f. (dmninor\ 
rule, dominion, sovereignty, um- 
thority; tj-ranny, despotism, dom- 
ination, dictatorship. 

Dominor, dri, dtus, dep, (domi- 
nus), to be lord, rule, govern, 
domineer. 

Dom'inus, i, ni, (domus), the mas- 
ter of a house; a master, ruler, 
lord, tyrant 

Do}n1tus, a, um, part., sec Do- 
mo. Adj., tame. 

Domo, are, ui, itunt, tr., to make 
tame, tame, break ; to subdue. 



DOMUS 



183 



EDUCO 



conquer, overcome ; to make 
edS}^ 

I) 0771118, US f£* i, /., a house, 
dwelling, home ; one's native 
country. Do7ni, at home, at one's 
house. Domi militicequc, or domi 
hellique^ in peace and in war. 
Do/ni — ■fo7'is, at home — abroad. 
Do77iuin, after verbs of 77iotion, 
home. 

jDono, are, dvi, dtiwi, tr. (donujn), 
to give, present; to reward or 
honor with gifts, reward, honor. 

Donum, i, n. {do), a gift, pre- 
sent ; a bribe. Digmun dono, 
worthy the giving. Do7ia mili- 
tar?ay military rewards, ichich 
toere publicly bestowed 07i vieritori- 
ous soldiers. 

Dormio, Ire, Ivi, itutn, intr., to 
sleep, be asleep. 

Dubie, adv. (dubius), doubtfully, 
dubiously. Hated dubie, without 
doubt, undoubtedly, unquestion- 
ably. 

Bubitatio, onis, f (dubito), a 
doubting, hesitation, irresolution, 
indecision ; doubt, uncertainty. 
Per dubitationem, in indecision. 

Ditbito, are, dvi, aturn, intr., to 
doubt, be in doubt, be uncertain, 
hesitate, waver ; to be reluctant, 
be backward. 

Dubiutn, ?*, n. (dubius), doubt, 
uncertainty. Li dubio esse, to be 
in uncertainty, be at stake. 

Dubius, a, U7n, adj. (duo), doubt- 
ful, dubious, uncertain ; doubting, 
hesitating, wavering, undeter- 
mined ; dark, gloomy, dangerous. 
Dubice res, critical or untoward 
circumstances, a dangerous state 
of adaiis, troubles, difficulties. 
Dubia nisu, dangerous to attempt. 

Ducejiti, ce, a, nu7n. adj. (duo d: 
centum), two hundred. 

Duco, ere, xi, ctuin, tr., to lead, 
draw, conduct, take along ; to lead 
an army, march, command ; to pro- 
tract ; to appropriate to one's self, 
take, acquire ; to attract ; to think, 



hold, consider, regard, reckon, put; 
to impute, ascribe, attribute. Ne 
quis modestiain in conscientiam 
duceret, lest any one should im- 
pute my modesty to a conscious- 
ness of guilt. 

Ducto, are, dvi, dtu7n, tr. freq. 
(duco), to lead hither and thither, 
lead, command. 

Du77i, cojij. dc adv.y while, whilst, 
whilst that, during the time that, 
until, provided. I)u7n pararet^ so 
he could but obtain. 

Duo, ce, 0, num. adj., two. 

Duodecim, iium. adj. (duo <So de- 
ce77i), twelve. 

Duritia, ce, f (durus), hardness. 
Figuratively, an austere mode of 
life, severity of life, self-denial. 

Duum, gen. of duo. 

Dux, ducis^ 7/1., a leader, general; 
a guide. 

E. 

jF, prep, with the abL, see JEJx. 

Ed, adv. (properly abl. of is with 
via or parte omitted\ that way, 
through that place, in that v^ay. 

Eadei7i, adv. (properly abl. of 
ide7n with via or parte omitted), in 
the same way. 

Ecce, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 

Edlco, ere, xi, cium^ tr. dc inir. (e 
(£' dico), to speak out, make known, 
declare publicly ; to tell, order. 

Edictu77i, i, n. (edico), an edict, 
proclamation, order, charge» gene- 
ral order. 

Edit us, a, urn, part.^ see Edo. 
Adj., elevated, raised, high, lofty. 

Edo, ^re, edidi, edltu7ti, tr., to put 
forth, speak, show, declare, pub- 
lish, make known ; to raise, ele- 
vate. 

Edoceo, ere, cui, ctu7)iy tr. (e dt 
doceo), to instruct carefully, teach, 
direct, show, relate, make known, 
inform. 

Educo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (e db dtt- 
co)y to lead forth, draw out, draw. 



EFFECTUS 



184: 



EMORIOR 



Effectus, see Efficio. 

Effemino, are, dvl, dtum, tr. (ex 
ds femina), to make like a woman, 
render soft or effeminate, ener- 
vate. 

Effero, ferre, extuli, eldtum, tr. 
irr. {ex (b fero), to bring or carry 
forth, carry out; to produce, yield ; 
to reward, honor, exalt, promote. 
Se efferre, to pride one's self, be 
elated, be puffed up. 

Effetus, a, urn, adj. (ex d: fetus), 
past bearing young; worn out, 
exhausted, weak, feeble. 

Efficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. (ex 
(& facio), to bring to pass, give rise 
to, cause, effect; to accomplish, 
execute, perform, fulfil, complete, 
finish ; to make, cause to appear, 
cause to be. 

Effringo, ^re, fregi, fractum, tr. 
{ex 6u frango), to break, break 
open. 

Effarpo, ere, ugi, upXtum, intr. 
{ex dc fagio), to fly away, flee. Tr., 
to escape from, avoid, shun. 

Effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr. {ex 
<jc fimdo), to 2>our out, spill; to 
scatter, disy^erse ; to pour forth in 
crowds, rush forth. 

Effme, adv. {effusus), scatter- 
ingly, in loose order, far from one 
another. 

Efficsicfi, a, um, part., see EffiDido. 
Adj., dispersed, scattered here and 
there, in disorder, irregular, dis- 
orderly. Effusi consedere, witliout 
any regular order. 

Egens, part., see Egeo. Adj., desti- 
tute, needy, poor. 

Egeo, ere, ui, intr., to need, be in 
want of, stand in need of, be de- 
pendent upon, be destitute ' of, 
lack, be lacking in. 

Egestas, atis, f {egeo), want, in- 
digence, beggary, destitution. 

Ego, mei, pro., I. Nos, pL, we. 
Mecum, with me, within myself. 

Egomet, pro. inter., I myself. 
Nosmety we ourselves. TJie suf- 
fix met may he joined to all the 



cases of ego except the genitive 
plural. 

Egredior, i, gressus, dep. {e & 
gradior), to go out, depart ; to go 
out from, set forth from, leave ; to 
ascend, mount, climb; to ])asg 
over, cross, go beyond. Scalis 
egressi, having ascended by means 
of ladders. 

Egregius, a, um, adj. {e <t grex), 
distinguished, remarkable, excel- 
lent, eminent, egregious, noble, 
great. 

Egressiis, part., see Egredior. 

Egressus, us, m. {egredior), a 
going out ; a place to go out by, 
passage out. 

Eh£u, int., ah! alas! 

Ejectus, see Ejicio. 

Ejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. {e (b 
jacio), to cast out, expel, eject; to 
drive out, banish. 

Eleganter, adv. {elegans), elegant- 
ly, beautifully, nicely, gracefully. 

Elcphaiitus, i, m., an elephant. 

Eloqurntia, ce, f {eloquens), elo- 
quence. 

Emcntior, Iri, Itus, dep. (c <k men' 
tior), to put forth falsely, feign, 
fabricate. 

Emereo, ere, ui, itnm, tr., and 

Emereor, eri, ifus, d^p. {e d: me- 
reor), to merit by service, deserve ; 
to serve out one's time. Ho- 
mines cmeritis stipendiis, men who 
have completed their term of mili- 
tary service. 

Eminens, entis,part., see Emineo. 
Adj., high, lofty, eminent, project- 
ing. 

Emineo, ere, ui, i?itr., to rise 
above, stand out, project. 

Emmiis, adv. {e dc maiius), from 
a distance, at a distance, afar off. 

Emitto, ere, mlsi, missum, tr. {e 
dc mitto), to send out, send forth, 
let go ; to sling, hurl, throw. 

Emo, ere, emi, emptum, tr., to 
buy, purchase. 

Emorior, i, mortuus, dep. {e <t 
morior), to die away, die, perish. 



EMPTOR 



185 



ERIPIO 



Emptor, oris, m. {eino), a buyer, 
purchaser. 

En, int , see ! lo ! behold ! 

Enim, conj., for, indeed, no\v". 
At €ni7?i, but indeed, but, still — 
this expressio7i is elliptical, the 
enim referring to an omitted clause 
expressing the reason for what is 
asimmed. Eyiim vero, or as one 
word, enimvero, indeed, in truth, 
yes truly. 

Enisios, see Enitor. 

Enitesco, ere, tui, intr. {e^iiteo), 
to shine forth, be radiant. Figu- 
ratively, to become famous or dis- 
tinguished, distmguish one's self. 

Enitor, i, 7iisus, dep. (e d: nifor), 
to exert one's self, strive, struggle, 
endeavor. 

Enumero, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (e 
dh nuinero), to enumerate, reckon 
up, recount. 

Enuncio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (e d: 
nuncio), to announce, proclaim, 
declare; to disclose, reveal, di- 
vuloje. 

Eo, Ire, ivi, itum, intr., to go, 
march, proceed, travel. With a 
supine eo sometimes signifies I am 
going to, I intend, hut in depend- 
ent clauses it merely forms a cir- 
cumlocutio7i for the same te7ise of 
the verb from which the supine is 
derived, as ; perditum ire, to ruin, 
destroy; creptum ire, to take or 
wrest away. Ire pedibus^ to wal k. 
Ire pedibus i7i alicujus sententiam, 
to go over to the side of an}- one, 
to concur in opinion with any one. 
Contra injurias armatus ire, to ^o 
armed, that is, to take up arms 
against, 

Eo, adv. (is), to that place, 
thither; in that place, there; for 
that, for this, for this or that rea- 
son, therefore, fortius or that pur- 
pose. With comparatives, by so 
much, so much, the, a7iswering to 
quo; as, Quo 7nagis, eo minus — 
the more, the less. With ut or a 
genitive, so far, to such a pitch. 



pass, or degree, as : Eo 7nag7iitudi' 
7iis, to such a pitch of greatness. 

Eo, pro., see Is. 

Eodem, adv. {idem), to the same 
place, thither; to the same thing, 
to the same end or purpose, to the 
same. 

Epistola, cB,f, a letter, epistle. 

EpmlcB, driun, f pi., food, vic- 
tuals ; a feast, entertainment, ban- 
quet. 

Eques, itis, 7n. (equus), a horse- 
man, trooper. Equites, horsemen, 
horse soldiers; horse, cavalry; the 
knights, a Roman order of high 
ra7ik, to which both patricians and 
plebeians were eligible. 

Equester, tris, tre, adj. (eques), of 
or belonging to cavalry ; of or be- 
longing to the knights, equestrian. 
Equestrce prcelium, a battle of ca- 
valry-, cavalry battle. Or do eques- 
ter, the order of the knights, the 
equestrian order. 

Eqmdem, conf d* adv., ge7xerally 
with verbs of the first person, for 
m}^ part : indeed, surely, in truth. 

Equitdtus, us, m. (equito), a body 
of horsemen, a troop of horse, 
cavalry. 

Equito, are, dvi, dtum, i7itr. 
(eques), to ride on horseback. 

Equus, i, m., a horse. Equi 7inli' 
tares, war horses. Equo circuinire, 
to ride round. 

Erectus, a, 7im, part, see Erigo. 
Adj., erect, standing up, elevated , 
encouraged, animated, aroused, 
excited. 

Ereptus, see Eripio. 

Ergo, C071J., therefore, then. 

Erigo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. (e d: 
rego), to raise, lift up, elevate. 
Figuratively, to encourage, cheer, 
rouse. 

Eripio, ere, ipui, eptum, tr. (e (b 
ropio), to take away by force ; to 
obtain forcibh', take away, wrest, 
extort; to free, I'cscue, exti-icate. 
Fratri vita7n eripuit, has taken the 
life of my brother. 



ERRATUM 



186 



EX 



Erratum, i, n. (erro)y a mistake, 
error, fault. 

J^rrOy are, dvi^ atwn, intr.y to 
wander up and down, wander 
about, go astray. Figuratively, 
to err, fall into error, be mistaken. 

Erudio, Ire, Ivi d: ii, Itum, tr. {e 
<b rudio), to free from rudeness, 
instruct, inform, teach. 

Erudltus, a, mn, part., see Eru- 
dio. Adj., learned, instructed, Avell- 
informed, skilled, versed, erudite. 

Erumpo, ere, upi, upturn, tr. (e 
(b rumpo), to cause to break or 
burst forth. Intr., to break or 
burst fortli, sally forth. 

Escendo, ere, di, sum, intr. d: tr. 
{e dj scando), to climb, ascend. 

Et, conj., and, even, and truly, 
and especially. After wordi^ de- 
noting comparison, such as ceque, 
alius, par, idem, as. In adversative 
clauses it may sometimes be trans- 
lated but. Et, et, both, and; not 
only, but also. 

Etenim., conj. {et d: enim), for, 
for truly. The et refers to an ellip- 
sis recalling what had been said, aiid 
the enim introduces a clause, as- 
signing a reason for the same, so 
that etenim may be best translated 
by supplying the ellipsis, and this 
is the case, and rightl}^ and as- 
suredly, for. 

Etiam, conj. dc adv., also, and 
farther, likewise, even, still, yet. 
Etiamnunc, even now, even yet, 
still, as yet. Etiam atque etiam, 
again and again, over and over 
again, repeatedly. Etiam si, even 
it, although, though. 

Etiamtum, adv. {etiam dc tum), 
still at that time, still, as yet. 

Etricria, re, f, Etruria, now Tus- 
cany, a district in Central Italy. 

Eundo, gerund of Eo. 

Europa, ce, /., Europe, orie of the 
three great divisions of the ancient 
loorld. 

Evddo, ere, si, sum, intr. d: tr. {e 
dc vado), to go out ; to escape from. 



get away from, run away ; to make 
one's way, penetrate; to ascend, 
climb ; to turn out, end, result ; to 
become. Hue evadere, to come to 
this, end in this. 

Evenio, Ire, veni, ventum, intr. {e 
d; venio), to come out, come ; to fall 
out, happen, come to pass, turn 
out ; to fall to the share of, fall by 
lot to. 

Eventus, us, m. {evenio), an event, 
occurrence, accident, issue, result, 
end. 

Evocdtus, a, uin, part.^ see Evoco. 
As a noun evocati, orum, in. pi., 
re-enlisted veterans, that is, sol- 
diers who, though they had com- 
pleted their legal term of service, 
and icere hoinines emeritis stipen- 
diis, had still been induced to enlist 
again. 

Evoco, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {e d; 
voco), to call out, summon, invite. 

Ex or E {the latter used only be- 
fore consonanti<), prep, with the abl., 
from, of. Denoti?ig motion or ori- 
gin, out of, from. Denoting the 
material of which any thing is com- 
posed, of, out of Dtnoting change 
from a previous state, instead of, 
in the place of, after, from being, 
as : Ex summa Icetitia atque las- 
civia, repente omnes tristitia inva- 
sit, in place of the greatest joy, 
(fcc. Denoting a remote cause, 
from, in consequence of, on ac- 
count of^ as : Qui Africano cogno- 
men ex virtute fuit , on ac- 
count of his bravery or worth. 
Denoting conformity, according to, 
in accordance with, by, as: Ex 
voUintate, or ex sententia, accord- 
ing to one's wishes. In a partitive 
sense, of, among. Denoting time, 
from, after, immediately after; 
during. With an adjective it is 
often used adverbially, as : Ex im- 
proviso, unexpected I3', of a sud- 
den. Ex altera parte, on the 
other side. Ex itinere, on the 
way or march. Ex fug a, in or 



EXACTUS 



187 



EXPEDIO 



during the flight In composition, 
ex or e denotes privation, or it 
strengthens the meaning. 

Exactus, see Exigo. 

ExcjedificOy are^ avi, dtum, tr. [ex 
d' crdijieo), to build up, build. 

Excequo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ex 
(t cequo), to make equal, equal, 
equalize ; to share equally. 

Exagito, are, avi, dtum, tr. (ex <b 
agito), to drive out, Figuratively, 
to harass, vex, agitate, trouble; to 
excite, stir up, move deeply; to 
attack violently with words, scold, 
censure ; to debate, agitate, noise 
abroad, bruit. 

Excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. 
{ex do cedo), to go away, depart, 
withdraw, leave. 

Excelsus, a, nm, adj. {excello), 
high, lofty. In excelso cstatem 
agere, to pass one's life in high 
stations. 

Excio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. {ex <£' 
cio), and 

Excieo, ere, Ivi, itum, tr. {ex d: 
cieo), to call out ; to rouse, excite ; 
to lead, stimulate, induce. 

Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, tr. {ex 
d: capio), to receive, take up, ac- 
cept. 

Excito, are, avi, dtum, tr. freq. 
{ex d cio), to stir up, excite; to 
spur on, incite, stimulate. 

Excltus, d ExcXtus, see Excio 
dc Excieo, 

Excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
clamo), to cry out, exclaim, say 
with a loud voice. 

Excrucio, dre, dvi, dtitm, tr. {ex 
d crucio), to torture, rack ; to tor- 
ment, distress, afflict, pain. 

Excubo, dre, ui, itum, intr. {ex d 
cuho), to lie out of a house, sleep 
out of doors. Figuratively, to 
keep watch, stand sentry. 

Exemplum, i, n. {eximo), an ex- 
ample, precedent; a copy, trans- 
cript. 

Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {ex d 
arceo), to exercise, employ, occupy, 



pass ; to carry on, prosecute, man- 
age, conduct, control ; to make use 
of, use. Victoriam crudeliter exer- 
cere, to make cruel use of a vic- 
tory. Inimicitias cum aliquo ex- 
ercere, to be on terms of enmity 
with one. Neque gratiam aut 
inimicitias exercere, to be influ- 
enced neither by favor nor en- 
mity. 

Exercitdtus, a, um, part., see Ex- 
ercito. Adj., practised, trained, 
habituated, well versed. 

Exercito, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
{exerceo), to exercise, practise. 

Exercitus, part., see Exerceo. 

Exercitus, us, m. {exerceo), an 
army. 

Exigo, ere, egi, actum, tr. {ex d 
ago), to drive out or away. Figu- 
ratively, to pass, spend, finish, 
bring to a close, ^tatem or vitam 
exigere, to drag out one's life, 
spend one's life, end one's days. 

Existimo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
d cestimo), to judge, think, sup- 
pose, imagine ; to estimate, con- 
sider, hold to be. 

Exitium, i, n. {exeo), extinction, 
ruin, destruction. 

Exitus, us, m. {exeo), a going 
out, exit. Figuratively, a termina- 
tion, end, event, issue. 

Exopto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
opto), to wish for earnestly, strive 
after, desire. 

Exorior, Iri, ortus, dep. {ex d 
orior), to rise suddenly, spring up. 

Exorno, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
orno), to furnish, fit out, equip ; to 
adorn, dress up, deck out^ accou- 
tre ; to prepare rightly, dispose, 
arrange. Absolutely, to make pre- 
parations. Aciem exorndre, to 
draw up an army in battle array. 

Exortus, see Exorior. 

Expedio, ire, Ivi d ii, itum, tr. 
{ex d pes), to free one caught by 
the feet, as a bird ; to extricate, 
disentangle, liberate, unloose. Fig- 
uratively, to expedite, help along; 



EXPEDITIO 



188 



EXSTRUO 



to unfold, explain, set forth, nar- 
rate ; to make easy, bring to a 
successful issue, accomplish; to 
get ready, hold in readiness. 

JExpedifio, onis, f. {expedio), a 
militarj^ expedition, campaign. 

JExpedltus, a, um, part, see JEJx- 
pedio. Adj., unimpeded, unen- 
cumbered, without baggage. 

Expello, ere, puli, pulsitm, ir. 
{ex dc pello), to drive out, drive 
away, expel. 

Expergiscor, i, experrectus, dep. 
{expergo), to awake, rouse one's 
self, be watchful. 

Experimentum, i, n. (experior), 
experiment, trial; experience. 

Experior, Iri, experius, dep., to 
try, make experience of, test, 
prove; to use, exercise, make 
use of. 

Experrectwi, see Expergiscor. 

Expers, tis, adj. {ex d: pars), 
having no part in, free from, des- 
titute, deprived of. 

Expertus, see Experior. 

Expllo, are, dvi, dtwn, tr. {ex (k 
pilo), to plunder, rob, pillage. 

Expldno, are, dvi, dticm, tr. {ex 
& piano), to make even or smooth. 
Eiguratively, to make clear, plain, 
or intelligible, explain, interpret, 
relate, tell. 

Expleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. {ex <k 
the obsolete pleo), to fill up, fill 
full. Eigurativeli/, to fulfil a de- 
sire, gratify, satiate, load. 

Explordtus, a, urn, part., see Ex- 
ploro. Adj., certain, sure. Panmi 
exploratwn est, it is not certain, 
not clearly known. 

Exploro, dm, dvi, dtimi, tr. {ex d: 
ploro), to search diligently, spy 
out, search, examine, explore; to 
reconnoitre, find out, ascertain. 

Expono, ere, posui, pos\timi, tr. 
{ex d' pono), to set out, expose, 
display. Figuratively, to explain, 
describe, relate, tell. 

Expugno, dre, dvi, dtum^ tr. {ex 
& pugno), to carry by assault, take 



by storm, capture; to conquer, 
overcome, vanquish. Expiignaro 
armis, to take by storm. 

Expulsus, see Expello. 

Expnrgo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
6c pur go), to cleanse, clean, purify. 
Figuratively, to clear from suspi- 
cion, show to be innocent, excul- 
pate, justify. 

Exquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, 
tr. {ex d: quan-o), to inquire into, 
search out, explore, examine; to 
ask, inquire. Exquirere senten- 
tias, to take the opinions or votes. 

Exquisltus, see Exquiro. 

Exsanguis, e, adj. {ex dc sanguis), 
bloodless, pale, pallid ; lifeless, ex- 
hausted, weak. 

Exsecratio, onis, f. {exsecror), an 
asseveration, imprecation, oath. 

Exsecror, dri, dtus, dep. {ex dc 
sacro), to invoke curves upon, utter 
imprecations against, execrate. 

Exsequor, i, cutiis, dep. {ex dc 
sequor), to follow to the end, pro- 
secute, pursue ; to carry out, exe- 
cute, accomplish ; to imitate. 

Exsilium, i, n. {ex d: solum), 
exile, banishment, 

Exspectatio, onis,f. {exspecto\ a 
looking for, expectation, anticipa- 
tion. 

Exspecto, dre, dvi, dttiin, tr. db 
intr. {ex c£' specto), to look out ; to 
look for, wait for, expect; to hope 
for, wait for, be dependent upon. 

Exspolio, dre, dvi^ dtwn, tr. {ex 
d: spulio), to rob, plunder, pillage, 
strip, despoil. 

Exstinctor, oris, m. {exstinguo), 
a destroyer, murderer. 

Exstiyictus, a, um, part., see Ex- 
stinguo. Adj., extinct, decayed, 
obscured. 

Exstinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, ir, 
{ex dc stinguo), to put out, extin- 
guish ; to extirpate, cut off, put to 
death. 

Exstruo^ ere, uxi, ctum, tr, {tx dt 
struo), to build up, erect, con- 
struct, heap up. 



EXSUL 



189 



FACIO 



JExsulj ulis, c. g. (ex dc solum), 
one banished frojn his country, an 
exile. 

Exsulto, are, avi, atuni, intr. 
freq. (exsilio\ to leap, jump up; 
to leap with joy, dance, rejoice, 
exult. 

ExsuperOy are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
{ex d: supero), to be or appear 
above. Tr., to surpass, excel, 
outdo. 

Exsurgo, ere, surrexl, sur rectum, 
intr. {ex <k surgo), to rise up, rise ; 
to prepare for defence, take cour- 
age. 

Extenuo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
(b tenuo), to make thin, extenuate. 

Exter 6: Exterus, a, um, comp. 
exterior, sup. extremus, adj. {ex), 
that is without, outward, exter- 
nal, foreign. See Exterior <Sc Ex- 
tremus. 

Extollo, ere, tr. {ex d: toUo), to 
lift or raise up, elevate. Figura- 
tively, to raise to high stations, 
promote ; to praise, glorify, extol. 
Extollere verbis or laudibus, to 
praise, extol, magnify. 

E.vtorq2ieo, ere, si, turn, tr. {ex <Sc 
torqueo), to take away by force, 
wrest, extort. 

Extorris, e, adj. {ex <h terra), 
banished, driven from, exiled. 

Extra, prep, ivith the ace., with- 
out, outside of, out of, not con- 
cerned in. 

Extremum, i, n. {e.xtremus), the 
extremity, latter end, close ; the 
verge, brink. Esse or situs esse in 
extremo, to be brought to the last 
extremity. In montis extremo, at 
the foot of the mountain. 

Extremus, a, nm, adj. sup. of ex- 
ter or exterus, extreme ; very or 
most remote ; the last or latest ; 
the utmost. E.r,tremum agnien, 
the hiudermost part of the army, 
the rear. Exirema dementia, the 
height of madness. Primos et ex- 
tremos locare, tp station in the 
front and the rear, 



Exuo, ^re, ui, utum, tr., to strip 
off, strip, dispossess. 

ExurOy ere, icssi, ustum, tr. {ex <Ss 
uro), to burn, scorch, parch, burn 
up. 

Exustus, see Exuro 



Fahius, i, m., see Sang a. 

Facetice, drum, f. pi. {facetus), 
pleasantry, wit, facetiousness. 

Fades, ei, f. {facio), the form, 
figure, exterior ; the face, coun- 
tenance, visage; the appearance, 
aspect. 

Facile, adv. {facilis), easily, 
without difficulty ; readily, assur- 
edly. Haud facile, not easily, with 
difficulty; seldom. 

Facilis, e, adj. {facio), that can 
be done, practicable ; easy, with- 
out difficulty; affable, pleasing, 
agreeable^ 

Facilitas, dtis, f (facilis), faci- 
lity, easiness; atfability, complai- 
sance, disposition to oblige, socia- 
bility. 

Facinerosus, a, um, adj. (facinus), 
wicked, atrocious. 

Facmus, oris, n. (facio), a great 
or bold action, whether good or 
had ; a deed, exploit, achievement; 
enterprise ; a wicked action, wick- 
edness, crime, villany. Rei mili- 
taris facinora, military exploits. 
Belli yacmora, warlike measures. 

Facio, Sre, feci, factum, tr., to 
make, do ; to form, build ; to cause 
to be, render ; to invent, feign ; to 
hold, value. Intr., to act, perform 
deeds. Facere and its accusative 
often form a circumlocution for a 
simple verb, as : Facere fugam, to 
fly ; pugnam or prcelium, to fight ; 
verba, to speak, sa}' ; deditionem, to 
surrender. Facere optionem, to 
give a choice or allow to choose. 
Farum facere, to do too little, not 
to give sufficient attention to. 



FAOTIO 



190 



FASCIS 



Bene facere^ to do well, act for the 
good of, benefit. Nihil reliqui 
facere, to leave no-thing. Gra- 
tiam facer e, to grant pardon, over- 
look ; to give liberty to do, per- 
mit. Fac cogites, reflect, consider. 
Facto opus est, there is need of 
action. Quid facto opus est, what 
must or ought to be done. 

Factio, onis, f (facio), a com- 
bination for ambitious purposes, 
union, association ; a faction, 
party, side ; party discipline. 

Facfiosus, a, um, adj. (factio\ 
possessing power by means of 
party, powerful, influential ; seek- 
ing power by means of party, 
seditious, factious, turbulent. 

Factum, i, n. (facio), a deed, 
act, action ; conduct, proceedings, 
enterprise. Optimum factum est, 
it is the best thing or way, it is 
best. 

Fact us, see Facio. 

Facundia, ce, f. {facundus), elo- 
quence. 

Facundus, a, um, adj. {fari), 
eloquent. 

Fcesulce, drum, f pi., Faesulai 
now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, 
situated on a hill three rniles from 
Florence. 

Fccsulanus, a, um, adj., belonging 
to Fa3sulae, Faesuhin. As a noun, 
a FiBsulan, an inhabitant of Fae- 
sulae. 

Fallacia, ce, f {fallax), deceit, 
intrigue, artifice, craft. 

Folio, ere, fefelli, falsum, tr., to 
deceive, cheat, delude ; to disap- 
point, elude. Intr., to be faithless, 
desert. Me animus fallit, xs\y 
mind deceives me, I am mistaken. 
Nee me fallit, I am not mistaken, 
I well know. Falsum habere, to 
deceive, the same as fallere. 

Faho, adv. (falsus), falsely, 
without reason or cause, unjustly. 

Falsus, a, um, part., see Fallo. 
Adj., deceived, mistaken ; feigned, 
untrue, groundless, false ; false. 



deceitful, faithless, treacherous. 
Pro falsis habere, to consider as 
false. 

Fama, ce, f, a report, rumor, 
talk ; fame, reputation, character ; 
good fame, renown ; ill fame, in- 
famy ; abuse ; the common opin- 
ion or belief 

Fames, is, f, hunger. 

Familia, ce [after pater, mater, 
ov filius, gen. ends in as'], f {famu- 
lus), the slaves belonging to one 
master, one's dependants ; a fam- 
ily ; a band, company. 

Familidris, e, adj. {familia), of 
or belonging to the house, house- 
hold ; belonging to the same 
family, intimate, close, friendly, 
familiar. As a noun, a confiden- 
tial friend, acquaintance, confi 
dant. Res or opes familiar es, 
family estate, property, means. 

Familiaritas, dtis, f {famili- 
aris), confidential intercourse, in- 
timacy, familiarity, friendship. 

Familiariter, adv. {familiaris), 
confidentially, familiarly, on fami- 
liar terms, in a friendly manner. 

Famdsus, a, um, adj. {fama). 
that is much talked of; in a good 
sense, famous, notorious ; in a 
bad sense, infamous, notoriously 
bad. 

Fanum, i, n. (fari), a place con- 
secrated to a god, tenaple, sanc- 
tuar^^ 

Fas, n. indec, that which is in 
accordance with divine law, or the 
laws of nature, divine law, jus- 
tice, right. Jus fasque, human 
and divine law. 

Fascis, is, 771., a bundle, fagot. 
Fasces, pL, the fasces, a bundle of 
rod^s ivith an axe in the middle, 
which the lictors carried before the 
higher Uoman magistrates, particu- 
larly the consuls, as an emblem of 
their power to scourge and behead. 
Fasces corripere, to seize upon the 
fasces or the consulship, o/tcAtcA 
the fasces icere the emblem. 



FATEOR 



191 



FIDES 



Fateor, eri, fa^ism, dep., to con- 
fess, avow, acknowledge. 

Fatlgo, are, dvi, dtiwi, tr., to tire, 
weary, fatigue; to tease, worry, 
harass, urge importunately; to 
call into intense exercise or weari- 
some activity. Animum faticfare, 
to weary one's mind, puzzle one's 
brain. Se fatigando, by wearying 
one's self, after all one's exer- 
tions. 

Fatum, i, n. (fari), a prophecy, 
prediction, response of an oracle ; 
fate, destiny. Oui fatmn foret, 
whose destiny it w^as, who was 
destined. 

Fauces, ium, f. pi., the upper 
part of the throat, phar3mx, 
throat; a narrow passage, pass, 
defile. Faucibus urget, is at our 
throats, is upon us. 

Fautor, oris, m. (faves), a favor- 
er, partisan. 

Faveo, ere, favi, fautmn, intr., to 
be fovorable to, favor, counte- 
nance, befriend. 

Favor, oris, m. {faveo), favor. 
AUcui favorem addere, to bring 
into higher favor. 

Februarius, a, um, adj. ( febru- 
um), relating to the month Febru- 
ary, of February. 

Feliciter, adv. [felix), happily, 
fortunately, successfully. 

Felix, wis, adj. {obs. feo), happy, 
fortunate, luck}-, successful. 

Fera, w, f. (ferus), a wild beast. 
Fere, adv., almost, nearly, about ; 
generall}^, for the most part. 

Ferentarii, drum, m. pi., light- 
armed troops. 

Ferinus, a, um, adj. ( fera), of or 
belonging to a wild beast, of wild 
animals. 

Ferio, ire, tr., to strike ; to strike 
down, cut down, pierce, kill. Arie- 
tibus ferire, to strike with batter- 
ing-rams, to batter. 

Ferme, adv. (fere), almost, near- 
ly, about ; generally, usually. 
FerOf ferrCf tuli^ latum^ tr.^ to 



bear, carry, bring ; to carry away ; 
to lead, draw, drive ; to endure, 
tolerate, sustain ; to extol, exalt ; 
to say, report ; to propose ; to 
represent, point out as ; to bring 
forth, produce. Intr., to direct, 
incline, dispose. Fertur, it is said. 
Animus fert, the mind inclines, 
one's inclination leads. TJti fors 
tulit, as chance has brought about, 
according as it happens. 

Ferocia, ce, f, {ferox\ ferocity, 
fierceness. 

Ferociter, adv. {ferox), fiercely, 
savagely ; impetuously, insolently, 
violently. . 

Ferox, ocis, adj. (fero), bold, in- 
trepid, dauntless ; haughty, head- 
strong, insolent; savage, fierce, 
ferocious. 

Ferrum, i, n., iron, any iron in- 
strument, particularly a sword. 
Figuratively, war, strife. In san- 
guine, ferro, fuga, in blood, strife, 
(fee. 

Fertilis, e, adj. (fero), fertile, 
fruitful, productive ; abundant, 
rich. 

Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, savage. 
Figuratively, barbarous, rude, 
rough, uncivilized, fierce. 

Fessus, a,um, adj., wearied, tired, 
worn out. 

Festino, are, dvi, dtum, intr, 
(festinus), to make haste, hasten, 
be in a hurry, press forward ; to 
hurry to and fro, be in a flurry. 
Tr., to do with speed, execute 
speedily, accelerate. 

Festus, a, um, adj., festive, festi- 
val. Dies festus, a holiday, fes- 
tival. 

Fictus, a, um, part., see Fingo, 
Adj., feigned, fictitious, false, in- 
sincere. Ficta loqui, to speak in- 
sincerely or hypocritically. 

Fidelis, e, adj. {fides), faithful, 
true, sincere. 

Fideliter, adv. (f delis), faith- 
fully, truly, honestly, sincerely. 
Fides, H, f. {fld6\ faith, trusty 



FIDIUS 



192 



FLECTO 



confidence ; faithfulness, fidelity ; 
honor, honesty, truthfulness, ve- 
racity; credit; credibility; an as- 
surance, pledge, protection, help, 
assistance. Fnnica fides^ Punic 
faith, that is, bad faith, perfidy, 
which, according to the Romans, was 
a characteristic of the Carthagi- 
nians. Res fidesque, property and 
credit, cash and credit. Fidem 
facere, to give credibility. Fids 
publica, under a public pledge [of 
safety]. Pro d^um atque hominiim 
Jidein, witness gods and men ! 

Fidius, adj. (fides), of good faith. 
It is found only in the for mid a me- 
dius fidius. See Dius. 

Fido, ere,flsus, semidep., to trust 
to, rely upon, have confidence in. 

Fiducia, ce, f (fido), tiust, confi- 
dence, reliance. 

Fidus, a, um, adj. (fides), faith- 
ful, trustworthy, to be relied on, 
reliable. 

Figulus, i, ni., Caius Marcius Fi- 
gulus Thermus, a Roman loho held 
the consulship ivith L. Cccsar, 64 
B.C. 

Figura, ce, f (fingo), form, fig- 
ure, shape ; likeness, image. 

Filia, ce, f (fiJius), a daughter. 

Filius, i, m., a son. Filius fa- 
milias^ an unemancipated son, that 
is, a so7t who is still under the aic- 
thority of his father and has no 
household of his oivn. In Rome a 
son could he freed from the power 
of his father, which extended even 
over his life^ only by the death or 
banishment of the father, or by 
what was called emancipation, that 
is, a fictitious thrice repeated selling 
of the son. 

Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, tr.y to 
form, fashion, make ; to figure to 
one's self, imagine ; to invent, feign. 
Verba fingere, to make a fictitious 
stor}^ relate what is untrue. 

Finis, is, c. g., the end; an end, 
boundary, limit. Fines, pi., bound- 
aries, limits ; a territory, country. 



Finem statuere, to set a boundary, 
impose a limit, put a stop. Finem 
facer e, to make an end ; to make 
the end, that is, to be the end or 
result of. 

Finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis), ad- 
joining, neighboring. As a noun^ 
fi.7ilti7m, drum, m. pi., neighbors, a 
neighboring people. 

Fio, fi^ri, f actus, irr. pass, offa- 
cio, to bo made or done; to be 
formed ; to be conmiitted ; to he- 
come ; to take place, happen, come 
to pass ; to be elected ; to be. 
Fit, imp.y it happens. 

Firmo, are, avi, atum, tr. (fif- 
mus), to make firm or strong ; 
streiigthen, secure, fortify, guard, 
man ; to confirm, encourage. 

Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady, 
stable, strong, secure. Figurative- 
ly, steadfast^ inflexible, bold, deter- 
mined ; constant, faithful, to be 
depended upon. 

Flaccus, i, m., Marcus Fulvius 
Flaccus, a Roman consul 125 B.C. 
and a friend of the Gracchi. 

Flaccus, i, m., Lucius Valerius 
Flaccus, a Roman prcetor during 
the considship of Cicero. By his 
ability and military skill he was of 
great service i?i crushing the conspi- 
racy of Catiline. 

Flagitiosus, a, um, adj. (fiagi- 
tium), shameful, disgraceful, dis- 
honorable, wicked, base, profli- 
gate. 

Flagitium, i, n. (fiagito), a shame- 
ful action, disgraceful crime ; 
shamefulness, infamy, dishonor. 

Flagro, are, dvi, dtum^ intr.y to 
burn, be on fire. Figuratively, to 
burn icith passion or desire^ be in- 
flamed, be ardent. 

Flamini^is, i, ni., Caius Flami- 
nius Flamma, a confederate of 
Catiline's. 

Flamina, ce, f, SL ^ame. Figura- 
tively, ardent desire, flame, ardor. 

Flee to, Sre, xi, xum^ tr.^ to bend, 
turn, change, alter. 



FLEXUS 



193 



FKATERNUS 



Flexus, see Flecto. 
Florens^ ejitis, party see Floreo. 
Adj., flourishing, prosperous, hap- 
py. RcR forentes, prosperous af- 
fairs or circumstances, prosperity. 
Floreo^ ere, id, intr. (flos), to 
bloom, blossom. Figuratively, to 
flourish, be in a flourishing condi- 
tion, prosper. 

Fluctus, us, m. (fiuo), a wave. 
Flumen, mis, n. \jiuo), a stream, 
river. 

Flxio, ere, uxiy uxum, intr., to 
flow. 

Fluxus, a, um, part., see Fluo. 
Adj., fleeting, transient, incon- 
stant, unfixed, unsettled, pliant, 
weak, ductile. 

Focus, i, 7n.y a hearth; a fire- 
side, home. 

Foedc, adv. (fcedus), basely, dis- 
gracefully ; cruelly, horribly. 

Foedm, a, um, adj., foul, filthy, 
nasty ; ugly, deformed, unsightly, 
ghastly, gloomy, wild ; base, dis- 
graceful, shameful, vile, cruel. 

Fcedus, ^ris, n., a league, treaty, 
alliance. 

Fcenerdtor, oris, m. {fcenero), a 
money-lender, an usurer. 

Fons, tis, m., a fountain, spring, 
well. 

For em., es, et, d:c., def. verb, the 

same as Fssem, I might or should 

be. Fore, inf., to be about to be ; 

to happen, come to pass; with a 

subject accusative, would be or 

would happen. Nunquam ego ra- 

tus sum fore, I never thought it 

would happen. 

I Foris, adv., out of doors, away 

I from home ; in foreign parts, 

j abroad. 

j Forma, ce,f., form, figure, shape; 
{ beauty of person, a comel^^ form, 
j beauty. 

I Formldo, mis, f, fear, terror, 
I dread ; a cause of terror, intimi- 
. dation; an object of dread or ap- 
! prehension, terror, bugbear. For- 
midinem addere ov facer e^ to excite 
9 



or inspire fear. Formidinem os- 
tentare, to hold out intimidation, 
that iSy to try to intimidate with 
threats. 

Formidolosus, a, um, adj. {for- 
mido), causing fear, fearful, fright- 
ful, terrible. 

Fornix, icis, m., an arch, vault. 

Fors, tis, f, chance, fortune, 
luck. Forte, abl, by chance, acci- 
dentally, casually ; peradventure, 
perchance, perhaps. 

ForsXtan, adv., (fors sit an), per- 
haps, perchance. 

Fortis, e, adj., brave, gallant^ 
valiant, bold, courageous. Fortia 
facta, gallant deeds, bold achieve- 
ments. 

Fortitudo, mis, f. (fortis), brave- 
ry, courage, valor, resolution, for- 
titude. 

Fortuna, ce, f (fors), chance, 
fortune, luck; one's lot, rank, cir- 
cumstances, condition; good luck, 
fortune ; bad luck, misfortune. 
Personified, Fortuna, the goddess 
of fortune. Fortunes, one's cir- 
cumstances, lot, condition, proper- 
ty, estate, fortune. 

Fortundtus, a, um, adj. (properly 
part, of Fortuno, to make happy), 
fortunate, lucky, happy, prosper- 
ous. 

Forum^ «', w., a market-place, 
market ; a market-town, mart ; 
the Forum, a large open space in 
Rome where assemblies of the peo- 
ple were held, and public business 
of various kinds transacted. 

Fossa, ce, f (fodio), a ditch, 
fosse. 

Fragilis, e, adj. (frango), easily 
broken, brittle; liable to be de- 
stroyed, not firm or lasting, frail, 
unsubstantial. 

Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, tr., 
to break, bi*eak in pieces. Laquea 
gulam f rang ere, to strangle. 

Frater, tris, m., a brother. 

Fraternus, a, um^ adj. (frater), 
fraternal, brotherly. Invidiafra- 



FRAUS 



194 



FUR 



terna^ the odium of his brother, 
that i,% the odium under which his 
brother had fallen. 

Fraus, fraudis, f., fraud, deceit, 
dishonest}^, treachery ; loss, dam- 
age, harm, injury; a crime, fault; 
punishment. Sine fraude^ without 
harm or risk, with impunity. 

Fregi^ see Frango. 

Frequens, tis, adj., that occurs 
often, frequent; in great num- 
bers, numerous, many ; thickly' 
settled, populous ; in close array ; 
assembled in great numbers, in 
full assembly, full. Frequens Nu- 
midia, the populous [part, of] 
Numidia. 

Frequentdtus, a, um, part., see 
Frequento. Adj., frequent, usual, 
common ; frequented, inhabited 
by great numbers, much visited. 

Frequcntia, ce, f. {frequens), a 
great number, crowd, multitude, 
concourse, assemblage. Magna 
frequentia^ a numerous assem- 
blage, full meeting. 

Frequento, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
{frequens), to visit often, go to 
often, resort to habitually, fre- 
quent ; to crowd, fill ; to attend 
upon, follow after. 

Fretum, i, n., a strait. Fretmn 
Maris et Oceani, the strait [con- 
necting] the Mediterranean ard 
the Ocean, that is, the straits of 
Gibraltar. 

Fretus, a, urn, adj., trusting to, 
relying upon, depending upon. 

Frigus, oris, n., cold, coolness. 

Frons, tis, f, the forehead, 
brow ; the forepart, front. Frons 
aciei, the front of the army, the van. 

Fructus, us, m. {fruor), fruit, 
produce ; the fruit of one's indus- 
try, reward, profit, advantage, 
benefit; use. 

Fn-uynentor, dri, dtus, dep. {fru- 
nientum), to go foraging, forage. 

Frumentum, i, n. {fruor), corn, 
grain of all kinds, but particularly 
wheat and barley, forage. 



Fruor, i, fructus d: fruitus, dep.y 
to enjoy ; to enjoy the fruits of. 

Frustra, adv., in vain, to no 
purpose. Frustra esse, to be frus- 
trated or disappointed, be unsuc- 
cessful, fail. Frustra discedere, 
to depart without accomplishing 
one's purpose. 

Frustror, dri, dius, dep. {frus- 
tra), to deceive, disappoint, frus- 
trate. Passively, to be disappoint- 
ed, miss one's aim. Jugurtham 
spes frustrata [est'\, Jugurtha's 
hope disappointed him, that is, 
Jugurtha was disappointed in his 
expectations. 

Frux, frugis, f {fruor), fruit, 
the produce of the fields. 

Fudi, see Fundo. 

Fuga, ce, /., a flight ; flight from 
one's country, exile, banishment ; 
dismay. Fugam facere, to fly ; to 
put to flight. 

Fugio, ere, fugi, intr., to flee, 
fly, run away. Tr., to fly in or- 
der to escape, shun, avoid. 

Fugitlvus, a, um, adj. {fugio), 
fugitive, runaway. As a noun, a 
fugitive. 

Fugo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to put 
to flight, rout, discomfit. 

Fui, see Sum. 

Fulvia, ce, f, Fulvia, the mis- 
tress of Q. Curius, one of Catiline's 
con sp I rators. She di vulged the plot 
to Cicero. 

Fulvius, i, nu, Aulus Fulvius, 
the S071 of a Roman senator. He 
was arrested on his way to join the 
army of Catiline, and pui to decUh 
by order of his father. 

Fulvius, i, nu, Marcus Fulvius 
Flaccus, see Flaccus. 

Funditor, oris, in, {funda), a 
slinger. 

Fundo, ^re, fiidi, fu^tm, tr., to 
pour, pour out In military lan- 
guage, to overthrow, vanquish, 
discomfit, rout 

Fur, fiiris, e.g., a thie£ Far 
ararii, a peculator. 



I 



rURIBUNDUS 



195 



GLANS 



FurihunduSj a, urn, adj. (furo), 
raging, furious, mad. 

Furius, i, m., Publius Furius, one 
of Catiline^ s conspirators^ distin- 
guished for his energy and cour- 
age. 

Furor, oris, m. (furo), rage, 
fury, madness. 

Furtim, adv. {fur), by stealth, 
furtively, secretly, by secret in- 
trigue. 

Fusus, see Fiifido. 

Futurus, a, um, part., see Sum. 
Adj., future. 



G. 

Gahinius, i, m., Publius Gabi- 
nius Capito, a Roman of equestrian 
rank, ivho suffered death as art ac- 
complice of Catiline. 

Gcetuh'.s, a, um, adj., Getulian, 
of or belonging to, the Gaetuli or 
Gaetulia. Asanoun, Gcetuli, drum, 
m. pi., the Getulians. Gcetulia was 
a large country lying south of Nu- 
midia and corresponding in part 
loith the modern Beledelgerid. 

Gallia, ce, f, Gaul. Gallia cite- 
rior, see Citerior. Gallia ulterior, 
see Ulterior. 

Gallicus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to the Gauls, Gallic. 

Gallus, i, m., a Gaul. 

Ganea, ce, f, a pot house, eating 
house ; a brothel ; gluttony ; de- 
bauchery. 

Ganeo, onis, m. (ganea), a glut- 
ton, reveller, debauchee. 

Gauda, ce, m., Gauda, a Numi- 
dian, the son of Manastahal and 
grandson of Masinissa. 

Gaudeo, ere, gavisus, semidep., 
to rejoice, be glad ; to take pleas- 
ure in, delight in. 

Gaudium, i, ??., (gaudeo), joy, 
pleasure, delight, gratification. 
Corporis gaudia, sensual pleasures. 

Gemitus, us, m. (gemo), a groan, 
sigh. 



Generosus, a, um, adj. (gemis), 
of noble birth, high-born ; noble- 
minded, generous, brave. 

Geus, tis, f, a gens or clan, iri- 
cluding several Roman families all 
of which had a common nomen, 
hut ivere distinguished from each 
other by their several cognomens ; 
a race, people, nation. 

Genus, eris, n., a race, tribe, 
family, stock, kind, blood, nation ; 
a class, sort, quality, description. 
Genus hominum, man, men ; the 
people of a country, the natives. 
Materno genere, on his mother's 
side. 

Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, tr., to 
carry, bear ; to show, exhibit ; to 
do, perform, carry on, prosecute, 
push; to administer, manage, rule, 
conduct, defend ; to treat. Se 
gerere, to bear one's self, conduct 
one's self Bellum gerere, to wage 
or carry on a war. Consulatum 
gerere, to administer the consul- 
ship, be consul. With animvm, 

to bear or be of . Gerere 

animum super fortunam, to bear a 
mind above one's fortune, that is, 
to indulge aspirations above one's 
condition. Resgestce, things done, 
public events or occurrences, great 
or warlike deeds, exploits, achieve- 
ments. Dum hcec geruntur, while 
these are doing or are going on. 

Gestus, see Gero. 

Gignentia, ium, n. pi., herbage, 
vegetation, plants. 

Gigno, ere, genui, genitum, tr., 
to generate, beget, produce. Gig- 
ni, to be born, spring, grow. Ad- 
herbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese ge- 
nuit, he had of his own offspring 
Adherbal and Hiempsal. 

Gladiator ius, a, um, adj., (gla- 
diator), gladiatorial. Familia gla- 
diator ia, a band of gladiators. 

Gladius, i. m., a sword. 

Glans, dis, f, an acorn. In 
military language, a leaden ball, 
such as was thrown with slings. 



GLOBUS 



196 



HABEO 



Globus, i, 711., a globe ; a dense 
croAvd, hody, faction. 

Gloriay ce, /., glory, fame ; war, 
renown. Gloria helliy military 
glor}^ 

Glorior, dri, dhcs, dep. (gloria), 
to glory, boast, pride in. 

Gloriosus, a, mn, adj. (gloria), 
full of glory, glorious, renowned, 
celebrated, illustrious. 

Gracchus, i, m., Gracchus, the 
name of a family of the Sempro- 
nian gens. Tiberiics Semproni^is 
Gracchus and Caius Sempronius 
Gracchus were sons of Tiberius 
Sempronius Gracchus and the cele- 
brated Cornelia, the daughter of 
Scipio Africanus the elder. IVie 
two brothers in succession took the 
lead of the popular part//, and in 
succession fell victims to the hatred 
of the nobility. See notes Jug. 
xxxi, 2 <fe 7. 

Gradus, us, m. (gradior), a step. 
Pleno gradu, at fall speed. 

Grcecia, ce, f, Greece. 

Graicus^ a, um, adj.y of or be- 
longing to the Greeks, Grecian, of 
Greece. As a noun, a Grecian, 
Greek. 

Grandts, e, adj., great, large, big. 
Grandis pecuniae a hirge sum of 
money. 

Grassor, dri^ dtus, dep. (gradior\ 
t^ go» g<^ o^> proceed, press for- 
ward. 

Gratia, cb, f, favor which one 
finds with others, good graces, con- 
sideration, authority, influence, 
popularity; favor toivard others, 
goodwill, benevolence, kindness; a 
return, requital, gratitude, thanks. 
Gra^ias agere, to give thanks, 
thank. Gratiam debere, to owe 
a kindness, be under obligation. 
Graflam facere, to grant pardon, 
forgive. In gratiam habere, to 
consider as a favor. Gratiam red- 
dere, to make a requital, recom- 
pense. Gratia, loith the gen., for 
the sake of, on account of, for the 



purpose of. Ea gratia, for this 
or that reason, on account of this 
thing or these things. 

Gratificor, dri, dtus, dep. (gra- 
tus (& facio), to show a favor or 
kindness to, gratify, oblige ; to 
present, give up, sacrifice. 

Gratuito, adv. (gratuitus), with- 
out recompense, gratuitously ; 
without cause, wantonly. 

Gratulor, dri, dtux, dep. (gratus), 
to wish one joy, Congratulate. 

Gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, 
acceptable, agreeable. 

Gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty. 
Figuratively, of weight, weighty, 
important; heavy, oppressive, se- 
vere, violent, grievous, calamitous, 
great. 

Graviter, adv. (gravis), heavily, 
violently, severel}^, greatly, rigor- 
ously, h/irshly, angrily. 

Gregarius, a, um, adj. (grex), of 
or relating to a flock, gregarious ; 
common. Jfiles gregarius^ a com- 
mon soldier, private. 

Grex, gregis, m., a flock; a troop, 
band, crowd. Grege facta, having 
formed themselves into a body, in 
a bod}^ 

Gula, ce, f, the gullet, weasand ; 
the neck; appetite, gluttony. 

Gulussa, ce, m., Gulussa, a son 
of Masi7iissa, king of Numidia. 



H. 

Habeo, ere, ui, Itum, tr., to have, 
hold, possess, keep, enjoy ; to have 
in use, make use of, employ, con- 
trol, exercise, maintain, exhibit ; 
to have in particular circumstafices, 
place, station ; to have as one's 
dwelling-place, dwell in, inhabit ; 
to have i7i a certain mnn7ier, treat ; 
to hold as a discourse, deliver, 
pronounce ; to hold any thing to 
be so and so, consider, think, reck- 
on, esteem ; to hold as a7i assem- 
bly , assemble ; to pass, spend. 



HABITUS 



197 



HIEMO 



Haheriy to be had; to be held, 
recovered, thought to be of a cer- 
tain quality or in a certain condi- 
tion. Se habere, to be, find one's 
self. Satis habere, to think suffi- 
cient, be satisfied with, be content, 
Parurn habere^ to reckon not 
enough, not to be satisfied with. 
In animo habere, to have in mind, 
think of. Habere vitam or cetatem, 
to pass one's life or time, live. 
Rempublicain habere, to administer 
the affairs of the state. Habere 
in amicis^ to reckon among his 
friends. Indibrio habere, to have 
for a laughing-stock, make sport 
of, mock. Duritiam voluptati ha- 
bere, to have hard living for a 
pleasure, that is, to regard hard 
living as a pleasure. Habere oc- 
cultum, to keep secret. Animus 
cuncta habet, the mind possesses 
all things, lias all things at its 
command. Qumstionem habere, to 
institute a prosecution. Habere 
corpus liberum, to have personal 
freedom. Habeo is used ivith the 
perfect participle in nearly the same 
manner as the English auxiliary 
have, as : Habeo compertum, equi- 
valent to comperi, I have ascer- 
tained. 

Habitus, see Habeo. 
Habitus, Us, m. (habeo), disposi- 
tion, feelings, habits, character, 
morals. 

Hadrumetum, i, n., Hadrume- 

tum, a town of Africa propria, the 

capital of the district of Byzacena. 

Hcereditas, or Hereditas, dtis,f. 

(keres), lieirship, inheritance. 

Hcereo, ere, hcesi, hcesum, intr., 

to adhere, stick fast, remain fixed, 

Hceslto, are, avi, dtum, intr. 

(hcereo), to stick fast, remain fixed. 

j Figuratively, to be uncertain, be 
at a loss, hesitate, be perplexed. 

I Hamilcar, ctris, m., Hamilcar, a 
factious nobleman of Leptis against 

1 whom the people of that toicn sent 

, to ask the protection of Metellus. 



Hannibal, alis, ni., Hannibal, 
the celebrated leader of the Cartha- 
ginians in the second Punic war. 

Haruspex, icis, m., a soothsayer, 
diviner, one tcho foretold evejits by 
inspecting the entrails of animals 
offered in sacrifice or by extraordi- 
nary natural phenomena. 
Hasta, ce, f, a spear, javelin. 
Hand, adv., not, not at all. 
Haudquaquam, adv. (hand db 
quaquam), by no means, not at all. 
Haveto, see Aveo. 
Hebes, etis, adj., blunt. Fig^cra- 
tively, dull, stupid, spiritless ; raw, 
undisciplined. 

Hebesco, ere, intr.., incep., to grow 
blunt or languid, to begin to lan- 
guish. 

Hercle, adv. (Hercides), by Her- 
cules, truly. 

Hercules, is, m., Hercules, the 
most celebrated of all the heroes of 
antiquity. He was the son of Ju- 
piter and Alcmene, and received 
divine honors on account of his 
extraordinary labors. Hercules 
Libys, the Libyan Hercules, the 
son of Jupiter and AH^rie, the 
same as the Phcenician Melcaith. 
Hereditas, dtis, f, see Hcereditas. 
Heres, edis, c. g., an heir or heir- 
ess. Heres secundus, the second 
heir, that is, one who comes to the 
inheritance in case of the death of 
the first heir. Heredem scribere or 
instituere, to appoint as heir. 

Hiberna, drum, n. pi. (hibernus), 
winter quarters. Agere hiberna, 
to establish or fix winter quarters. 
Hie, hcFc, hoc, adj. pro., this ; 
this one, this man ; he, she, it ; 
that, the same, such. Ad hoc, in 
addition to this, besides, moreover, 
add to this. 

Hie, adv., in this place, here. 
Hicce, hcecce, hocce, adj. pro. (hie 
and the intensive ce), this. 

Hiemalis, e, adj. (hiems), of or re- 
lating to winter, wintry, winter. 
Hiemo, are, avi, atum, intr. 



HIEMPSAL 



198 



HIICCINE 



(hiems\ to pass the winter, to win- 
ter, be in winter quarters. 

Hieynpsal^ alis, m., Hiempsal, 
son of Micipsa, king of Numidia. 

Hiempsal, alis, m., Hiempsal, 
a Numidian prince^ grand'^orc or 
great-grandson of Masinissa and 
father of Juha. He wrote some 
works in the Punic language which 
are cited by Sallust. 

Hiems, emis, /., winter ; inclem- 
ent weather. 

Hippo, onis, on., a town of Nu- 
midia, now Bona. 

Hispania, ce, f, Spain, including 
also Portugal. Hum Hispanice, 
the two provinces of Spain, viz., 
provincia citerior {on this side the 
JEbro), or Hispania Tarraconeiisis, 
and provincia ulterior {on the other 
side the Ehro), or Hispania JBcetica. 

Hispanus, a, um, adj., Spanish. 
As a noun, a Spaniard. 

Histrio, onis, m., a stage-player, 
actor, buffoon. 

Homo, inis, c. g., a man or wo- 
man, person. Homines, men, peo- 
ple. Homines adolescentuli, young 
men, young folks. 

Honeste, adv. {honestus), in an 
honorable manner, honorably ; 
decently, becomingly. 

Honesto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ho- 
nestus), to honor, dignify, grace, 
adorn. Honestatus honor e, honor- 
ed with high office. 

Honestus, a, um, adj. {honor), 
honorable ; honored, respected ; 
respectable, decent, becoming. 
Honesta amicitia, true friendship. 
Omnium honestarum rerum egens, 
destitute of every thing suited to 
my birth. 

Honor <Jt honos, oris, m., honor, 
respect, mark of distinction ; a 
post of honor, high office, prefer- 
ment. Imperia atque honores, 
military and civil offices. Honor i 
esse or duci, to be or be considered 
a mark of respect, to be held in 
high esteem. Quasi honoris causa, 



as if for the purpose of doing him 
honor, under the pretext of doing 
him honor. 

Honor 0, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ho- 
nor), to distinguish with honor, 
honor, adorn, dignify. Gloria 
honorare, to reflect glory upon. 

Hora, ce, f, an hour. The Ro- 
mans reckoned twelve hours frmn 
sunrise to sunset ; the length of the 
hour would therefore vary with the 
season of the year. Circiter horam 
tertiam, about 9 o'clock. 

Horribilis, e, adj. {horreo), horri- 
ble, frightful, dreadful. 

Hortamentum, i, n. {hortor), an 
encouragement, incitement. 

Hortatio, onis, f {hortor), an ex- 
horting, encouraging, exhortation. 

Hortor, dri, dtus, dep., to incite, 
impel, urge on, exhort, instigate, 
encourage, suggest, advise. Pau- 
ca hortari, to address a few words 
of encouragement to. 

Hospcs, ttis, c. g., a stranger en- 
joying the rights of hospitality, 
a guest, visitor ; one who enter- 
tains a stranger, a host. 

Hostia, ce, f, a sacrifice, victim. 

Host il is, €, adj. {hostis), of or be- 
longing to the enemy, hostile. As 
a noun, hostile, is, n., a hostile act, 
hostility. HostVis metus, fear of 
the enemy. Hostilia cadavera, the 
dead bodies of the enemy. Ma jo- 
rum meonmi hostilia monumenta, 
monuments of the hostility of my 
ancestors. 

HostilVer, adv. {hostilis), in a 
hostile manner. 

Hostis, is, c. g., an enemy. Hos- 
tis is a public enemy, inimic7is a 
personal foe. 

Hue, adv. {hie), hither, to this 
place ; to this, to this degree. 
Hue et illuc, or hue illuc, hither 
and thither, this way and that 
Ea (/. €., corpora) hue illuc agitarc, 
they throw them in this position, 
then in that 

Huccine, ijit. adv. {huCy ce <it ne\ 



HTJUSCE 



199 



ILLE 



hither ? in this place ? Huccine 
heneficia tua evasere^ have your 
kindnesses ended in this? 

Hujusce, see Hicco. 

Hujusmodi, or hitjuscemodi {hie 
<jh modus), of this kind or sort, 
such, something like the follow- 
ing. 

Humdnus, a, wn, adj. {homo\ of 
mankind, of men, human ; hu- 
mane, kind. Humancc res^ human 
afifairs. 

Humilis, €, adj. {humus\ low, 
not high. Figuratively, low in 
rank, humble, poor, mean. 

JIumilitas, dtis, f. (hictnilis), 
lowness, shortness. Figuratively^ 
lowness of station, poverty; lit* 
tleness of mind, meanness, abject- 
ness. 

Humus, i, /., the ground, earth, 
soil. Humi pabuhwi, the herbs of 
the field. Humi, gen., on or in the 
ground. Humo, abl.j from the 
ground. 



I. 



Ibi, adv. (is), in that place, there ; 
at that time, then ; thereupon ; 
in those things, in that matter, 
among them. 

Ibidem, adv. {ibi c£' dem), in the 
same place, 

IdHrca, adv. {id d; circa), on that 
account, for that reason, there- 
fore. 

Idem, eadem, idnn, pro. {is <£' 
de^m), the same; th'^ same person, 
the same thing; ai the same time, 
as : Fratre meo at que eodevri pro- 
pinquo suo ; yet, as : Noaentissiini 
idemque superbissimi. Idem qui^ 
et, or ac, the same as, 

Idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, suitable, 
convenient; ready for, prepared 
for; sufficient, worthy, trustwor- 
thy, meriting, deserving. Alia 
aqucB idonea, other things suitable 
to hold water. 

leram, see Eo. 



Igitur, conj., therefore, then, ac- 
cordingly, consequently, so, thus; 
at length, finally, in conclusion. 
After a parenthesis or a digression, 
as I was going to say, I say then, 
well then. 

Igndrus, a, urn, adj. {in & gna- 
rus), that knows not, ignorant of, 
unacquainted with, inexperienced 
in ; that is not known, unknown. 

Ignavia, ce, f. {ignavus), inactiv- 
ity, sluggishness, worth! essn ess. 
Per ignaviam, slothfuUy, in idle- 
ness. Per ignaviam. aict vana in- 
genia, depending upon cowardly 
or untrustworthy men. 

Ignavus, a, wn, adj. {in <£? gna- 
vus), inactive, sluggish, slothful, 
irresolute, worthless, bad. 

Ignis, is, m., fire; a fire, watch- 
fire. 

Ignobilis, e, adj. {in & nobilis\ 
unknown, unrenowned ; of low 
birth, i2:noble, mean. 

Ignobilitas, dtis, f. {ignobilis), 
lowness of birth, low origin, ob- 
scurity. 

Ignominia, ce, f. {in (jc nomen), 
ignominy, disgrace. 

Ignordtus, a, um, part.^ see Ig- 
noro. Adj., unknown, undiscov- 
ered, eludmg observation. 

Jgnoro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. & intr. 
{ignarus), not to know, to be ig- 
norant of or unacquainted with. 
Non ignorare, to know well, not 
to be ignorant. 

Ignosco, ere, novi, notum, tr. d: 
intr. {in (Jb nosco), to pardon, over- 
look, excuse. Ignoscite Cethegi 
adolescenticB, pardon Cethegus in 
consideration of his youth. 

Ignotus, a, um, adj. (in (t gno- 
tus), unknown. 

Ilex, wis, /., a kind of evergreen 
oak, holm-oak. 

Ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, adj. 
pro., that; that man, he, that wo- 
man, she, that thing, it ; this ; 
this man, <fec. Sallust generally 
employs ille in the oratio obliqua. 



ILLECEBEA 



200 



IMPERATOR 



when hie or tu would he used in the 
oratio recta. 

Illecebra, ce, f. (illicio), an en- 
ticement, allurement, lure. 

IllectuSy see Illicio. 

Illicio, ere, lexi, ledum, tr. (in (t 
locis), to allure, entice, decoy, se- 
duce. 

Ulico, adv. {in & locus), on that 
spot, there; on the spot, instant- 
ly- 

Blue, adv. (illic), to that place, 
thither. 

Illustris, e, adj. {in ct lustra), 
bright, luminous, clear; manifest, 
evident, plain. 

Imago, mis, /., an image, like- 
ness. Imagines, ancestral images 
or busts, the possession of which 
was a mark of nobility. They 
were -visually made of wax. Homo 
multarum imaginum, a man of 
many ancestral images, that is, a 
man of an ancient family of no- 
bility. Imagines non habeo, I have 
no ancestral images, that is, I am 
not of a noble family. 

Imbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, fee- 
ble, imbecile. 

Imbellis, e, adj. {in ct helium), 
not fit for war, unwarlike ; cow- 
ardly, effeminate. 

Imhruo, ere, ui, iUum, tr., to wet, 
steep, stain, imbrue. 

Imitor, dri, dtus, dep , to imitate; 
to endeavor to imitate or copy 
after. 

Lnmanis, e, adj. {in & magnus), 
huge, enormous ; inordinate, ex- 
cessive. 

ImmatUras, a, um, adj. {in cO ma- 
turus), unripe, \intimely, imma- 
ture ; at an unripe age, before the 
age of maturity. 

Immemor, oris, adj. {i7i <k me- 
mor), unmindful, forgetful, regard- 
less. 

Immensus, a, um, adj. {in d' men- 
sus), immeasurable, vast, immense. 
In immensum, to an immense dis- 
tance, to an immense height. 



Imminuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (in 
& minuo), to lessen, diminish, 
shorten ; to impair, weaken, vio- 
late, infringe. 

Imininufus, see Imminuo. 

Immissus, see Imrnitto. 

Immitto, ere, 9nisi, missumy tr. 
(in d' mitto), to send, throw or put 
in ; to send [secretly] against, in- 
stigate, urge on, suborn. 

Immo, adv., on the contrary, 
just the reverse, oh no; nay, nay 
even. Immo vero, nay indeed, yes 
indeed. 

Immoderdtus, a, um, adj. (in d 
moderatus), exceeding bounds, be- 
yond bounds, immoderate, exces- 
sive, intemperate, unrestrained. 

Immortdlis, e, adj. (in d mor ta- 
lis), immortal, undying, everlast- 
ing, imperishable. 

Immunis, e, adj. (in d munus), 
free from tribute, exempt from 
paying taxes. 

Immuto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (in d 
muto), to change, alter, reverse. 

Impar, aris, adj. (in d par), un- 
equal, uneven, unlike ; of lower 
birth, inferior. 

Impardtm% a, um, adj. (in d pa- 
ratus), unprepared, not read}^ off 
one's guard. 

Impedimentum, i, n. {impedio), 
an impediment^ hindrance, obsta- 
cle. Impedimenta, in military lan- 
guage, the baggage of an army. 

Impedio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr. {in d 
pes), to entangle, hamper, hinder, 
prevent, obstruct; to keep back, 
keep off. 

Impello, ere, puli, puhum, tr. (in 
d pello), to drive forward, urge 
on, impel, lead, incite, induce, 
move. 

Impendeo, ere, intr. (in d pen- 
deo\ to hang over, imj)end, threat- 
en. 

hnpense, adv. (impensus), at great 
expense ; greatly, earnestly, press- 
in gly, zpalously. 

Imperdtor, oris, m., a commander, 



IMPERATUM 



201 



EMPUDICUS 



ruler, director; the commander- 
in-chief of an army, general. The 
Roman Senate so7netimes conferred 
th^ title of imperator on a victorious 
military leader as a mark of honor, 

Tmperdtum, i, n. (impero\ that 
which is commanded or enjoined, 
a command, order. 

Imperitia, ce, f. (in (b perit^is\ 
inexperience, ignorance, unskilful- 
nes>*. 

Imperito, are, dvi, dtum, intr. <k 
tr. inten. (i)npero), to command, 
rule over, reign over, have com- 
mand of. 

Imperltus, a, um, adj.^ unskilful, 
inexperienced, ignorant. 

Imperiumy i, n. [hnpero), an or- 
der, command; power, authority, 
control ; supreme power, sove- 
reignty, empire, dominion ; a mili- 
tary office, military power. Ma- 
gistratus et imperia, civil and mili- 
tary offices. Contra imperimn^ 
contrary to orders. 

Imp^ro^ are, dvi, dtum, intr. <£' 
tr., to command, order, rule, gov- 
ern ; to enjoin, require ; to order 
to furnish. 

Impetro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {in <b 
patro), to effect, accomplish ; to 
obtain, get, procure. 

Impetus, us, m. (iynpeto), an at- 
tack, assault, onset, a rushing at 
one, attempt at violence. 

Impietas, dtis, f, (impius), un du- 
tiful conduct toward the gods, one's 
parents, country, or any benefactor, 
impiety, undutifulness, ingrati- 
tude. 

Impiger, gra, grum, adj. {in 6: 
piger), not idle, active, quick, 
prompt, energetic, indefatigable. 

Impigre, adv. {impiger), actively, 
quickly, promptly, diligently, at- 
tentively. 

hnpius, a, um, adj. {in c£' pius), 
impious, wicked, undutifnl, cruel, 
merciless, ruthless. 

Impleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. {in & 
pleo), to fill, fill up. 
I 9* 



Implico, dre, dvi or ui, dtum or 
itum, tr. {in d; plico), to entangle, 
involve, entwine ; to perplex, dis- 
order, throw into disorder. 

Imploro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {in 
& ploro), to ask for as a suppliant, 
beg for, implore, entreat, suppli- 
cate for aid, call upon for aid. 

Impono, ere, posui, positum, tr. 
{in d? pono), to place, put or set 
in ; to place, put or lay upon ; to 
impose, give, assign ; to cast upon, 
impute. Prcesidium imponere, to 
station a garrison. Invidiam im- 
ponere, to cast the blame or odium 
upon. 

Importunitas, dtis, f. {importu- 
7ucs), unsuitableness, impropriety 
of behavior, shamelessness, inso- 
lence. 

Importunus, a, um, adj., unsuit- 
able, unfavorable, not adapted, 
inopportune ; dangerous, fraught 
with difficulties and dangers. 

Importuosus, a, um, adj. {in <t 
portuosus), without harbors ; with 
but few harbors, ill supplied with 
harbors. 

Impositus, see Impono. 

Imprimis, do inprimis, adv. {in 
(jj primis), in the fiist place, first 
of all, above all, chiefly. 

Imprbhus, a, um, adj. {in & pro- 
hus), bad, wicked, depraved, vile, 
malicious, worthless. 

Improvisus, a, um, adj. {in <Ss 
provisus), unforeseen, unlooked for, 
unexpected, sudden. SJx impro- 
viso, or de improviso, unexpected- 
ly, on a sudden, suddenly. 

Imprudentia, ce, f {i7nprudens), 
want of knowledge, ignorance ; 
error, misapprehension, mistake. 

Impudens, tis, adj. {in cb pudeiis), 
shameless, impudent, barefaced. 

Lnpudentia, ce, f {impudens), 
shamelessuess, impudence, effron- 
tery. 

Impudicus, a, um, adj. {in d: pu- 
c^cics), shameless, immodest, un- 
chaste, lewd. 



IMPUGNO 



202 



mCERTTJS 



Impugno, are, avi, atum, tr. {in 
iSb pugno), to fight against, attack, 
assail, oppose. 

Lnpulsus, part.y see Impello. 

Impulsus, us, m. {impello), a put- 
ting in motion, impulse; instiga- 
tion, instance, persuasion. 

Lnpune, adv. {impuni.'i), without 
punishment, with impunity, safe- 
ly; without taking vengeance, 
tamely, submissively. 

ImpunltaSy dtis, f. {impunii), 
impunity, security against punish- 
ment; pardon. 

Impunltus, a, urn, adj. {in c& pu- 
nio), unpunished, exempt from 
punishment. 

Impurus, a, um, adj. {in (t pu- 
rus), impure, filthy. Figuratively, 
impure, polluted, vile, base. 

In, prep, rvith the ace. or abl., in, 
into. With the ace. in answer to 
the question, whither.^ into, unto, 
in, to, as : In Apullam projicisci, 
to depart or go into Apulia. De- 
noting time, till, until ; for, as : In 
nonas Februarias, till the nones, 
or the fifth day, of February ; iji 
prcesens, for the present. Denot- 
ing the object to which actions 
or feelings are directed, towards, 
against, to, for, as: Ob munificen- 
iiam in sese, on account of his 
liberality towards them ; in hos- 
iem pugnare, to fight against the 
enemy; studium hi rempublicam, 
zeal for the republic. Denoting 
transition from one form or condi- 
tion into another, into, as: In, na- 
turam vertere, to change into [a 
second] nature. Denoting the 
manner or loag, according to, foi*, 
after, as : In urbium modum, after 
the manner of, or like, cities ;,i7i 
illiusjidem, according to his word, 
upon Ids word. Denoting the 
boundaries of a division, into, for, 
as : In quatuor partes, into four 
parts ; in partem tertiam Afrlcam 
posuerc, have set Africa down for, 
or as, a third part. " With the abl. 



in answer to the question, where? 
in, on, upon ; in the midst of, 
as: In Hispania, in Spain. Of 
persons, among, in the case of, 
as : In amicis habere, to reckon 
among one's friends ; hcec non in 
M. Tullio vereor, I do not fear 
these things in, or in the case of, 
Cicero. With esse or inesse, de- 
noting the person to whom a quali- 
ty belongs, as: Virtus major in 
illisfuit, there was greater virtue 
in, or belonging to them. Denot- 
ing a period of time during which 
anything happens, in, during, as: 
In tempest ate, during the storm. 
In composition it signifes, in or 
into ; with verbs and with adjectives 
it generally denotes negation. 

Indnis, e, adj., empty; vain, fri- 
volous, puffed up, haughty. 

Incedo, ere, ces.n, cessum, intr. 
{i7i (So cedo), to walk loith a slow 
a7id measured pace, go on, advance, 
proceed, march ; to walk proudly, 
go in pompous state, strut; to 
come upon, take place, arise, be- 
come prevalent; to be, appear. 
Insolitus incesserat, had seldom ) 
happened, had been unusual. 

Incendium, i, n. {incendo), a fire, 
conflagration. Figuratively, fire or 
heat of passion ; great danger, ruin. 

Incendo, ere, di, sum, tr. {in (b 
candeo), to kindle, set on fire. 
Figuratively, to inflame, incite, in- 
stigate, stir up, incense, provoke. 

Incensus, see Incendo. 

Incfptum, i, n. {inclpio), an un- 
dertaking, enterprise, attempt, be- 
ginning, purpose. 

Inceptus, see Inclpio. 

Dicer t us, a, vm, adj. {in dj certus), 
uncertain, not sure, in doubt^ un- 
decided, at a loss to decide; un- 
certain, not clear, not manifest, 
not clearl}' distinguished. Incer- 
to vultu, with disturbed looks. In 
incerto esse or habere, to be uncer- 
tain. Incertis sedibus, with no 
fixed habitations. 



4 



mcESsi 



203 



mDO 



hicessi, see Incedo <Sc Iiicesso. 

Inccsso, ere, cesslvi <k cessiy tr. in- 
tens, {incedo), to fall upon, pounce 
upon, assail, attack ; to seize, take 
possession of. 

Incessns, part., see Incedo. 

Incessus, us, in. {incedo), a going, 
gait, march, pace. 

Licido, ere, cidi, iiitr. {in & cado), 
to fall into, fall upon ; to have the 
misfortune of falling into; to oc- 
cur, come to pass, happen. 

Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. {in 
it capio), to begin, commence ; to 
undertake, attempt. 

Incito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {in d: ci- 
to), to set in quick motion ; to spmr 
on, excite, stimulate, encourage. 

Incognitiis, a, um, adj. {in d: cog- 
nitus), not examined, untried; un- 
known. Causa, incognita, without 
a trial. 

Ivcola, ce, c. g., an inhabitant, 
resident. 

Incolo, ere, colui, cultum, tr. {iii 
& colo), to inhabit. Absolutely, 
to dwell, reside. 

Incolumis, e, adj. {in d: columis), 
uninjured, unharmed, safe, unsub- 
dued ; unchanged. Incolumia ma- 
nerent, as they were. 

Incommodum, i, n. {incommodus), 
inconvenience, trouble, damage, 
misfortune, loss. 

Inconsulte, adv. {inconsultus), in- 
considerately, imprudently, indis- 
creetly, rashly. 

Incorruptus, a, um, adj. {in d: 
corruptus), incorrupt; unbribed; 
incorruptible, imperishable. 

Incredibilis, e, adj. {in d; credibi- 
lis), incredible, improbable. 

Increpo, are, dvi d: id, dtum dc 
ttwn, tr. {in d* crepo), to assail 
with words, scold, rebuke, inveigh 
against. Laudare et iiicrepare me- 
rcfites, praises and reprimands them 
according to their deserts. 

Incruentus, a, um, adj. {in djcruen- 
tus), bloodless, without bloodshed. 

hiculte, adv. {inculius), plainly, 



rudely, boorishly. Incultius agi- 
tare, to live still more rudely. 
Incultius agere, to be, or live, in a 
ruder state. 

Incultus, us, m. {in <£• cidtus\ 
want of cultivation, squalor, filth. 

Incultus, a, um, adj. {in do cul- 
tus), uncultivated; without culti- 
vation or refinement, rude ; desert, 
dreary. ^, 

Incurro, ere, curri d: cucurri, cur- 
su7n {i?i d; curro), to run against or 
upon ; to rush upon, assail, attack. 

Incur vu^s, a, um, adj. {in d: cur- 
vus), bent, crooked, curved. 

I7ide, adv., thence, from that 
place, therefrom ; thence, from 
that time, then, thereupon, next ; 
of it. 

IndemnaticSt «, w?n, adj. {in db 
demnatus), uncondemned, without 
a trial. 

Index, icis, c. g. {indico), one 
that points out, a discoverer, in- 
former, betrayer. 

Indicium, i, n. {hidez), a discov- 
ery, disclosure, information, evi- 
dence. 

Indico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {in db 
dico), to disclose, reveal. Abso- 
lutely, to make a disclosure, make 
a confession. 

Indigens, tis, part, see Indigeo, 
Adj., needy, indigent, helpless; 
detective, deficient 

Indigeo, ere, ni, intr. {in d; egeo\ 
to want, need, stand in need of, 
require. 

Indignor, dri, atus, dep. {indig- 
nus), to regard as unbecoming, be 
indignant or displeased ; to look 
upon with indignation, scorn. 

Indignus, a, um, adj. {in ds dig- 
nus), unworthy, undeserving, un- 
becoming, shameful, improper; 
with words denoting crime or pun- 
ishment, innocent of, not merit- 
ing. 

^Indo, ere, didi, dituin, tr. {in d: 
do), to put into; to put^ place, or 
set upon ; to give. 



INDOCTUS 



204: 



INGREDIOR 



IndoctuSf a, wriy adj, {in (k doc- 
tus\ untaught, unlearned, unedu- 
cated, ignorant. 

Inducice, indutice, drnm, f. pi., a 
truce, armistice, suspension of hos- 
tilities. Per inducias, during an 
armistice. Inductee agitabantu7\ 
a truce was observed, there was a 
truce. 

Induco, ere, xi, ctuni, tr. (ifi d: 
duco), to lead or bring in, lead in- 
to ; to induce, persuade. In ani- 
mum inducere, to propose to one's 
self, adopt the resolution, make it 
a principle. 

Inductus, see Induco. 

Industria, ce, f. (indusfriics), in- 
dustry, activity, diligence. 

Industries, a, urn, adj., indus- 
trious, diligent, active, assiduous. 

Inedia, ce, f. {in (b edo), fasting, 
hunger. 

Ineo, Ire, Ivi da ii, itum, intr. {in 
(jt eo), to go into. 2V., to go into, 
enter upon, commence. 

Inermis, e, d; inermus, a, um, 
adj. {in d; arma), unarmed, with- 
out weapons, defenceless. 

Iners, tis, adj. {in d; ars), un- 
skilled in an art, not cunning; 
slothful, inactive, lazy, spiritless. 

Inertia, ce, f. {ijiers), idleness, 
inactivity, indolence, sloth. 

Infectus, a, um, adj. {in d; f actus), 
not done, undone, unperformed, 
unaccomplished; not possible to 
be done, impracticable, impossi- 
ble. 

Infectus, part., see Injicio. 

Infecundus, a, um, adj. {in d: fe- 
cundus), unfruitful, unproductive. 

Infelix, Icis, adj. (i?i c& felix), 
unhappy, imforluuate, miserable ; 
unfruitful. 

Infensus, a, um, adj., hostile, en- 
raged. Infensi adesse atque in- 
stare, they come up and charge 
with fur}^ 

Infero, ferre, intuli, illdtum, tr. 
irr. {in do fero), to bring or carry 
into, bring, introduce. Inferre 



helium, to make war upon, wage 
war. 

Inferus, a, um, adj., comp. infe- 
rior, sup. infirnus, below, under- 
neath. Inferior, lower ; nearer 
the sea ; inferior. Infimus, the 
lowest, last; the lowest, meanest. 
^5 a noun, infer i, drum, m. pi., 
the infernal world with its inhab- 
itants, the lower regions, the 
shades. 

Infesfus, a, um, adj., made unsafe, 
molested, infested ; that makes un- 
safe, hostile, troublesome, danger- 
ous. 

Infieio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. {in 
du facio), to stain, color, dye. 

Infldus, a, um, adj. (in d: fdws\ 
unfaithful, faithless, false, treach- 
erous. 

hifimus, see Inferus. 

Infinities, a, um, adj. {in dt finio), 
infinite, boundless, endless. 

Infirmitas, atis, f {infrmus), 
weakness, feebleness, infirmity, 
frailty. 

Irijinnus, a, um, adj. {in dt fir' 
mus), weak, feeble, fiail, infirm; 
faint-hearted, cowardly. 

Infra, prep, with the ace, under, 
below. Adv., below, beneath. 

Ingenium, i, n. {in do geno), na- 
tural quality; natural disposition, 
temperament, temper, character, 
heart; natural capacities, faculties, 
talents, abilities, mind, intellect^ 
imagination ; the mind, genius, 
intellectual powers. | 

Ingens, tis, adj., ver}' great, huge, i 
vast, enormous, prodigious ; nu- 
merous, powerful, mighty ; com- 
prehensive, expansive. 

Ingenuus, a, um, adj., native, 
not foreign ; freeborn, free. 

Ingero, ere, gessi, gestum, tr. {in 
d' gero), to put into ; to throw, 
cast, or hurl upon. 

Ingratus, a, ^im, adj. {in d; gra- 
tus), unpleasant, disagreeable ; un- 
grateful, unthankful. 

Ingrcdior, i, gressus, dep. {in db 



INHONESTUS 



205 



INSOLITUS 



gr<idior\ to go into, enter ; to en- 
ter upon, commence, begin, under- 
take. Intr,, to go, proceed. 

Inhoneshts, a, um, adj. {in & ho- 
nestus), dishonorable, disgraceful, 
shameful, immoral, base. 

hiimicifia, ce, f. {ini7nicus\ en- 
mity, hostility, hatred. 

Inimlcus^ «, um^ adj. {in (b ami- 
cus)^ unfriendly, hostile, inimical. 
As a noun, an enemy, foe. 

Iiiiquitas, dtis, f. {iniquus), un- 
even ness, roughness ; difficulty, 
disadvantageous nature; unfair- 
ness, injustice. 

Iniquus, a, um, adj. {in <jc cequus), 
unequal, uneven ; disadvantageous, 
unfavorable, hard, difficult; un- 
just, unfair, unreasonable. 

Initium, i, n. {ineo), a beginning, 
commencement. Initio, ahl., in 
the beginning, at first, originally. 

Injuria, ce, f. {injurius), injury, 
wrong, injustice ; damage, hurt, 
harm. Injuria sua, mea, nostra, 
wrong done to him or them, to 
me, to us. Licnntiam injurice eri- 
pere, to take away the power of 
doing harm. 

Injussu, ahl. {in <jc jussu), with- 
out the leave or order of, without 
orders. 

Injusle, adv. {injustus), unjustly, 
wrongfully. 

Injustus, a, um, adj. {in <St Jus- 
tus), unjust, wrongful, oppressive. 

Innocens, tis, adj. {in d: nocens), 
innocent, guiltless, blameless ; dis- 
interested, self-denying, free from 
avarice. 

Innocentia, ce, f. {innocens), in- 
nocence, probity, uprightness ; dis- 
interestedness, self-denial, free- 
dom from avarice. 

hmoxius, a, um, adj. {in (k nox- 
ius), that does no harm, harmless, 
innocent, inoffensive, innoxious ; 
that suffers no harm, beyond the 
reach of harm, uninjured, safe. 

Inopia, ce, f. {inops), want, need, 
scarcity; want of the necessaries 



or conveniences of life, poverty, 
indigence. 

Inops, bpis, adj. {in cb ops), 
needy, poor, indigent, helpless. 

Inprimis, see Imprimis. 

Inquam or inquio, inquis, inquit, 
dtc, def. verb, I say. 

Inquillnus, i, m. {incolo), the in- 
habitant of a place which is not 
his own, a tenant. As an adj., of 
foreign birth, foreign. Inquilinus 
civis Romce, a mere sojourner at 
Rome. 

Insatiabilis, e, adj. {in cb satis), 
that cannot be satisfied, insatia- 
ble. 

Insequor, i, cutus, dep. {in & se- 
quor), to follow after, pursue, press 
upon. 

Insidice, drum, f. pi. {insideo), an 
ambush, ambuscade; an artifice, 
crafty device, stratagem, plot, 
snare. Insidias tendere or facere, 
to set snares, lay ambuscades, form 
plots. Insidiis tetitari, to be beset 
with snares. 

Insidiator, oris, m. {insidior), 
one who lies in wait, a lier in 
wait, assassin. 

Lisidior, dri, dtus, dep. {insidice), 
to lie in ambush, lie in wait, lay 
snares for, plot against. 

Insigfie, is, n. {insignis), a badge, 
mark of distinction. Insignia^ 
badges or insignia of office. In- 
signia imperii, the badges or in- 
signia of the consular office. 

Insolens, tis, adj. {in (jt solens), 
unaccustomed to, ignorant of, un- 
acquainted with ; insolent, arro- 
gant, haughty. 

Insolentia, ce, /., want of ac- 
quaintance with, strangeness, un- 
usualuess, unusual nature, uncom- 
mon character; stiangeness of 
behavior, excess, vanity, haugh- 
tiness. 

Insolesco, ere, intr. {in <b solesco), 
to grow haughty or insolent, be 
elated. 

InsoUtus, a, um, adj. {in & soli' 



INSOMNIA 



206 



INTERDUM 



tus), tmaccustomed to, unacquaint- 
ed with ; unwonted, unusual, 
strange. 

Insomnia, oe, f. {insoninis), want 
of sleep, loss of sleep, watching. 

Insons, tis, adj. {in (b sons), inno- 
cent, guiltless. Insontes sicuti son- 
tes, those who had not injured him, 
as well as those who had. 

Instituo, ere, ui, uturn, tr. {in ds 
statuo), to place or put into ; to 
appoint, institute, make ; to estab- 
lish, introduce, commence, begin ; 
to erect, build, construct, make, 
form ; to direct, teach, train up ; 
to decree, order, regulate. 

Institulum, i, n. {instituo), a pur- 
pose, object, plan; a custom, prac- 
tice, principle ; an institution. 

Insto, are, stitiy intr. {in d' sto), 
to stand in, upon, or near ; to be 
at hand, be near, approach, threat- 
en ; to push or press upon, charge 
vigorously, attack fiercely, pur- 
sue; to pursue with reproaches, 
inveigh against. 

Instructus, see Instruo. 

Jnstrurnentum, i, n. {instruo), an 
instrument, implement, tool ; fur- 
niture, baggage, apparatus ; menus, 
aid. Instrumenta inilitice, muni- 
tions of war. Instrumenta luxu- 
' ricEj means of [maintaining] luxu- 

Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, tr. {in 
dc struo), to construct, build; to 
set in order, dispose, arrange ; to 
fit out, furnish, equip. In military 
language, to draw up in battle ar- 
i-ay. 

Insuesco, ere, evi, etum, intr. {in 
ds suesco), to be accustomed, accus- 
tom one's self, be in the habit. 

Inswn, esse, fax, intr. irr. {in d; 
sum), to be in. 

Insuper, adv. {in db super), above, 
from above; besides, moreover. 

Intactus, a, icm, adj. {i7i d; tactus), 
untouched ; unattempted ; unin- 
jured. Bellum intactum, a war 
without active hostilities. 



Integer y gra, grum, adj., whole, 
entire, unbroken, undiminished, 
unimpaired, unchanged, uninjur- 
ed ; new, fresh, vigorous ; pure, 
spotless, unsullied, upright, hon- 
est. De integro, as before, anew, 
afresh. 

Integritas, dtis, /.{integer), sound- 
ness, integrity, uprightness, hon- 
esty. 

Intelligo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {in- 
ter d: lego), to understand, know, 
perceive, see. 

Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in do 
tempestus), unseasonable. Intem- 
pesta nox, the dead of night, mid- 
night, as being the most unsea- 
sonable part of the night for busi- 
ness. 

Intendo, ^re, di, turn, ds sum, tr. 
{in d; tendo), to stretch out, extend ; 
to hold forth, present; to direct, 
turn, apply ; to aspire to, aim at. 
Intr., to aim, intend, point, look 
towards. Intendere, with animum 
or ingenium, either expressed or 
omitted, to exert one's mind, di- 
rect one's energies, strive after, 
aim at. Intendere, with iter or 
cicrsum, expressed or omitted, to 
turn or direct one's course, go. 
Intendere ire, to design to go. In- 
tendere anna, to hold arms ready 
for action, present arms. 

Intentus, a, um, part., see Inten- 
do. Adj., bent upon, fixed upon, 
engrossed, fully occupied, intent, 
eager ; watchful, on the alert, 
ready for fight. 

Intej', prep, with the ace, be- 
tween, betwixt, among, amid, in 
the midst of; in, during; within. 
Inter se, among themselves, to or 
with one another, jointly. Pro- 
cul or lojige iiiter se, far from each 
other, far apart. Diversi inter se, 
opposite to one another. Infer 
tanta vitia tenebatur, was kept in 
check b}^ so great vices. 

Interdam, adv. {iyiter d: dum\ 
sometimes, now and then, often. 



ENTEKEA 



207 



INVrDUS 



Tnterecu adv. {inter d: ea\ in the 
mean time, meanwhile. 

Inter emptus^ see Interimo. 

Inter eo^ Ire, ii, itu7n, intr. irr. 
(inter (b eo), to go among so as no 
lojiger to he distinguished, to per- 
ish, be destroyed, be slain, die. 

Interfectus, see Interjicio. 

Interficio, ere, feci, fectwn, tr. 
(inter 62 facio), to put to death, 
kill, slay. 

Interhn, adv. (inter), in the 
mean time, meanwhile, in the in- 
terim. 

Interimo, ere, emi, emptum, tr. 
(inter (t ono), to take away from 
the midst, kill, slay, murder, de- 
stroy. 

Interiturus, see Intereo. 

Internuntius, i, m. (inter <&; nun- 
tins), an interposer, mediator, mu- 
tual adviser. 

Interpcllo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
(inter <Jc pello), to interrupt by 
speaking, interrupt, hinder, stop ; 
to prevent as a tribune hy his veto. 

Interpono, ere, posui, positum, 
tr. (inter d: pono), to interpose, 
pledge. Interposita fide puhlica, 
the faith of the state being pledged 
[for his safety]. 

Interpositus, see Interpono. 

Inter pres, etis, c. g., a mediator, 
arbitrator ; an interpreter, ex- 
plainer, expounder. 

Interpretor, dri, dtus, dep. (inter- 
pres), to interpret, explain, trans- 
late. 

Interrogo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (in- 
ter 6: rogo), to ask, question, inter- 
rogate ; to bring to trial, accuse, 
impeach. 

Intcrvallum, i, n. (inter & vallus), 
8, space, interval, distance. 

Intervenio, Ire, veni, vcntwn 
(inter d; venio), to come betweeu, 
be or exist between ; to come or 
stand in the way. 

Intestahilis, e, adj. (in & testahi- 
lis\ that is not permitted to give 
evidence in a court of justice or to 



make a will, dishonorable, accurs- 
ed, execrable, vile. 

Intestlnu^, a, um. adj. (intus), 
internal, intestine, civil, domestic. 

Intolerandu.s, a, mn, adj. (in dc 
tolerandus), not to be borne, intol- 
erable, insuflferablo. 

Intra, prep, with the ace, with- 
in, in, during. Adv., within. 

Intro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. <b intr. 
to go into, enter; to come over, 
come on this side of. 

Introduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (ifi- 
tro d: duco), to lead or bring in, 
introduce. 

Introeo, ere, ii, intr. irr. (intra 
d; eo), to go into, go in, enter. 

Intueor, eri, itus, dep. (in do tueoi'), 
to look upon, behold. 

Imdtus, a, um, adj. (in dc ultus), 
unrevenged ; unpunished. 

Invade, ere, si, sum, tr. dc intr. 
(in dc vado), to go into, enter, in- 
vade ; to fall upon, rush upon, 
attack, assail ; to grasp, seize upon, 
lay hold of, take possession of. 
Absolutely, to prevail, bear swa}", 
spread. Invaditur, imp., an attack 
or rush is made. 

Invenio, Ire, veni, ventum, tr. (in 
dc venio), to find, find out, meet 
with, discover; to acquire, gain, 
procure ; to invent. 

Inventus, see Invenio. 

Inversus, see Inverto, 

Inverto, ere, ti, sum, tr. (in d: 
verto), to invert, turn upside down. 

Invictus, a, um, adj. (in dc victus), 
unconquered, unsubdued ; uncon- 
querable, invincible. 

Invideo, ere, vldi, visum, intr. dc 
tr. (in dc video), to look upon with 
an evil eye, envy, grudge; to be 
unfavorable to, deny success to. 

Invidia, oe, f. (invidns), envy, 
jealousy, hatred, odium, dissatis- 
faction; popular odium, unpopu- 
larity. Invidice esse, to render 
odious. 

Invidus, a, um, adj. (invideo\ 
envious, malignant. 



INYIOI.ATUS 



208 



JAM 



Invioldtus, a, um, adj. {in & vio- 
latus\ uninjured, unhurt, unbrok- 
en, inviolate, irreproachable. 

Invisus, a, urh, part, see hivideo. 
Adj., disliked, odious, hateful. 

Invito, are, dvi, dtum, tr.y to in- 
vite, ask. 

Ipse, a, imi, gen. ipsius, adj. pro., 
rayself, thyself, himself, herself, 
itself; I myself, thou thyself, &c. ; 
in himself, in herself, &c. ; he, she, 
it, (fee. ; alone. Ipse is often itsed 
to give emphasis to the personal 
pronouns, as : ego ipse, I myself, 
<fec. Natura serpentiwn ipsa per- 
7iiciosa, the nature of serpents in 
itself baneful. Quo imperatorcs 

ipsi pares, personally 

equal. 

Ira, ce, /., anger, displeasure, 
passion. 

Iracundia, ce, f. (iracundus), iras- 
cibility, hastiness of temper, an- 
ger, passion. 

Irdtus, a, tmi, adj. (ira), angr}^ 
enraged. 

Ire, see £Jo. 

Irritamentuui, I, n. (irriio), an 
incitement, incentive, provoca- 
tive. 

Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, intr. 
{in <t rumpo), to break in or into, 
burst in; to rush, come with all 
speed. 7r., to enter by force, 
burst through. 

Is, ea, id, gen. ejus, adj. pro., he, 
she, it; this, that; this or that 
person; the same; such, of such a 
kind, so great. Id quod, what, 
which, indeed, as. Et is or atque 
is, and this too, and that too. In 
the oratio ohliqua, is, soynetimes, hut 
more commonly ille, takes the place 
of tu in the oratio directa. , 

Isdem, for lisdem, see Idem. 

Isse, perf. infin., see Eo. 

Isle, isia, istud, gen. istius, adj. 
pro., this, that; he, she, it. 

Ita, adv. {is), so, thus, in this 
manner, in such a manner, even 
BO, truly; such, so constituted; 



so much, to such a degree, there- 
fore, accordingly. 

Italia, ce, f, Italy. 

Italicus, a, um, adj., Italian. As 
a noun, an Italian, Koman. 

Itdque, conj. {ita (h que), and 
so, and in this way; therefore, 
then. 

Item, adv., likewise, in like man- 
ner, also. 

Iter, itineris, n. {eo), a going; a 
journey, march, walk ; a way, 
road, rout, path, direction ; a way, 
method, plan. It itinere, or itinere, 
on the way, march, or journey. 
Ex itinere, on the march or jour- 
ney ; from the route. Iter facere, to 
make a journey, travel, march, go. 
Iter faciens, while on a journey or 
march. Mngnis itineribus, by great 
or forced marches, with all speed. 
Ferro iter apcrire, to open a pas- 
sage with the sword. 

Ilcrum, adv.f again, a second 
time, anew. 

Itum, sec Eo. 

It urns, see Eo. 



J. 

Jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, tr., to 
throw, cast, hurl; to throw up, 
raise, erect; to throw out a re- 
mark, remark casually, observe. 

Jaculor, dr'i, dtus, dep. {jaculum), 
to throw the javelin. 

Jaculum, ^, n. {jacio), a javelin, 
dart. 

Jam, adv., now, just now, imme- 
diately, presently, even, already. 
Jam jam, just now, instantly, now 
indeed. Jam inde, all along. Jam 
inde a principio, at the very com- 
mencement, from the very begin- 
ning. Jam primiun, now for the 
iirst time, in the very first place, 
first of all. Jam aiite, jam antea^ 
or ariteajam, before now, long be- 
fore, some time ago, already, pre- 
viously. Jam pridem, for a long 



JAMPRIDEM 



209 



JUVENTTS 



time, long, long ago. Jam tum^ 
even then, already. 

Jampridenij ov jam pridem, for a 
long time, long, long ago. 

Janua, ce, f.^ a gate, door, en- 
trance. 

Januarius, a, um, adj. (Janus), 
of or belonging to the month of 
January. Calejidce Januarice, the 
first of January. 

Jocus, i, m., in the pi., joci, m., 
(bjoca, n., a joke, jest, wit, pleas- 
antry. Jocum movere^ to excite 
merriment, joke. 

JoviSj see Jupiter. 

Jubeo, ere,jussi,jussu7}i, to order, 
command, enjoin, direct, bid ; to 
be in favor oi, choose, appoint, de- 
cree, assign ; to ratif}^ approve. 
Rogationem juhere, to vote for a 
bill, enact a law. 

Jiicundus^ a, wm, adj. (jocus), 
pleasant, agreeable, joyful, delight- 
ful 

Judicium^ i, n. (judex), a judg- 
ment, judicial investigation, trial, 
sentence, decision; judicial pow- 
er; a court of justice; a lawsuit, 
legal process, opinion, belief. Ju- 
dicium anirni mutare, to change 
one's mind or opinion. 

Judico, are, dvi, dtnm, tr. (jus dt 
dico), to give judgment, judge, de- 
cide, pronounce, declare. 

Jugis, e, adj., never-failing, per- 
ennial. Jugis aqua, an unfailing 
spring, fountain, spring. 

JugulOy are, dvi, dtum, tr. (jugu- 
lum), to cut the throat of, butcher, 
murder. 

Jugum, i, n., a joke. In military 
language, the yoke, which consisted 
of a spear placed horizontally on 
the tops of two other upright spears 
under ivhich the vanquished enemy 
was sometimes jnade to pass, in to- 
ken of submission. Sub jugum 
mittere, to send, or compel to pass, 
under the yoke. 

Jugurtha, oe, m., Jugurtha, the 
1 son of Manastabaly or Mastanabal, 



the brother of Micipsa, king of Nu- 
midia. 

Jugurthlnus, a, um, adj., of Ju- 
gurtha, Jugurthine. 

Julius, i, m., Caius Julius, one 
of Catiline's conspirators. 

Jumentum, i, n. (jungo), a beast 
of burden, pack-horse. 

Junius, a, um., adj., of or pertain- 
ing to the month of June. Ca- 
lendce Junice, the calends of June, 
the first of June. 

Junius, i, 7n., Junius, the name 
of a Roman gens, see Silanus. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter or 
Jove, the son of Saturn, husband 
of Juno, and chief of the gods of 
ancient mythology. 

Jurgium, i, n. (jurgo), a dispute, 
quarrel, altercation, strife ; a ma- 
licious accusation, slander, scandal. 

Juro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. <k intr. 
(jus), to swear, make oath, take 
an oath. 

Jus^ juris, n., right, law, justice; 
the laws, the institutions and cus- 
toms ; power, authority, leave ; 
the pi'ivileges, immunities. Jure, 
according to law or justice, justly, 
as a matter of course. Jus fasque, 
human and divine laws. Jus bo- 
7iumque, right and justice. Jus 
libertatis, the right of free citizen- 
ship. 

Jusjurandumy ^, n. (jus 6c juro), 
an oath. 

Jussic, m., abl. (jubeo), by com- 
mand. Sine jussu, without the 
command or orders. 

Jussum, i, n. (jubeo), a command, 
order. 

Justitia, ce, f. (Justus), justice, 
impartiality. 

Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, 
upright; equitable, proper, suit- 
able. 

Juventus, utis,f (juvenis), youth, 
the da3^s of one's youth, embracing 
the period from the twentieth to the 
fortieth year of one^s life ; accord- 
ing to some, from the seventeenth to 



JUVO 



210 



LARES 



the fwly-sixth ; the youth, young 
men, yonng persons. Juventus no- 
biliumy the young nobles. 

JuvOj are, juvij jutum, tr.^ to 
help, aid, assist, succor ; to please, 
delight. Juvat, imp., it delights 
or pleases. Diis juvmitihus, the 
gods helping, by the blessing of 
heaven. 

Juxta, adv., near, nigh ; equally, 
of equal value or importance, 
alike. Juxta ac si, just as if, just 
as though. Suce hostiumque vitce 
juxta parcere, to spare their own 
lives as little as those of the ene- 
m}^ Juxta boni et mali, the good 
equally with, or as well as, the 
bad. Juxta mecum^ equally with 
me, as well as I. 



X., an abbreviation of Lucius. 
As a num. adj., fifty. 

Labor, i, lapsus, dep., to fall, slip, 
or glide down. Figuratively, to 
go wrong, mistake, err. 

J^abor d: Labos, oris, m., labor, 
toil ; activity, industry ; fatigue, 
hardship, trouble. Ilultus labor, 
an arduous task. 

Labor o, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (la- 
bor), to labor, toil, exert one's self; 
to endure toil or hardship, be op- 
pressed with toil or fatigue ; to be 
in want, difficult}', or distress, be 
hard pressed. Tr., to strive after, 
do one's utmost to efi'ect, labor to 
accomplish. 

Lac, lactis, n., milk. 

Lacedcemon, 07iis,f., Lacaedemon, 
or Sparta, a celebrated city of Pelo- 
ponnesus, and the capital of La<:o- 
nia. 

Lacedoimonins, a, um, adj., of or 
belonging to Lacedffimon, Laeeda3- 
monian. Spartan. As a noun, a 
Lacedaemonian, a Spartan. 

Lacero, are, avi, atum, tr. (lacer), 
to mangle, lacerate. Figuratively^ 



to abuse, rail at, load with curses; 
to waste, squander, dissipate. 

Lacesso, ere, Ivi, Itum, tr. (lacio), 
to provoke, challenge, rouse, in- 
cite ; to assail, attack. 

Lacryma, or Lacrima, ce, /., a 
tear. 

Lacrymo & Lacrimo, are, dvi, 
dtum, intr. {Uicryma), to shed tears, 
weep. 

Lceca, ce, m., Marcus Porcius Lae- 
ca, one of Catiline's accomplices. 

Lcedo, ere, si, sum, tr., to hurt, 
harm ; to rail at, assail, asperse, 
slander. 

Lcetandus, see Lcetor. 

Lcetitia, ce, f (Icetus), joy, glad- 
ness, mirth ; shouts of joy, exulta- 
tion. 

Lcetor, dri, dtus, dep. {Icetus), to 
rejoice, be glad or joyful ; to re- 
joice at or over, take delight in. 

Lcetus, a, um, adj., glad, joyful, 
joyous, rejoiced, cheerful ; friend- 
ly, favorable. Civitas Iceta agere, 
was filled with joy. 

LcEvus, a, um, adj., left. As a 
noun, lava, ce, f (sc. manus), the 
left hand or side. Ad Icevam, on 
or towards the left. 

Lancea, a, f, a lance, spear. 

Langueo, ere, ui, intr., to be 
weak, fatigued, or tired, be feeble, 
or faint ; to be listless, languid, or 
inactive. 

Langiiidus, a, um, adj. {langv£o\ 
languid, faint, feeble, exhausted ; 
listless, inactive, remiss, dull. 

Lapideus, a, um, adj. (lapis), of 
stone, ston}', stone. 

Lapis, idis, m., a stone. 

Lapsus, see Labor. 

Laqueits, i, m., a noose, halter, 
cord. 

Lar, laris, m., a household god, 
tutelar god of a family ; a home. 
Lar familiaris, a home of one's 
own. 

Lares, ium, f. Lares, a toton of 
Africa supposed to have occupied 
the site of the modern Larbuss. 



LAEGE 



211 



LEGO 



- Large, largiter, adv. {largus), 
largely, bountifully, freely, liber- 
atiy. 

Largior, iri, Uus, dep. (largus), 
to bestow largely, give abundant- 
ly, be prodigal of, make presents, 
give largesses ; to bribe, distribute 
bribes. 

Largitio, onis, f. {largior\ a lar- 
gess, profuse giving, bountifulness ; 
prodigal expenditures for ambi- 
tious purposes, bribery, corrup- 
tion. 

Largitor, oris, m. (largior), a 
liberal giver, profuse spender, 
briber. 

Lascivia, ce, f. (lascivus), sport- 
iveness ; in a good sense, playful- 
ness, gayety, recreation ; in a bad 
sense, wantonness, extravagant 
gayety, lasciviousness. 

Lassitude, mis, f. (lassus), wea- 
riness, fatigue, lassitude. 

Lassus, a, um, adj., weary, tired, 
faint. 

Late, adv. (latus), widely, far 
and wide. 

Latlne, adv. {latinus), in the 
Latin language, in Latin. 

Latinus, a, um, adj. (latium), of 
or belonging to Latium, Latin. 
Nomen Latinum, the Latin nation, 
the Latins. 

Latitudo, inis,f. {latus), breadth ; 
a broad tract. Declivis latitudo, 
a broad slope. 

Latro, onis, m., a robber, high- 
wayman, bandit. 

Latrocinium, i, n. (latrocinor), 
robbery, highway robbery ; a con- 
test with robbers, predatory at- 
tack. Per latrocinia, in the man- 
ner of robbers, by roguery, by 
knavish tricks. 

Latus, part., see LWo. 

Latus, eris, n., *the side, flank. 
Ah latere, in the flank; near by, 
at one's elbow. Ex or a laterihus, 
on the flanks. 

Latus, a, um, adj., broad, wide. 

LaudOy drCf dvi, dtum, tr. {laus), 



to praise, extol, laud ; to esteem, 
prize. 

Laus, dis, /., praise, honor 
glory. 

Laxd, adv. (laxus), loosely, open- 
ly. Sperans Romanos laxius li- 
centiusque futuros, hoping that the 
Romans would be- more remiss 
[in their discipline] and more dis- 
orderly [in their conduct]. 

Laxus, a, um, adj., loose, slack. 
Laxius imperium, a less severe 
discipline. 

Lectus, ?*, m., a bed, couch. 

Lectus, a, um, part, see Lego. 
Adj., choice, chosen, select, excel- 
ling in. 

Legatio, onis, f. {lego, are), an 
embassy, legation, mission ; a com- 
mission. 

Legatus, i, in. {lego), an ambas- 
sador, envoy, commissioner; a de- 
puty, assistant, lieutenant, lieuten- 
ant-general, deputy-governor. 

Legio, onis, f. {lego, ere), a le- 
gion, a body of Roman soldiers 
comprising ten cohorts, c&tnmaiided 
by a legatus, and containing, at dif- 
ferent periods, from three thousand 
to six thousand foot, and from three 
hundred to four hundred horse ; an 
army. 

Legionarius, a, um, adj. {legio), 
of a legion, legionary. Cohortes 
legionarice, the legionary cohorts, 
as distinguished from the auxiliary 
cohorts. 

Legitimus, a, um, adj. {lex), ac- 
cording to law, limited by law, 
legal, legitimate. Intra legitimes 
dies profiteri, to declare one's self 
a candidate within the days pre- 
scribed by law, that is, before the 
seventeenth day previous to the elec- 
tion. • 

Lego, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to send 
as ambassador, to appoint as lieu- 
tenant. Legate sibi aliquem, to 
choose one as one's deputy or 
lieutenant. 

Lego, ere, legi, tectum, tr., to col- 



LENIO 



212 



LIBYS 



lect, gather, pick up ; to choose, 
select; to read. 

LeniOj Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr, (lenis\ to 
soften, mitigate, extenuate, calm, 
assuage, lessen ; to persuade, in- 
duce to yield. Inopimn frumenti 
lenire, to mitigate [the evils aris- 
ing from] a scarcity of corn. 

Le7iiter, adv. {lenif<), softly, gent- 
ly, mildly ; sluggishly, inactively. 
Lenius agere, to slacken the attack, 
act with less vigor. 

Lentulus, ^, m., Publius Corne- 
lius Lentulus Sura, a distinguished 
Roman, put to death for the part he 
took in the conspiracy of Catiline. 
He was consul 71-5. 6'., hut was 
subsequently expelled the Senate on 
account of his immoral conduct. 

Leo, onis, m., a lion. 

Lepidus, i, m., Marcus ^milius 
Lepidus, a Roman consul B. C. 66. 

Lepor & Lepos, oris, m., conver- 
sational graces, mirth, wit, humor. 

Leptis, is, /., Leptis, the name of 
ttco towns in Africa, distinguished 
from each other as Leptis inagna, 
and Leptis minor. The former, 
now called Lepida, was situated be- 
tween the Syrtes ; the latter, which 
hears the modern name of Lempta, 
was on the coast, about eighteen 
7nilesfrom Hadrumetum. 

Leptitamis, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to Leptis. As a noun, an 
inhabitant of Leptis. 

Levis, e, adj., light, of but little 
weight; of but little importance 
or moment, slight, trivial; of but 
little severity, mild, soft, gentle. 

Leviter, adv. (levis), lightly, soft- 
ly, mildly. Levius strepere, to 
make less noise. 

Levo, are, avi, at am, tr. {levis), 
to lift up, raise, support* to light- 
en, ease, relieve. 

TjCx, legis, /., law ; a law, stat- 
ute. 

Lihens, tis, adj. (libet), willing, 
pleased, glad. Libens accipere, to 
receive gladly. 



Liber, bri, m., a book. 

Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet), bom 
of free parents, free ; free, unre- 
strained, unshackled; open, bold; 
exempt from. 

Liberdlis, e, adj. {liber), free, 
liberal, bountiful, generous. 

LiberalitaSj atis, f {liberalis), 
liberality, munificence, bounty. 

Liberaliter, adv. {liberaUs), libe- 
rally, bountifully, generously, mu- 
nificently. 

Libere, adv. {liber), freely. Li- 
berius altiusque, too freely and too 
far. 

Libert, drum, m. pi. {liber), chil- 
dren, with reference to their parents 
and not icith reference to their age. 

Libero, are, avi, atum, tr. {liber), 
to set at liberty, liberate, free ; to 
release, extricate. 

Libertas, atis, f {liber), liberty, 
freedom, independence, loftiness. 

Libertus, i, m. {libero), a freed- 
man. Libertus differs from liberti- 
nus, in its being used when, reference 
is made to the former master, while 
the latter denotes the class in the 
state. This distinction is, however, 
not always observed. 

Libet, libuit d: libitum est, imp., 
it pleases, is agreeable. Uti libet 
{sc. tihi or vobis), as you like, as 
you please. 3Iihi libet conjiteri, 
I willingly confess. 

Libidinose, adv. {libidinosus), ac- 
cording to one's pleasure or ca- 
price, wantonly. 

Libido, inis, f. {libet), pleasure, 
desire, longins:; will, humor, ca- 
price ; unlawful or inordinate de- 
sire, greediness, cupidity ; ungov- 
erned appetite, sensuality, lust; 
passion, indulgence, extravagance. 
Ex libidine, according to one's 
pleasure, whim, or caprice. Ha- 
bere libidinem in aliqua se, to take 
pleasure or delight in any thing. 

Lihys, yos, adj., of or belonging 
to Libya, Libyan. As a noun, 
Lihyes, m. pi., the Libyans, the in- 



LICENTER 



213 



LUDIBRIUM 



habitants of Libya, a name pro- 
perly helongmg io tJiat part of Nor- 
thern Africa lying between Egypt 
and Gcetuliay hut often applied to 
the whole country north of Ethio- 
pia. 

Licenter, adv. (licens), without 
restraint, freely, with froedom, 
carelessly. 

Eicentia, os, /. {licens\ liberty to 
do as one pleases, license, full pow- 
er, leave, permission ; licentious- 
ness, corruption. 

Licet, licuit <Sc licltmn est, imp., 
it is lawful, permitted, or allowed ; 
it is possible, one may or can ; 
may ar can, the dative being trans- 
lated as the subject, as : Licet mihi, 
I may or can. 

Licinius, i, m., Marcus Licinius 
Crassus, see Crassus. 

Lictor, oris, m., a lictor. The 
lictors were public attendants of the 
higher Roman magistrates. They 
bore the fasces before the officer 
whom they attendrd, as a symbol of 
judicial and executive authority, 
marching in single file. The one 
who led the file was called primus 
lictor, and the one in the rear, who, 
being nearest his commander, re- 
ceived his orders and held the high- 
est rank, was distinguished as proxi- 
mus lictor, hence proximus lictor 
may sometimes be translated, a con- 
fidential attendant. 

Ligneus, a, um, adj. {lignum), 
of wood, wooden. 

Ligur (b Ligus, uris, e.g., a Ligu- 
rian, an inhabitant of Liguria, a 
country of Italy co7nprisi7ig the 
modern Lucca, Genoa, and a part 
of Piedmont. As an adjective, of 
Liguria, Ligurian. 

Limetanus, i, m., Cains Mamilius 
Limetanus, a tribune of the people 
in the time of the Jugurthine war. 

Limosus, a, um, adj. {limus), 
miry, muddy, marshy. 

Lingua, ce, f, the tongue; a 
language, dialect, tongue. 



Littera (b Litera, ce, f, a letter 
of the alphabet. Litter cb, arum, 
pi., letters, literature, learning, 
books ; a letter or letters, an epis- 
tle or epistles. 

Lixa, CB, m., a victualler in the 
camp, sutler. 

J^oco, are, avi, dtum, tr. (locus), 
to place, put, locate, station, dis- 
pose, deposit, store away. 

Locuples, etis, adj. (locus c£* 
pleo), rich, opulent, wealthy; well- 
stored. 

Locus, i, m. pi., loci, m., <£* loca, 
n., a place, region, country, part, 
situation; locaiit}^, a station, stand, 
post, position ; room, cause, oppor- 
tunity, time, occasion, pretext ; 
condition, state, posture ; rank, 
famil}^ Id loci, that place. Ad 
id locorum, up to that time. Post- 
ea loci, afterwards, after that. 
Loco cedere, to give way, abandon 
one's post. Pro loco, according to 
the nature of the ground. 

Locutus, see Loquor. 

Longe, adv. (longus), far, far off, 
at a distance; very much, much. 
Longius, farther, too far. 

Longinus, i, m., Lucius Cassius 
Longinus, see Cassius. 

Longus, a, um, adj., long either 
in time or space, lasting, enduring, 
of long duration. 

Loquor, i, cutus, to speak, say, 
utter, discourse, talk. 

Lucius, i, m., Lucius, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Luctudsus, a, mn, adj. (luctns), 
mournful, lamentable, doleful, ca- 
lamitous. 

Luctus, us, m. (lugeo), mourn- 
ing, v;ailing, lamentatioji, sorrow. 

Luculentus, a, um, adj. (lux), 
bright, splendid, brilliant. 

iuucullus, i, m., Publius LucuUus, 
a tribune of the people in the time 
of the Jugurthine war. 

Ludibrium, i, 7i. (ludo), mock- 
ery, scoffing ; a laughing-stock, 
sport, jest, derision. Esse ludibrio. 



LUDIFICO 



214 



MALE 



to serve as a laughing-stock, be the 
sport of. Habere ludibrio, to have 
for a laughing-stock, make sport of, 
mock, play tricks upon. 

Ludifico, are. dvi, dtum, tr., <& 

Ludificor, dri, dtus, dep., to make 
sport of, mock, trifle with, baffle. 

Ludus, ^, 7n., play, sport, amuse- 
ment ; a sport, joke, jest. 

Lumen, mis, n. {luc€o\ light; a 
light, luminary ; the light of day, 
day. 

Lux, lucis, f., light ; daylight. 
Ante lucis adventum, before day- 
light. 

Luxuria, ce, f. (luxus), luxury, 
luxurious living, excess, riot, waste. 

Luxuriose, adv. {luxuriosns), lux- 
uriously, sumptuously, prodigally. 

Luxuriosus, a, um, adj. (luxuria), 
luxurious, extravagant, prodigal, vo- 
luptuous. 

Luxus, us, m., luxury, extrava- 
gance, excess, riot. 



M. 

M., an abbreviation of Marcus. 
As a num. adj., a thousand. 

Macedonia, ce, /., Macedonia or 
Macedon, a large country of Europe 
lying to the west of Thrace and 
north of Thessaly. 

Macedonicus, a, um. adj., of or 
relating to Macedonia, Macedonian. 

Machina, oe,f., a machine, engine ; 
a military machine, engine for 
sieges. 

Machindtio, onis, f. (inachinor), 
a contrivance, machine ; a military 
engine. 

MachXnor, dri, dtus, dep. [machi- 
na). to contrive, design ; to contrive 
maliciously, plot, scheme. Maehi- 
natiis, a, um, part, with passive 
meaning, planned, devised, fabri- 
cated. 

Magis, adv., sup. maxime (major), 
more, rather. Whoi 77iagis is used 
in one member of a sentence^ and 



quam in another, the meaning often 
is that the first is true and the lat- 
ter not. 

Magistrdtus, us, m. (magistro), 
an office ; a civil office, magistracy ; 
an officer, magistrate. This word 
generally denotes a civil, but some- 
times also, a military office or officer. 
Minor es magistratus, the lower 
magistrates, m contradistinction 
from the majores magistratus, high- 
er magistrates, who held any of the 
four curule offices, viz., the cojismI- 
ship, prcetorship, cejisorship, or cu- \ 
rule cedileship. 

Magnifice, adv. (magnificus), no- 
bly, splendidly, magnificently ; with 
great pomp, pompously, boastfully ; 
in a lofty strain, brilliantly, splen- 
didly. 

Magnificus, a, nm, adj. (ma gnus 
<b facto), noble, splendid, magnifi- 
cent, great, glorious; sumptuous, 
rich ; haughty, proud, ostentatious, 
self-glorifying, exulting. Li suppli- 
ciis deorum magnifici, fond of pomp ' 
in the worship of the gods. 

Magnitudo, wis, f (magnus), 
greatness, magnitude ; a great 
amount, great extent, large quanti- 
ty ; greatness, weight, importance, 
power, dignity. Magnitudo itineris, 
the great length of the march. 
Magnitudo animi, greatness of soul, 
magnanimity. Post magnitudinein 
nominis Romani, after the Roman 
name had become great. 

Magnus, a, um, adj., comp. ma- 
jor, sup. maximus, great, large ; 
great, powerful, mighty ; moment- 
ous, valuable, excellent. Magna 
vox, a loud voice. 

Majestas, dtis, f. (mnjus), great- 
ness, majesty, grandeur, power, dig- 
nity. 

Major, us, see Magnus. 

Majores, U7?i, m. pl.y forefathers, 
ancestors. 

Male, adv., comp. pejus, sup. pes- 
sime (ynalus), badly, ill, wrongly, 
wickedly, amiss ; unsuccessfully. 



MALEDICO 



215 



MANUS 



y MaledlcOy h'e, xi, ctum, hitr. 
{male d; dico), to speak ill of, rail 
at, revile, abuse. 

Maledictum, i, n. {maledico), a 
reproach, invective, opprobrious or 
abusive language, a curse. 

Malefactiim, z, n. {malefacio), an 
evil deed, injury, crime. 

Malejicium, «, n. {malefic^is), a 
bad action, misdeed, crime, wicked- 
ness ; hurt, harm, injury. 

Maleficus, a, urn, adj. {malefacio), 
that does ill, hurtful, injurious, per- 
nicious, malignant. 

Malevolentia, oi.f. {male d; volo), 
malevolence, ill-will, malice, envy. 

3falitia, ce, f. {mahis\ bad quali- 
ty, wickedness, malice, knavery, 
viUany. 

Malo, malle, malui, tr. d: intr. 
{magis d: volo), to be more willing, 
choose rather, desire more, prefer. 

Malum J i, n. (malus), any thing 
bad, an evil, mischief, calamity, 
misfortune ; a fault, crime ; punish- 
ment. 

Malus, a, urn, adj., comp. pejor, 
S7tp. pessimu.% bad, evil, wicked, 
corrupt ; unsuccessful, unfavorable ; 
adverse, hostile ; unfortunate, un- 
lucky; bad, pernicious. Mala pugna, 
an unsuccessful battle, defeat. 

Mamilius, i, m., Caius Mamilius 
Limetanus, see Limctanus. 

Mamilius, a, urn, adj., of Mamil- 
ius, Mamilian. Mamilia lex, the 
Mamilian law, a law introduced by 
C. Ma7nilius Limetanus, instituting 
a judicial investigation into the con- 
duct of those who had assisted Ju- 
gurtha in the prosecution of his 
schemes. 

Manastahal, dlis, m., Manasta- 
bal, the father of Jugurtha. The 
name is sometimes written Mastana- 
hal. 

Manclnus, i, ?n., Manilius Manci- 
nus, a tribune of the people in the 
time of the Jugurthine war. 

Mancipium, z, n. (manceps), the 
formal purchase of any thing ; tliat 



which one possesses by right of 
formal purchase, property, a slave. 

Manddtum, i, n. (mando), a com- 
mission, order, chai-ge, message. 
Mandata verbis dare, to give or 
send a verbal message. 

Mando, are, avi, dtum, tr., to com- 
mission, commit to one's charge, 
intrust, enjoin, order. 

Maneo, ere, si, sum, intr., to re- 
main, stay, stop, tarry, stand; to 
last, endure, continue. 

Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
palpable, clear, evident ; clearly 
convicted, convicted by incontro- 
vertible evidence. 

Manipulus, i, m. (manus ds obs. 
pleo), a maniple, company, a body 
of foot- soldiers, varying in number 
at different times, but always consti- 
tuting the third part of a cohort. 

Manlianus, a, ~.m, adj., of or per- 
taining to Manlius, or to Manlian 
gens, Manlian. 

Manlius, i, m., Aulus Manlius, a 
lieutenant under Marius, and sent 
by him as ambassador to Bocchus. 

Manlius, i, m., Caius Manlius, one 
of Catiline's conspirators. 

Manlius, i, m., CnaBus Manlius, a 
Roman general who was defeated by 
the Gaids. 

Manlius, i, m., Manlius Mancinus, 
see Mancinus. Some editions have 
Manilius. 

Manlius, i, m., Manlius, see Tor- 
quatus. 

Mansi, see Maneo. 

IfansuetUdo, mis,f. {mansuetus), 
tameness ; gentleness, mildness, hu- 
manity. 

Mansurus, see Maneo. 

Manus, us, f, a hand ; a coming 
to close quarters, close engagement, 
fighting, force, violence ; an aimed 
force, band of soldiers. Manu, by 
the hand ; in action, by force of 
arms, by fighting, violently. In 
manu or in manib^is esse, to be in 
one's hands or power, be within 
one's grasp, be at one's command, 



MAPALIA 



216 



MAURETANIA 



depend upon one ; to be at hand, 
near, or close. In manns venire, 
to come within one's reach, come to 
close quarters, come to a battle. 
Prceliuin in ma?iibus facer c, to 
bring to close quarters, fight hand 
to hand. Manum conserere, to join 
battle, come to close quarters. 
Manu consul ere alicui, to aid one 
by fighting, or by using one's sword. 
Manu promptus, ready with his 
sword, ready to strike, daring. Mci- 
ont, prior esse, to excel in action or 
in personal bravery. 

J/apalia, iwn, n. jd., Mapalia, a 
name given by the Numidians to the 
small low huts they occupied; a 
village, hamlet. 

Marcius, i, m.y Quintus Marcius 
Rex, see Rex. 

Marcus, i, ?«., Marcus, a very 
comnwn Roman prcinomen. It is 
qcnerally written in abbreviation, 
M. 

Mare, a.s, v., a sea ; the sea. Ter- 
ra marique, by land and sea. 3Ia- 
ria et montcs poUiceri, to promise 
seas and mountains of wealth, that 
is, to make unbounded promises. 
Mare nostrum, our sea, that is, the 
Mediterrane.m. 

Maritlmus, a, vm, adj. {mare), of, 
upon, or near the sea, maritime. 
Maritima ora, the sea coast. 

Marlus, i, m., Caius ^larius, the 
celebrated Roman general, distin- 
guished alike for his energy, his 
courage, and ?iis cruelty. He was 
seven times consul, coiiguered Ju- 
gtirtha, defeated the Cimbri and 
Teutones in two terrible battles, and 
fvally waged a bloody civil war 
inth Sulla. See note Jnq. xlvi. T. 

Martins, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Mars, the god of war. 

Masinissa, ce, m., Masinissa, a 
king of Kumidia, father of Micipsa 
and Manastabaly and grandfather 
of Jugurtha. 

Mas^ilia, ce, /., Massilia, now Mar- 
seilles, a city in the southern part 



of Gaul, founded by a colony of 
Phoceans 600 B. C. It was a fa- 
mous seat of Greek literature, and 
the centre of a rich and extensive 
commerce. 

Massina, ce, m., Massina, son of 
Gulussa, and grandson of Masinis- 
sa. After the murder of Hiempsal 
and Adherbal, he attempted, as the 
next lawful heir, to obtain the throne 
of Kumidia, and was assassinated 
by order of Jugurtha. 

Massugrdda, ce, m., Massugrada, 
the son of Masinissa, by a concu- 
bine. 

Mater, iris^ f., a mother. Mater 
familias, the mistress of a house, 
housewife, wife. 

Materia, ce, (b Materies, ei, f 
(7nater), the materials of which any 
thing is made, stuff, timber, wood ; 
a cause, occasion, origin. 

Matcrnns, a, um, adj. (mater), of 
or pertaining to a mother, maternal, 
motherly. 

Mature, adv. (matums), in time, 
seasonably, soon, quickly, promptly, 
hastily. Maturius, sooner, first. 

Maturo, are, avi, atum, tr. {matu- 
rus\ to make ripe, mature, bring to 
maturity. Figuratively, to hasten, 
accelerate, despatch, expedite ; to 
do or commit before the proper 
time. Intr., to make haste, be in 
too great a hurry. Maturo may 
often be translated by s^ich adverb- 
ial expressions as swiftly, rapidly, 
with great haste, with precipitancy, 
modifying the infiiitive depending 
upon it, as : Ma tu rare iter pergere, 
to pursue a journey with great ra- 
pidity. Legati maturantes veniunt^ 
the ambassadors came in liaste. 
Qiiodni Catilina 7natur(lss€t signum 
dare, if Catiline bad not given the 
signal too soon. 

Maturns, a, vm, adj.^ ripe, ma- 
ture; ready, timely, opportune. 

Mauretanioy cc^ /., Mauretania, 
710W Morocco and Fez, a large coun- 
try in the north-tcestcm part of 






MAURtJS 



217 



MENTIOR 



Africa, Some editions have Mau- 
ritania. 

Mauriis^ a, um, adj., Mauretanian, 
Moorish. As a noun^ an inhabit- 
ant of Mauretania, Mauretanian, 
Moor. 

Maxivil', adv., sup, of magis, 
most, very, very much, very great- 
ly'; most of all, above all, in the 
highest degree, in the first pkce, 
chiefly, ever so much, if possible. 
Quam maxime, as much as possi- 
ble, as : In loca quam maxiiiie 
occulta, into as secret places as 
possible. 

Maximiis, a, um, adj., sup. of 
mag7ius, the greatest, the greatest 
of all, the largest, the highest, most 
important ; very great. Maxima 
amicitia, the most intimate friend- 
ship, a very close friendship. 

Maximus, i, m., Quintus Fabius 
Maximus, surnamcd Cunctator, the 
celebrated dictator and successful 
opponent of Hannibal in the second 
Punic war. 

Mcdeor, eri, dep., to heal, cure. 
Figuratively, to amend, remove, 
wipe out. 

Mediocri.% e, adj., middling, mod- 
erate, ordinary ; moderate-sized ; 
iinimportant, inconsiderable ; of 
moderate views and capacities, 
common. Nan mediocris animus, 
a miud not content with common 
things, aspiring, ambitious. Me- 
diocria gerere, to engage in under- 
takings of but little importance. 

Medium, i, n. {mcdius), the mid- 
dle, midst, centre. In medio relin- 
quere, to leave undetermined. 

Mediuz, a, um, adj., that is in the 
middle, mid, middle, in the midst, 
the middle of, occupying the mid- 
dle, the middle one, unconnected 
with either side. In medios hastes 
inducere, to lead into the midst of 
the enemy. 

Mediusjidius, see Dins. 

Medus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Media, a country of Asia, 
10 



Asa 710U71, an inhabitant of Media, 
a Mede. 

Mehercule, adv., by Hercules, 
truly, in truth. 

Melior, oris, adj., comp. of bonus, 
better, more excellent, more wor- 
thy, superior. Belli melior, more 
warlike, braver. 

Melius, adv., comp. of bene, bet- 
ter, more happily. 

Memet, see Egomet. 

Meamct, see Meus. 

Memini, def verb, with the form 
of the perfect, and sense of the pre" 
sent, I remember, bear in mind, 
I recollect, call to mind ; I men- 
tion. 

Memmius, i, m., Caius Memmius, 
a tribune of the people^ who opposed 
rcith great ability the schemes of 
Jugurtha^s partisans. 

Memor, dris, adj. {memini\ mind- 
ful, remembering. 

Memorab\lis, e, adj. {memoro), 
worthy to be related, memorable, 
remarkable. 

Mem oria, ce, f (m em or), m em ory, 
remembrance, recollection ; the 
time to which one's memory ex- 
tend?, as: memorid mea, within my 
memory, in my time. Memoria 
rcrum gestarum, the remembrance 
of what has been done, history, 
the writing of histoiy ; also, the 
recollection of the exploits or 
achievements. 

Metnoro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (me- 
mor), to mention, make mention 
of, relate, recount, speak of, say. 
Cujus conditor Hercules memoraba' 
tur, of which Hercules was said to 
be the founder. 

Mens, tis,f, the faculty of think- 
ing and understanding, mind, un- 
derstanding, thought ; opinion, 
intention, purpose ; disposition, 
feelings. 

Men sis, is, m., a month. 

Mentior, Iri, Itus, dep.^ to lie, 
state falsely. Tantam rem mentittcs 
essetf had devised such ft falsehood. 



MEECATOR 



218 



MINIMUS 



Mercdtor, oris, m. (mercor), a 
merchant, trader. 

Merces, edis, f. {mereo\ wages, 
pay, recompense, reward; a price, 
bribe ; a gratification. Manuum 
mercede inopiam toleraverat, had 
supported want by the labor of 
his hands, that is, had procured a 
scanty subsistence by the labor of 
his hands. 

Mercor, dri, dtus, dep. {merx), to 
buy, purchase; to carry on com- 
merce, trade, traffic. 

Merens, entis, part, see Mereo. 
Adj., worthy of, deserving, either 
in good or had sense. 

Mereo, ere, ui, Hum, tr. d) intr., 
and 

Mereor, eri, itus, dep., to deserve, 
merit, earn. 

3feridies, ei, m. (medius (b dies), 
midday, noon; the south. 

Merito, adv. {meritus), deserved- 
ly ; for good reasons, on just 
grounds. 

Meritum, i, n. {meritus), a merit, 
meritorious deed. £Jx merito, on 
account of merit, in consideration 
of benefits conferred. 

Meritus, a, urn, part., see Mereo 
(b Mereor. Adj., deserving well, 
distinguished. 

Metellus, i, m., Quintus Csecilius 
Metellus, siirnamed Numidicus, on 
account of his able management of 
the war against Jugurtha, was con- 
sul 111 B. a 

Metellus, i, m., Quintus Metellus 
Creticus, see Creticus. 

Metellus, i, 7n., Quintus Metellus 
Celer, see Celer. 

Metior, iri, mensus, dep., to 
measure ; to estimate, judge of. 

Metor, dri, dtus, dep, (meia), 
to measure, measure off, arrange. 
Castra metari, to mark out an 
encampment, pitch a camp, en- 
camp. 

Metuo, ^re, ui, tr. d: intr. {me- 
ius), to fear, be afraid of, appre- 
hend. 



Metus, us, m., fear, dread, appre- 
hension, alarm ; care, anxiety ; an 
object of dread. 

Meus, a, um, adj. {mei, gen. of 
ego), my, mine, my own. It is 
once employed by Sallust with the 
intensive suffix met, meamet, my 
own. 

Micipsa, ce, m., Micipsa, king of 
Numidia, son of Masinissa, father 
of Adherbal and Hiempsal, and 
uncle of Jugurtha. 

Miles, itis, c. g., a soldier, com- 
mon soldier, in distinction from an 
officer. 

Militdris, e, adj. (miles), relating 
to soldiers or war, military, mar- 
tial. Homo militaris, a man of 
military experience. lies militaris, 
the art of war, military affairs. 
Militaris rei facinora, military ex- 
ploits. 3Iilitaria facer e, to per- 
form military exercises. 

Militia, ce, f {miles), military , 
service, the art of war, warfare. ; 
The genitive militise often signifies, 
in war, abroad, in service, and in 
this sense is generally opposed to 
domi, at home, in peace. Uhi \ 
cetas militice patiens fuit, when he 
was of an age to perform military 
service. 

Milito, are, dvi, dtum, intr. \ 
{miles), to serve as a soldier, per- • 
form military service. 

Jlille, nujn. adj. ind., a thousand, 
As a noun, ind. in the sing., mil- 
lia, in the pi, a thousand. Mille [ 
passuum, or mille, with passuum \ 
omitted, a thousand paces or a Ro- 
man mile. 

Mince, drum, f. pi., throats, me- [ 
naces. 

Minime, adv., sup. of parutn, ; 
least, least of all, not at all, by no 
means. 

Mi7iimus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
parvus, the least, the least of all, ^ 
the smallest; very small, very lit- ' 
tie. Minimum, or minimus natUt i 
the youngest. As a noun, mini* 



MINISTER 



219 



MODESTIA 



mum, «, n., the least, the least of 
all. 

Minister, trij m., a servant, at- 
tendant, aider, abettor, assistant, 
tool. 

MiiiitoTy Ctrl, dtus, dep. freq. 
(7ninor), to threaten, menace. 

Minor J 2is, gen. oris, adj., camp, 
of parvus^ less, smaller, inferior; 
less glorious. Minoris, with pretii 
omitted, at a less price, at a lower 
rate, less. 

Jlinor, ari, a tics, dep., to threat- 
en, menace. Militihus nostris Ju- 
gurthce servitium minari, threaten 
our soldiers with bondage to Ju- 
gurtha. 

Minucius, i, m., Quintus Minu- 
cius Rufus, see Rufus. 

Minuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (minor), 
to mal^e less, lessen, diminish ; to 
restrict, check, restrain. 

Mimes, see Minor. 

Minus, adi.'., comp. of parum, 
less. Si minus, if not 

Mirabilis, e, adj. {minor), won- 
derful, strange, marvellous, aston- 
ishing. 

Miror, dri, dtus, dep., to wonder 
at, be astonished or amazed at ; 
to admire, have a taste or fondness 
for. 

Mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, 
strange, to be wondered at. 

Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum d; 
mixium, tr., to mix, mingle, unite ; 
to smear ; to throw into confusion, 
put in uproar, embroil. Strepitu 
et tumidtu omnia miscere, throw 
every thing into confusion with 
noise and tumult, fill the whole 
house with noise and tumult. 

Miser, era, wn, miserable, 
wretched, unfortunate, distressed ; 
painful, sad. 

Miserabilis, e, adj. {misereor), 
pitiable, deplorable, miserable ; 
mournful, sad, wretched, affect- 
ing. 

Miserandus, a, um, part, mise- 
re<yr. Adj., pitiable, deplorable. 



Jlisereor, eri, erfus do eritus, dep, 
{miser), to pity, commiserate ; to 
have compassion. 

Miser ia, ce, f (miser), misery, 
wretchedness, affliction, distress, 
trouble, misfortune, calamity. Ista 
vohis 7nansuetudo — in miseriam 
convertet, this clemency of yours 
will end in your ruin. 

Misericordia, ce, f. (misericors\ 
mercy, compassion, pity. 

MiserKors, dis, adj. (mierio & 
cors), merciful, compassionate. 

Miser^tus, see Misereor. 

Miser or, dri, dtus, dep. (miser), 
to deplore, mourn over, bewail; 
to pity, have compassion on. 

Missio, onis, f. (mitto), a sending 
away, dismissal, discharge from 
office or military service. 

Missito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. fteq. 
ipnitto), to send often, keep send- 
ing. 

Missus, see Mitto. 

Mithridaticus, a, um, adj., of or 
belonging to Mitbridates, king of 
Pontus, Mithridatic. 

Mitto, ere, 7nlsi, missicm, tr., to 
send, despatch; to throw, cast, 
hurl. 

Mixtus, see Misceo. 

Mobllis, e, adj. (moveo), movable ; 
unstable, variable, fickle, change- 
able. 

Mobilitas, dtis, f. (mohilis), mo- 
bility, instability, fickleness, in- 
constancy. 

Moderdtus, a, um, part, see 
Modero. Adj., moderate, temper- 
ate, well-regulated. Nihil pensi 
nequc moderati habere, to have no 
consideration nor moderation. 

Moderor, dri, dtus, dep. (modus), 
to moderate, restrain, govern, 
guide, influence. 

Modeste, adv. (modestus), with 
moderation, discreetly, equitably, 
modestly. 

Modestia, ce, f. (modestus), mode- 
ration, dispassionateness, modesty, 
decorum, humility ; integrity, 



MODESTUS 



220 



MOTUS 



humor ; respect for authority, sub- 
ordination, obedience. 

Modestus, a, um, adj. {modus), 
moderate, temperate, modest, un- 
assuming, mild. 

Modice, adv. {modicus), moder- 
ately, modestly. 

ModtcuSy a, iun, adj. [modus], 
moderate, temperate, modest. 

Modo, adv. (modus), only, but, 
soleU^ alone; just now, but this 
moment. 3fodo — jnodoy and less 
frequently, modo — interdumy now 
— now, at one moment — at anoth- 
er, sometimes — sometimes. Non 
modo — sed, not onl}' — but also. 
Si modo, if only, provided that. 

Modus, i, m,, a measure or stand- 
ard by which any thing is meas- 
ured ; a manner, Ava}', means ; 
limit, bounds, order, moderation. 
Sine modo, without measure or 
bounds. Omnibus modis, in every 
way. In urhium, in the style of 
cities, like cities. Modum facere, 
to fix limits, set bounds. 

Mcenia, ium, n. pi. (77nmio), the 
walls of a cit}^; a city. Mcenia 
differs from murus in its compre- 
hending the whole circuit of the 
walls, while the latter often denotes 
only a portion of them. 

Moeror, oris, m. (moereo), mourn- 
ing, deep affliction, grief. 

Mosstus, a, uvif adj. (moereo), 
sad, sorrowful, melanchol}', de- 
jected. 

Molior, Iriy Itus, dep. (moles), to 
set in motion ; to attempt, under- 
take, strive to accomplish ; to con- 
trive, lay plans, plot. 

Mollio, Ire, ivi. Hum, tr. (7nollis\ 
to make soft, soften. Figuratively, 
to make effeminate, enervate ; to 
soften, appease, mollify, pacifv. 

MolliSf €, adj., soft, tender, 
yielding, susceptible, pliant, fee- 
ble. Sermo mollis, tender or amor- 
ous conversation. 

MollXter, adv. (mollis), softly, 
tenderly, gently, smoothly, luxu- 



riously, effeminately ; sensitivel}', 
impatiently. 

Mollitia, CB, Mollities, ei, /., soft- 
ness ; tenderness, effeminacy, vo- 
luptuousness ; weakness, imbecili- 
ty, inertness. Agere per mollitiem, 
to live voluptuously, to live in 
luxurious indulgence. 

Moneo, ere, ui, itum, tr., to put 
in one's mind, remind, advise, 
warn, teach. Intr.^ to give ad- 
vice, advise. 

Moiiitor, oris, m. (moneo\ a mon 
itor, admonisher, adviser, teacher 

Mons, tis, m., a mountain. 

Monnmentum, i, n. (moneo), a 
memorial, monument. 

Mora, a;, /., a delay, putting off, 
deft-rment, postponement ; a stop, 
hindrance, impediment. Sine 
mora, without delay, immedi- 
ately. 

Morbus, i, m., a disease, illness. 
Morbo absumi, to be taken away 
b}^ disease, be dead. 

Moriorj i, mortuus, dep. (mors), 
to die. 

Moror, art, otus, dep. (mora), 
to delay, retard, hinder, impede. 
Intr.t to tarry, remain, stay. 

Mors, tis,f, death. 

Mortalis, e, adj. (mort;), mortal, 
human. As a noun, a mortal, 
man. The plural mortalcs, mor- 
tals, mankind, men, is sometimes 
used in contradistinction from be- 
ing of an immortal nature, and 
soinctiynes as synonymous with 
homines. 

Mo.% 7noris, m., manner, custom, 
usa2:e, fashion, mode of acting, 
habit, practice, style. More, or 
ex more, after the manner of; ac- 
cording to custom. Illi mos est, 
it is his custom. More militia- 
I or onilitari, according to military 
I usage. Virorum more pugnanieSj 
fighting like 7ne7u 
I Mofus, us, m, (moveo\ a motion, 
i movement ; a commotion, disturb- 
ance, state of alarm. 



MOVEO 



221 



MUTO 



Moveo, ere^ movi, moturn^ tr.^ to 
move, set in motion ; to prosecute, 
pursue ; to disturb, throw into 
disorder or confusion ; to expel, 
eject, drive out; to stir up, cause, 
excite, promote. Castra movere, 
to remove one's camp, decamp. 

Mox, adv., by and by, soon, 
presently. 

M'd.iebris, e, adj. {mulicr), of or 
belonging to a woman, female, 
feminine; womanish, effeminate. 

Midier, eris, f., a woman. 

Multitudo, mis,/, {midtus), mul- 
titude ; a great number of men, 
crowd, crowded population, the 
populace, mob. 

Multuiiiy adv.y comp. plus, sup. 
plurimum (multus), much, very, 
very much, greatly ; in many re- 
spects, in many cases, often. 

Multus, a, urn, adj., comp. plus, 
sup. plurinius, many, numerous, 
frequent ; much, a great deal of, 
great. Multi, pi., as a noun, many 
persons, many ; the many, the 
multitude. Multum, n., as a noun, 
much, a great part. Mnlta, many 
things, much. Multo, ahl. with 
comparatives or superlatives, much, 
a great deal, far, by far. Multi 
— pars, many — some. Multus 
adesse, to pass much of his time. 
The conjunction between multus 
and another adjective may general- 
ly he omitted in translating, as : 
Malta et pr cedar a facinora, many 
brilliant exploits. 

Mulucha, ce, /., Mulucha, now 
Mulia, the river tchich separated 
Numidia from Mauretania. 

Mulvius, or Milvius, a, urn, adj., 
Mulvian or Milvian. Mulvius 
pons, the Mulvian bridge, now 
Ponte Molle, a bridge over the I'i- 
ber. on the Flammian Way, at a 
short distance from the city of 
Rome. 

Munditia, ce, f {mundus), clean- 
ness, cleanliness. Generally in 
the plural, munditice, cleanliness in 



dress and habits, polished man- 
ner-s refinement, elegance. 

Municipium, i, n. (ynuniceps), a 
municipal or free town, that is, a 
town which enjoyed the right of 
governing itself according to its own 
laws and the inhabitants of ivhich 
had the oiame and some of the 
privileges of Roman citizens. 

Munificcntia, ce, f. (munifcics), 
munificence, bountitulness, liber- 
ality. 

Munificus, a, um, adj. (munus 
d: facio), munificent, liberal, gen- 
erous. 

Munimentum, i, n. (munio), a 
fortification, rampart, shelter, se- 
curity, protection, defence, 

Munio, ire, ivi, Itum, tr., to sur- 
round with a wall, fortify ; to 
shelter, guard, protect. Munito 
agnine incedere, marches with his 
army protected, that is, with his 
army prepared for defence. 

Mujiitio, Onis, f (munio), a forti 
fj'ing, defending ; a fortification, 
defence, rampart, bulwark. 

Munus, eris, w., a gift, present, 
favor ; reward ; an oflice, post, 
duty, employment ; a show, spec- 
tacle, exhibition. Maximis mune- 
ribus grandem pecuniam debebat, 
contracted a large debt by exhibi- 
tions of the greatest splendor. 

Murena, ce, m., Caius Licinius 
Murena, a Roman legatus ov dep- 
uty-governor, who commanded in 
Iransalpine Gaul at the time of 
Catiline's con spi racy. 

Murus, i, m., the wall of a. city 
or fortification ; a breastwork, 
protection, defence. 

Mutatio, onis, /, a changing, 
change, alteration, revolution. 
Rerum mutationcs, political revo- 
lutions, changes of government. 

Muthul, is, m., the Muthul, a 
river of Numidia supposed to have 
been a branch of the Bagradas. 

Muto, are, dvi, dtura, tr., to 
change, alter ; to receive in ex- 



MUTUUS 



222 



NEGLIGENTIA 



change, exchange, traflSc, barter. 
Fidem mutare, to break one's faith 
or word, change sides. 

Mutuus, a, um, adj., borrowed, 
lent, on loan, ^s miituum, bor- 
rowed mone}''. Pecuniam 7nutuam 
stc7nere, to borrow money. 

Myrtetum, i, n. {inyrtus), a 
m3'rtle-grove. 



N 

Nahdaha^ ce, wi., Nabdalsa, a 
commander under Jugurtha who 
entered into a plot for the ruin of 
his master. 

Nactus^ see Nanciscor. 

Nee, or Ne, adv., certainly-, sure- 
ly, indeed. 

Nam (k Namque, conj., for, but, 
then, sometimes expressi7ig the 
cause or reason of somethiiig only 
implied in what goes before. 

Nanciscor, i, nacius, dep., to get, 
reach, arrive at^ obtain. 

Narro, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
narrate, tell, recount, relate. Ini- 
tium narrandi facere, to commence 
a narrative. 

Nascor, i, natus, dep., to be born ; 
to be produced or grown, spring, 
rise. Quodciimque natum fuerat, 
whatever had grown, all their 
crops. Annos natus circiter vi- 
ginta, having been born for twenty 
years, that is, twenty years old. 

Nasica, ce^ m., Publius Corne- 
lius Scipio Nasica, see Scipio. 

Natio, d7iis, f {piascor), a nation, 
race of people, a people. 

Natu, abl. of the defect. 7ioun 
natus, us, W2. (nascor), by birth. 
Major natu, older. Major es 7tatu, 
men more advanced in years. 

Natura, ce, f (7iascor), nature; 
the natural situation, position, or 
constitution of a thing ; the char- 
acter, disposition, genius. Natura 
or ab natura, by nature, naturally. 

Natus see Nasc&r. 



Nave, adv. (navus, busy), dili- 
gently, actively, zealously. 

Navigo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (navis 
(k ago), to navigate, sail over; to 
procure by navigation or by the 
shipping trade. Litr., to sail, nav- 
igate. 

Navis, is, /., a ship, vessel. 

Ne, adv., see Nee. 

Ne, e7iclitic conj. whether. Ne 
— an, or ne — ne, whether — or. 
In direct and someti7nes in i7idirect 
questions, 7ie is 7iot translated into 
JSnglish. 

Ne, adv. dc conj., not, that not^ 
lest ; provided that not, much less. 
Ne — quidem, not even, one or more 
emphatic 7cords usually intervening 
beticeen the 7ie and qmde7n. After 
verbs of hindering or preveyifing ne 
may be translated, from, with the 
English present participle, as : Im- 
pedire ne iriumpharent, to hinder 
them from triumphing, or to pre- 
vent their triumphing. Before 
the imperative and the subjunctive 
in the sense of the imperative, not 
With the subj\i7ictive it may some- 
times be translated, not, tcitlt the in- 
fnitive, as : Fatigare vos, ne quid 
— statuatis, not to decide, <tc. Ne 
illi sa7iguinem 7}ostrum largiantur, 
provided they be not prodigal of 
our blood. 

Necubi, adv. {ne d: alicubi), that 
nowhere, lest anywhere. 

Nedum, adv., not to say, not only, 
much less, much more. 

Nefandus, a, urn, adj. {ne 6: fan- 
dus) not fit to be spoken of, impi- 
ous, accursed, heinous, base, abom- 
inable. 

Nefarius, a, um, adj. (nefas)^ 
wicked, nefarious, impious, base, 
abominable. 

Negito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
(nego), to deny repeatedly, persist 
in denying, refuse positively. 

Negligentia, ce, f {nealigens), 
negligence, neglect, carelessness, 
supineness. 






NEGLIGO 



223 



NITOR 



'j NeghgOj ere, lexl, lectum, ir. {nee 

I ct lego) to neglect, disregard, make 

light of, take no notice of, despise. 

Absolutely, to be negligent or re- 

' miss. 

NegOy are, dvi, dhoti, intr., to 
' say no or not, say that not, or to 
; deny, refuse. Ncgat se pertimesce- 
1 re, he says that he is not afraid. 
! Negotiator, oris, m. {iicgotior), a 
I trader, merchant, factor ; a bank- 
er, money-lender, usurer. litis 
I word is applied chiejiy to residents 
in the provinces. 

Negotior, art, dtus, dep. {nego- 
tium), to trade, transact business ; 
to loan mone}'-, be a banker, be a 
usurer. 

Negotiosiis, a, um, adj. {nego- 
Hum), busy, full of business, occu- 
pied with public affairs. 

Negotium, i, n. {nee 60 otium), a 
business, affair, measure ; a pur- 
suit, occupation ; an undertaking, 
enterprise ; a cliarge, commission, 
part ; a matter, thing, circum- 
stance ; the posture of affairs, em- 
barrassment, trouble, difficulty. 
Dare negotium, to give a commis- 
sion, assign the task or business, 
order, command. 

Nemo, inis, c. g. {ne d: homo), 
no man, no one, nobody. As an 
adj., no. 

Nepos, otis, m., a grandson. 
Neque, see Nee. 

Neqiieo, ire, Ivi, Itum, intr. {ne 
(S; queo), not to be able, to be un- 
able ; I, he, she, ttc. cannot. Imp., 
it is impossible. With a passive 
infinitive the passive form of ne queo 
is used in the same sense as the 
active. 

Nequicquam d; Nequidquam, 
adv. (ne S quicquam), in vain, to 
no purpose ; without ground. 

Nequis, qua, quod d; quid, adj. 
pro. {ne d: quis), lest any one, lest 
some one, in order that no one, nor 
any one, lest a, that no. It is some- 
times vjritten as ttoo words, ne quis. 



Nero, onis, m., Tiberius Nero, a 
Roman senator at the time of Cati- 
linens conspiracy. 

Neu, see Neve. 

Neve, and by apocope, neu, conj, 
{ne d: ve), or not, nor, neither, and 
not, and that not. 

Nex, necis, f, death by violence, 
murder, assassination. 

Ni, see Nisi. 

Nihil, n. ind. {by apocope for 
riihilum), nothing. With a gen,, 
no, as: Nihil causce, no cause or 
reason. Nihil languidi, no list- 
lessness or inattention. Nihil re- 
missi, no remissness or negligence. 
As an adverb, in nothing, not at 
all, no. 

Nihilum, i, n. {ne d; kilum\ 
nothing. Nihilo, abl, with com- 
paratives, in nothing, not at all, 
not a whit, no. Nihilo minus, or 
as one word, nihilominus, no less, 
none the less, notwithstanding, 
nevertheless. Pro nihilo habere, 
to consider as nothing, make no 
account o£ 

Nimis, adv., too, too much, ex- 
tremel}'. 

Nisi, and by apocope, ni, {ni d: 
si), if not, unless, unless it be, save 
only, but, except, and yet. Nisi 
quod, except that, only, but stilL 
Nisi tamen, but still, but yet, im- 
less it be that, but however that 
may be ; these words introduce a 
correction of, or exception to, what 
goes before, and in translating the 
ellipsis must be supplied. Nisi 
forte, unless perchance, generally 
ironical. 

Nisu^, us, m. {nitor), a leaning 
or stepping upon, step, tread, 
clambering ; an effort, attempt, 
endeavor. 

Nisus, pari., see Nitor. 

Nitor, i, nisus do nixus, dep., to 
lean upon, climb upon, hold on to; 
to strive, exert one's self, labor, 
endeavor ; to make one's way with 
effort, move on. Niti ad, to strive 



NOBILIOB 



224 



NOVEMBER 



for. Corporibus niti, to make mo- 
tions with the body. 

Nohilior^ oris, m., Marcus Fnl- 
vius Nobilior, a Roman of eques- 
trian rank, and confederate of Cati- 
line. 

Nohilis, c, adj, (nosco), well- 
known, renowned, famous ; noble, 
of noble birth, high-born, noble, 
excellent, superior. 

NobilitaSy atis, f. (nohili8\ re- 
nown, fame ; high-birth, nobility ; 
the nobles or patricians, the no- 
bility; nobleness, greatness, gen- 
erosity. 

Nobis, see Ego. 

NocenSj tis, part, see Noceo. 
Adj., hurtful, injurious, perni- 
ciou?, mischievous, bad, criminal. 

Noceo, ere, ui, itum, inir., to in- 
jure, hurt. 

Noctu, adv. ( properly abl. of the 
obsolete noctus), hy night, in the 
night. Die 7ioctuque, by day and 
night, day and niglit. 

JSocturniis, a, nm, adj. {noctu), 
nocturnal, b}' night. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui, intr. (71071 <£• 
volo), to be unwilling or averse, 
not to be willing. Tr., to dislike, 
be averse to, not to wish. An 
infinitive joined 7oith the imperative 
of nolo is translated by the imper- 
ative, 710I0 ojily givi7iy it a 7\egative 
nieani7ig, as : nolite exlstimare, do 
not suppose ; nolite pati, do not 
permit. 

Nomddes, U7n, in. pi., nomads, 
persons who lead a toandfring life 
depending upon pasturage for a 
subsistence. 

Nomen, hiis, n., a name, appella- 
tion, title ; fame, reputation, re- 
nown; a pretext, excuse ; a race, 
nation, family. Nomine, by order 
or in the name of, on the part of; 
by name, named, called. Nomen 
Latiiium, the Latin nation, the 
Latins. Memores nmninis Roman i, 
remembering that they are Ro- 
mans, mindful of the Romans fame. 



Hoc nomine, on this account, for 
this reason, ^s alienum meis 
nnminibus, debts on my own ac- 
count, my own debts, ^s aliciium, 
aliercis nominibus, the debts of 
other people, other people's debts. 
Meo nojuine, in my name, on my 
account. The Romans generally 
bore three names, the nomen, to de- 
7iote the gens, the cognomen, to de- 
note the fa7nily, and the prcc7iome7i, 
the individual. An agiiomen was 
sometimes also added to C(yinmemo- 
rate some exploit. 

Nomino, are, dvi, dticm, tr. {no- 
men), to name, call by name. 

Non, adv., not, no. Non quo, 
not as if, not that. Non jam, no 
longer. 

No7ice, drum, f pi., the nones, 
that is, theffth day in every month 
except March, May, July, and Octo- 
ber, and the seventh in these latter 
inonths. The nones xcere so called 
because they fell on the ninth day 
before the Ides {the latter included), 

Nondum, adv. {non 6: dum), not 
yet. Nondum etiam, not even yet. 

Nonmdlus, a, um, adj. {no7i ct 
7iullus), some. As a noun, non- 
nulli, pi., some persons, some. 

Nos, see Ego. 

Nosmet, see Egomet. 

Nosco, ere, 7iovi, nOfum, tr., to 
become acquainted with, learn. 
Novi, I have learned, and conse- 
quently, I know, am acquainted 
with. 

Noster, tra, trum, adj. pro. {nos), 
our, ours, our own. As a noun, 
nostri, pi., our men, our soldiers. 

Notus, a, u?n, part., see Nosco. 
Adj., known, well-known, noted. 

Nove, adv. {novus), newly, late- 
ly. Novissitne, sujk,yXevy recently, 
lately, recently; fcstWall, finally. 

November, bris, <v odj. {novem), 
of or belonging to November. As 
a 710U71, Nove?nber, bris, m., No- 
vember, the )}hith month of the 
Roman year. 



NOVITAS 



225 



NUNC 



Novitas^ dtiSf f. {novtis\ new- 
ness, novelty, strangeness ; the 
recency of one's elevation to rank, 
want of noble ancestry. 

Novo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (novus), 
to make new, introduce something 
new; to change, alter. JRes no- 
vare, or novare tvith res omitted, to 
make a change in the goverLment, 
effect a revolution, raise an insur- 
rection. Ke quid novaretur, lest 
some disturbance should take 
place. 

Novus, a, um, adj., new, fiesh, 
recent, novel, strange, extraordi- 
nary. JRes novce, change, changes 
in the govern?nent, innovations in 
public affairs, revolution, revolt 
Novi milites, raw recruits, soldiers 
who have never seen service. No- 
vushomo, a man of newly-acquired 
rank, one who without any hered- 
itary honors has succeeded in ob- 
taining one of the great offices of 
state. Novissimus, a, um, sup., 
the last. 

Nor, noctis, f, night, the night. 
Dies noctesque, day and night. 
Plerumque noctis, the greater part 
of the night. 

Noxius, a, lun, adj. {noceo\ hurt- 
ful, noxious ; wicked, criminal, 
guilty. ^5 a noun, a guilty per- 
son, ci'iminal. 

Nubes, is, f^ a cloud. 

Niibo, Sre, nupsi, nuptum, tr., to 
cover with a veil, to veil. Inlr., 
to marry, be married, said of the 
bride on^y, as it was the custom in 
ancient times to conduct the bride 
to the bridegroom with her face cov- 
ered with a veil. 

Nucerlnus, i, m., Publius Sittius 
Nucerinns, a Roman knight who, 
on account of a criminal accusation 
against him, fled from Rome, and, 
without the authority of the senate, 
collected an army in Italy and 
Spain, loith which he crossed over 
to Mauretania and engaged in the 
service of variants African princes. 
10* 



Nudo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {nudus), 
to strip bare ; to deprive, strip, 
spoil. 

Kudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, 
uncovered, unprotected, destitute 
of, without. Nudum corporis, the 
unprotected part of the body, that 
is, the back. 

Nullus, a, um, adj. {ne d; ullus), 
not any, none, no. As a noun, 
nobody, no one. Quce nobis nullce 
sunt, which we have not. 

Num, adv., whether, in indirect 
questions ; in direct questions it is 
not translated 

Numantia, ce, /., Numantia, a 
celebrated city of Spain built on an 
eminence near the river Durius 
(Douro), which after bravely sus- 
taining a siege of fourteen years, 
was taken and destroyed by Scipio 
Africanus the younger. Its ruins 
may still be seen. 

Numantinus, a, um, adj., of or 
belonging to Numantia, Numan- 
tine. As a noun, an inhabitant 
of Numantia, a Numantine. 

Numerus, i, m., a number, body. 
hi eo numero, in this number, one 
of them. The abl. numero is often 
added to numerals, as : Numero 
quadraginta, forty in number, 
forty. £x eo mcmero, and ex sua 
numero, by attraction for ex eo- 
rum numero, and ex suorum nu- 
mero. 

Numida, a;, m., a I^umidian. 
Numidoe agrestes, the Numidian 
]icasantry. 

Numidia, a;, f, Num id i a, a 
country of northern Africa lying 
between Mauretania 07i the west, 
and the Carthaginian territories 
on the east, and corresponding very 
nearly to the modern Algiers. 

Nwiidlcus, a, um, adj., Numi- 
dian. 

Numquam, see Nunquam, 

Nunc, adv., now, at present. 
As a particle of transition, now, 
therefore, such being the case. 



NUNQUAIVI 



226 



OBSTREPO 



Nunquam d; Numquamy adv. 
(ne d: unquam), never, at no time. 

Nuntio <t NunciOy are, dvi, cdum, 
tr. (nuntiua), to announce, tell, re- 
late, make known, give notice ; to 
report, represent, charge. Iiu7i- 
tiatum est, hnper.y it was an- 
nounced, word was brought, no- 
tice was given. 

Nimtius (Jt Nuncius, i, m., a 
messenger, bearer of tidings, car- 
rier ; a message, news, advices, 
information. 

NupticBy drum, f. pi. (mibo), a 
marriage, wedding. 

Nusquam, adv. {ne do usquam), 
in no place, nowhere. 

Nutus, its, 7/i. (nuo\ a nod, beck. 
Figuratively, will, pleasure, as be- 
ing expressed by a nod. 





Ob, prep, loith the ace, for, be- 
cause of, on account of, in conse- 
quence of, for the purpose of, for 
tlie sake of Ob rem, to the pur- 
pose, successfully, profitabl}'. Ob 
eas res, for these reasons, on this 
account, therefore. 

Olx'dicus, eniis, part., see Obedio. 
Adj., obedient, in subjection to, 
submissive, yielding, favorable. 

Obedio, Ire, Ivi, itum, intr. {ob d: 
andio), to obey, be obedient, give 
ear to; to serve. 

Objecto, are, avi, dtum, tr. freq. 
(objicio), to throw in the way of, 
expose to ; to upbraid with, re- 
proach with, cast in one's teeth. Ob- 
jectare aliqicid aUcul, to reproach 
or charge one with any thing. 

Objectus, see Objicio. 

Objicio, ere, jeci, jectum^ tr. (ob 
d: jacio) to throw to, throw be- 
fore, give. 

Obldtus, see Offero. 

ObUno, ere, levi, iXtum, tr. {ob cL* 
lino), to daub or smear over, be- 
smear, stain. 



OblttiiSj see Oblino. 

OblltuSj see Obliviscor. 

Obliviscor, ?, oblitus, dep.y to for- 
get. 

Oblongus, a, um, adj. {oh db lou" 
gus), oblong, rather long. 

Obnoxius, a, um, adj. {ob ds 
noxius), liable to, exposed to ; sub- 
ject to, in bondage to, swayed by, 
under obligations to, in one's pow- 
ej*, dependent upon, beholden to ; 
slavish, abject. 

Obruo, ere, ui, utum, tr. {ob dc 
mo), to cover over, bury. 

Obsciiro, are, dvi, alum, tr. {ob- 
scurus) to obscure, darken ; to 
hide, conceal ; to render obscure, 
envelope in obscurity. 

Obscurus^ a, um, adj., obscure, 
dark, dim, shady ; ignoble, un- 
known. As a noun, obscuruni, i, 
n., obscurity, privacy. 

Obsecro, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ob 
d: sacro), to entreat or pray earn- 
estly, implore, supplicate. 

Observo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ob 
c£' servo), to observe, look up to, 
honor, respect ; to obey, submit 
to, comply with ; to attend to, 
heed, pay regard to. 

Obses, idis, c. g. {ob d: sedeo), a 
hostage. 

Obsessiis, a, um, part.^ see Obti- 
deo and Obsido. 

ObsXdeo, ere, edi, esswn, tr. {ob 
d' sedeo), to beset, hem in, besiege^ 
blockade, surround, invest; to 
take poss» ssion of. 

Obsido, ire, cd', esstwi, tr. {ob do 
sido), to surround, besiege, invest; 
to block up ; to occupy, take pos- 
session of. 

Obstindfus, a, um, adj. {obstino), 
obstinate, stubborn, obdurate, per- 
verse; resolute, determined. 

Obsto, dre, stlti, stdtum, intr. 
{ob ({• sto), to stand in the way, 
obstruct the way ; to hinder, pre- 
vent, to be at variance, to make a 
stand, oppose, be in opposition to. 

Obstripo, ire, ui, Htwn, intr. {ob 



OBTESTOR 



227 



ODOR 



cfc strepojy to make a noise against, 
raise a clamor of displeasure, 
drown one's voice in murmurs. 

ObtesfoVy art, citus sum, dep. 
{oh d; tcstor\ to call solemnly to 
witness ; to conjure, earnestly en- 
treat, supplicate, beseech. 

ObtincOy erCy tenui, tentum, tr. 
{oh d: teyieo), to obtain, get posses- 
sion of, acquire ; to hold here, 
occup3", retain ; to reign over. 
Intr., to occupy a particular posi- 
tion, to be current. Knlla pro 
socia ohtinety no one holds the 
place of a companion or partner. 
Ea fama quce plerosque ohtinet, 
that opinion which holds posses- 
sion of most minds, or is generally 
received. 

Obtrunco, clre, clviy atu7n, tr. {oh 
<t trunco\ to cut off the head or 
limbs, cut down, cut to pieces, 
slaughter, slay ; to maim. 

Obtuli, see Offero. 

Obvejiio, Ire, vcni, ventnin, intr. 
{oh do v€?iio\ to fall to one's lot, 
fall to ; to happen. 

Ohviam, adv. {oh <£• via\ so as to 
meet, again?t. Obviam ire, to go 
to meet; to resist, oppose, put a 
stop to. Obviam ire pericuUs, to 
go to meet dangers, expose one's 
self to or court dangers. Obviam 
itum est, opposition was made. 
Obviam procedere, to go or advance 
to meet. 

Obvius, a, ww, adj. {oh 6: via), 
going or coming to meet; going 
or coming against. Obvius esse, 
to meet, come in contact with. 
Obvius procedere, to go to meet, 
march against. Inter se obvii esse, 
to meet together. 

Occasio, dnis, f. {occido), an oc- 
casion, opportunity, fit season. 
Per occasioneni, on a favorable 
opportunity. * 

Occasurus, see Occido. 

Occdsus, us, m. {occido), a going 
down, setting. Solis occasus, sun- 
set. Ad occasum ah ortu solis, 



from the rising to the setting of 
the sun, from east to west. 

Occidens, tis, m., the quarter 
where the sun sets, the west. 

Occido, ere, cldi, cisum, tr. {ob (t 
ccedo), to strike to the ground ; to 
kill, slay, murder, slaughter. 

Occido, ere, cXdi, casufn, intr. 
{oh do cado), to go down, set ; to 
fall, fall down ; to die, perish, be 
lost. 

Occlsus, see Occido. 

Occulo, Sre, cului, cultum, tr., 
to cover over, conceal. 

Occulte, adv. {occultus), secretly, 
privately, in secret. 

Occnlto, are, dvi, dium, tr. fttq. 
{occulo), to hide, cover, conceal. 

Occidtus, a, um, adj. {occulo), 
hidden, concealed, secret. As a 
7WU71, occultum, i, n., a secret 
place, place of concealment ; a se- 
cret. Iji occulta esse, to be con- 
cealed. In occulta pati, to permit 
to remain hidden. Occultum ha- 
bere, to keep secret. 

Occupo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ob dh 
capio), to seize upon, take posses- 
sion of; to occupy, invade, en- 
gross; to attack. 

Occursans, tis, part., see Occurso. 
Adj., hostile, refractory. 

Ocednus, i, m., the ocean. 

Ocius, comp. ocissime, sup. adv. 
{ocior), more quickly. Quayn ocis- 
sime, as speedily as possible, with 
all speed. 

Octavius, i, m., Caius Octavius 
Rufus, see Rufus. 

Oculus, i, m., the eye. In ocu- 
lis esse, to be before one's eyes, be 
presented to one's view. 

Odi d: Osus sum, def. verb, per- 
fect with the signification of the 
presmt, I hate, abhor. 

Odium, i, n. {odi), hatred, ani- 
mosity, ill-will, dissatisfaction, dis- 
like, aversion. 

Odor dc Odos, oris, m., an odor, 
scent; an offensive smell, stink, 
stench. 



OFFENIX) 



228 



OPPORTUNrS 



Offendoy ^re, dly sum^ tr. (ob & 
fendo\ to strike against, hit, 
strike ; to offend, displease. 

Offensa, ce^f. (offendo), a striking 
against; dij^pleasure, aversion ; an 
offence, injury; liability to offence 
or to a disturbance of friendly re- 
lations, opportunity for quaiTel- 
ling. 

Offensus, a, mti, part., see Offen- 
do. Adj., offended, angry, un- 
friendly, hostile; disngreajible. 

Offero, ferrc, obtuli, ohldtum, tr. 
irr. (ob <t fero\ to bring before, 
present, offer, give. 

OffXciOy ^re, flci, fectunt, intr. 
{ob ds f<icio\ to act against; to 
hinder, ob:*truct, stand in way of; 
to injure, be injurious to. 

Officium, i, n., a service, kind- 
ness, good turn, kind offices ; a 
duty, obligation, trust, office, en- 
gagement, business, employment 

Oleaster, tri, in. (olea), the Ole- 
aster or wild olive-tree. 

Omifisu.\ see Omitto. 

Omitto, ^re, inisi^ vi'msHm, tr. 
(ob <£' 7nifto), to lay aside, leave 
off; to throw down, let go, let 
alone, forego ; to pass over, say 
uothing of; to cease. 

Otnnlno, adv. (omnio), wholly, 
entirely, in general, universally, 
in all. In the whole. 

Omnis, e, adj., all, every, the 
whole. As a noun, omnia, n. pL, 
all things, every thing ; all other 
thinijjs, every thing else, after 
loords expressing a comparison. 
PerfugcK omnes prcBsidium, a gar- 
rison composed entirely of desert- 
ers. 

On^ro, dre, dvi, dtiim, tr. (onus), 
to load, burden ; to fill, glut, gorge. 

Onus, eris, n., a burden, load, 
weight; a trouble. Oneri esse, 
to be a burden. 

Onustus, a, uni, adj. (onus), load- 
ed, laden ; full of, abounding in.. 

OpSra, a, /., work, labor, pains, 
exertion ; service, aid, assistance. 



Operant dare, to exert one's selfi 
take care, see to it ; to contrive, 
effect. Operce prctium est, see 
Pretium. 

Operio, Ire, erui, ertum, tr., to 
cover, conceal ; to close. 

Opes, see Ops. 

Op\fex, ids, c. g. (opus dc facio\ 
a workman, da^'-laborer, maker, 
artificer ; an artisan, mechanic 

Opimitis, {, m., Lucius Opimius. 
a jRoman senator, who belonged to 
tlie high aristocratic parti/, and, in 
the early part of his career, pos- 
sessed great influence. He was con- 
sul B.^C. 121. 

Opinio, Onis, f., opinion, bclieC 
Amplius opinione viorabatur, de- 
layed longer than was expected ; 
opinione asperius ext, is more dif- 
ficult than is generally imagined. 

Opitutor, dri, atus sum, dep, 
(ops d' obs tulo\ to help, aid, suc- 
cor, relieve. 

Oportet, nit, impers., it behooves, 
it IS proper, it ought, I, you, he, 
she, <tc. ought 

Opperior, Iri, oppertus do oppe- 
rltus sutn, dep., to wait for, tarry 
for. lutr., to wait, tarry. 

Oppiddnus, a, utn, adj. (oppi- 
dujn), of, or belonging to, a town. 
As a noun, a townsman, inhabit- 
ant of a town. 

OppXdutn, i, n., a walled town, 
a town. 

OpportunXtas, dtis, f. {oppor- 
tiinus), advantageousness, favora- 
blenesa, eligibility, convenience, 
advantageous situation ; a favora- 
ble opportunity, lucky circum- 
stance, ii'j; opportunitate, in con- 
sequence of a convenient oppor- 
tunity. 

Opportunus, a, um, adj., conven- 
ient tit, suitable, proper, adapted 
to the purpose, favorable, oppor- 
tune ; useful, serviceable ; ex- 
posed, liable, obnoxious, Oppor- 
tunus injuricBy a fit subject for 
injury. 



OPPRESSUS 



229 



ORO 



Oppressus, a, um, part., see 
Opprimo. 

OpprunOy ^re, pressi, pressuniy 
tr. {ob (t preino\ to weigh down 
upou, oppress, crush ; to subdue, 
oveipower, make one's self master 
of, put down ; to suppress, stifle, 
hide ; to si a}', kill. 

Oppuqnatio, oniSy f. (oppugno), 
a fighting against, attack, storm- 
ing, siege. 

Oppugno, are, dvi, atinn, tr. {ob 
dcpugno), to fight against, assail, 
assault, storm ; to prosecute. 
I Ops, opis, f.y strength, might, 
power; aid, assistance, succor, 
support, help, means of aiding; 
OpeSy pl.y power, influence, re- 
sources, strength ; wealth, riche:», 
' substance, property; aid, assist- 
ance. Summa ope^ maxima ope^ 
with all one's might, with might 
and main. Opem ferre, to give 
assistance. 

Optandus, a, w/n, part.^ see 
Opto. Adj., to be wished for, de- 
sirable. 

Optimey adv., sup. of bene, very 
well, best of all, best. 

OptimuSy a, w7/i, adj., sup. of 
bonus, very good, the best, best 
of all; bravest. Optimus quisque, 
every one that is best or bravest, 
the bravest, the best citizens. 

Optioy onis, f. (opto)y option, 
liberty to choose, choice. 

Opfo, are, dviy dtuift, /r., to wish 
for, long for, desire. Intr.y to 
wish, express a wish, request, 
pray. 

OpulenSy entiSy adj., see Opu- 
Untus. 

Opidentety adv. {opulentns)y rich- 
ly, abundantly, splendidly, mag- 
nificently. 

Opideyttia, cp, f. (opulens)y opu- 
lence, wealth, riches ; power, 
greatness. 

OpuleiituSy Oy uttiy ff? OpideuSy tiSy 
adj. {ops)y opulent, rich, wealthy, 
fertile ; powerful, great. 



OpnSy ^riSy n., work, labor, toil, 
hardship ; a work, task ; fortifi- 
cations, military engines. When 
opposed to natiiray an artificial 
work ; hence ofteiiy operey by art. 

Oputy n. indecl.y need, occasion, 
necer^sity. Adj. indecl.y needful, 
necessary. Sibi — perdita republica 
opus essfy that he wished to ruin 
the stale. 

Oray cpy /., the edge, margin; 
the coast, shore. 

Oratioy oniSy f. {oro\ speech, 
discourse, language ; a speech, 
harangue, address, message; elo- 
quence. Orationeni haberCy to 
make or deliver a speech. 

Oratory oriSy m. {oro)y an orator, 
speaker, ambassador, neejotiator. 

Orbis, isy ?«., a circle, sphere. 
Orbis terrcVy orbis terraruviy the 
circle of the earth, the earth, the 
whole world. Orbcm facerCy to 
form a circle, draw troops up in 
the form of a circle, or four-sided 
figure. 

OrdOy XniSy ?«., order, arrange- 
ment ; rank, row, file ; a battalion, 
company, troops; an order, rank. 
Ordo senatorius^ equesteVy plebeius, 
the senatorial, equestrian, ple- 
beian order, or the rank of sena- 
tor, knight, plebeian. Ordine, in 
the regular or proper manner, 
regularly, wisely, justly. Ordines 
observarCy servare, or haberCy to 
keej) in ranks, Ordine egrediy to 
leave the line, break ranks. In 
hoc ordiney i. e., in ordine senaiorio, 
in the senate. 

OrienSy entiSy part.y see Orior. 

Orlgo, hiiSy f. (orior), a sou ice, 
head, origin; parent state, mother 
country. 

Orior, Iriy ortus sumy dep.y to 
rise, arise, spring, spring up; to 
be born ; to begin, appear. 

OrndtuSy us (orno), ornament, 
decoration, embellishment ; dress, 
attire. 

OrOy drCy dviy atiwi, tr. (os, oris). 



OBTUS 



230 



PAKIO 



to pray for, beg, entreat, ask. 
Intr.f to make supplication, ask 
aid. 

OrtuRj us, m, (orior), a rising, 
origin. Ortus 8oli!<, the rising of 
the sun. Ab ortu soils, on the 
east. 

Os, oris, 71., the mouth ; lan- 
guage, sf)eech ; the face. Per ora 
vestra, before your faces. Om- 
nium ora in me conversa sunt^ the 
eyes of all are turned upon mc. 

Ostendo, Sre, di, sum 6: turn, tr. 
{ob dc tendo), to show, hold forth ; 
to bring to light, expose to view ; 
to point out, indicate, betoken, 
make known. Ostendere se, to 
show one's self, appear. 

Ostento, dre, dvi, dtiim, tr. (freq. 
of ostendo), to show often, make 
a show of, make an ostentatious 
display of, p.-irade; to hold out, 
promise, to show, display. 

Ostentus, us, m. {ostendo), a 
show, display. Ostentui esse, to 
exhibit, serve to displa}-, to be a 
blind or trick, to be intended to 
deceive. 

Otium, i, n,, ease, leisure, re- 
tirement, private life, idleness ; 
inactivity, quiet, repose, tranquil- 
lity, peace. Per otium, through 
want of occupation, in l*'i>nrp, in 
time of peace. 

P. 

P., an abbreviation of Publius. 

Pabulum, i, 7U (pasco), food for 
cattle, forage, foduer ; pa:iturnge. 
Humi pabulum, the wild produc- 
tions of the soil. 

Pacdtus, a, wtL, adj. {paco\ 
peaceable, quiet, reduced to peace- 
ful subjection. £x pacafis prce- 
dam agebant — from those who 
were at peace with them. 

Paci/lco, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (pa- 
cijicus), to treat about peace, make 
proposals of peace, desire peace. 



PaHscor, i, vactus sum, dep., to 
stipulate for, aemand as a condi- 
tion. 

Pactio, onis, f. (paciscor\ an 
agreement, contract, bargain. 
Pactiones, pi., agreements, the 
stipulations or conditions of an 
agreement. 

Pcene or Pene, adv.t nearly, al- 
most. 

Palam, adv., openly, publicly, 
manifestly. 

Palans, tis, part., see Palor. 

Palor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
wander to and fro ; ramble up 
and down, rove about, straggle, 
be dispersed. 

Pafus, udis, /., a marsh, morass, 
swamp, fen. 

Panis, is, m., bread. 

Par, paris, adj., equal, like, 
alike, equally strong or power- 
ful. Par ac or par atgue, tlie 
same as. 

Paratio, dnis, f. (paro\ an aim- 
ing at., striving after, getting. 

Pardtns, a, um, part., see Paro. 
Adj., ready, in rfadinesa, quick; 
prepared, fitted. 

Par CO, Sre, peperci d' parci, par- 
citum d* parsum, intr., to spare, 
pardon, forijive, to be sparing ot, 
use sparingly, keep ; to be careful 
of, be concerned about, regard. 

Parens, a, um, adj., sparing, fru- 
gal, economical. 

Parens, eniis, c. g. (pario\ a pa- 
rent, father or mother. Pctrenies^ 
pi, parents ; kindred. 

Parens, part., see Pareo. Adj., 
obedient. As a noun, a subject, 
dependent ; a subject-state 

Pareo, ere, ui, Vum, intr., to 
obey, subniit ; to yield to, pive 
way to ; be governed by, follow, 
gratify ; to depend upon, be sub- 
ject to. 

Paries, glis, m.. the wall, of a 
house or other building, 

Pario, ire, pepiri, partwn, tr., to 
bear or bring forth ; to prodace, 



PARITER 



231 



PATRICIUS 



cause, occasion ; to obtain, get, 
gain, acquire. 

PariteVy adv. (par), equally, in 
like manner, alike; just as much; 
at the same time. Par iter aCj 
atque, dbc, just as i£ Fariiercum 
occasu soliSy at the going down of 
the sun, at sunset. 

ParOf drey dviy dtwriy ir.^ to make 
read}', put in readiness, prepare, 
provide ; to acquire, procure, get ; 
to gain over, oribe; to aim at> 
strive to obtain ; to buy, pur- 
chase; to furnish, fit out, equip; 
to prepare for, get ready for. 
Intr.y to make preparations, to 
put one's se'f in readiness, get 
ready for action. Parare iusidias 
alicuij to lay snares for, to plot 
against or lie in wait for, any one. 
Inter hctc parata atqiie drcreta^ in 
the midst of these preparations 
and resolves. 

Parriclda, «•, c. g. (pater 6: 
c(pdo)f a parricide, murderer of 
parents ; a murderer, assassin ; a 
miscreant ; a rebel, enemy. 

ParM, tis, /., a part, j>ortion ; a 
side, the wing of an army. Pars 
or partes, a party, facti(»n. Pars 
— pars, pars — alii, alii — pars, 
some — others. Multi — pars, many 
— some. Magna pars, a great 
part, a great many. Maxima 
pars, the greater part, most. 
Magna parte, for the most part, 
to a great degree. Ab omnibus 
partibus, on all sides. Sticdia pnr- 
tium, the excesses of party spirit. 
Invidia partium, party rancor. 

Particeps, Xpis, adj. (pars db ea- 
pio), participating or snaring in, 
privy to. As a noun, a sharer, 
partaker, accomplice. 

Partiin, adv. (pars), partly, in 
part. As a noun indccl., a part, 
some. Partim — partim, partim — 
alii, some — others. 

Parfio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr. (pars), 
to part, divide, distribute by lot. 

Partus, a, vm, part., see Pario. 



Painit7i, adv., comp. miiius, sup. 
minime, little, too little, not 
enough, not sufficiently, not very. 
It is sonietiynes equivalent to non, 
not. Parum valere, to be want- 
ing in strength, to be feeble. Pa- 
rum est, it is not enough. 

Parvus, a, um, adj., comp. mi- 
nor, »up. minimus, little, small, 
young. 

Passim, adv., here and there, 
up and down, at random ; in va- 
rious directions, every where, 
every way. 

Passus, us, VI, (pando\ a pace, 
step. The pace, as a measure of 
distance, was equal to Jive feet. 

Pate/acio, ere, feci, factum, tr. 
( pateo d' facto), to open, lay open ; 
to disclose, make known, declare ; 
to show, bring to light 

Patefio, eri, factus sum, irreg. 
pass, of patefacio, see Pio. 

Patens, eyitis, part., see Pateo. 
Adj., open, clear, wide, broad. 

Pateo, ere, ui, intr., to be or lie 
open ; to be visible or manifest, 
appear ; t^j lie open to, or be sub- 
ject to one's power. 

Pater, tris, m., a father. It was 
applied also to the Poman senators 
as a title of respect. 

Patera, ce, f (pateo), a broad 
bowl, sacrificial goblet. 

Patiens, cutis, part., see Patior. 
Adj., patient, ready to bear, capa- 
ble of enduring, patient in bear- 
ing up under. 

Patientia, ce, f, (patior), pa- 
tience, endurance, forbearance ; 
tameness under injuries, submis- 
siveness. 

Patior, *, passus sum, dep., to 
bear, undergo, endure, suffer ; to 
submit to, tolerate ; to let, permit. 

Patria, (e,f (pafrius), one's na- 
tive country or city, native land. 

Patricius, a, um, adj. (pater), 
patrician, of patrician rank. As 
a noun, a patrician, one of the 
aristocracy. 



PATRIMONIUM 



232 



PENDEO 



Patrimoniiim, i, n. (pater\ a 
patrimony, paternal estate, inher- 
itance. 

Patrius^ a, um, adj. {pater), of 
one's father, paternal. Bona pa- 
iria, property received or inherit- 
ed from one's father, patrimony, 
fortune. 

Patro, are, dvi, dtwn, tr., to 
enfect, perform, accomplish, exe- 
cute, perpetrate ; to bring to a 
conclusion, end, finish. 

Patrociniuin, i, n. (patronus\ 
patronage, protection, support. 

Pauciy «», a, adj. pi., few, a few. 
As a noun, pauci, m. pL, a few 
men, a few ; the few. Paucis^ or 
pauca {with verbis or verba omit- 
ted), in a few wf»rds, briefly. 
Paucissimis (so. verbis), in a very 
few words, very briefly. 

PaucXtan, ati.% f. (pauri), few- 
ness, smallncss of numbers, pauci- 
ty ; a small number. 

Paulutiffi, adv. ( paulus), little 
by little, by degrees, gradually, 
slowly. 

Paulisper, adv. {paidus\ for a 
short time, a little while. 

Paulnlnm, adv. (pauhdtis\ a lit- 
tle, a very little, somewhat; a 
short time or distance. 

Paulum, adv.f a little, somewhat, 
a little way. 

Paidus, a, wn, little, small. 
Paulo, abl. with the coinp., a little, 
somewhat Paulo post, or post 
paulo, just after, a little after, 
after a little while ; the former ex- 
pression is the more emphatic. 
Paulo antey a little before, just 
before. 

Paulus, «, m., L. (oEmilius Le- 
pidus) Paulus, a Poman senator, 
who, in the year 52 B. C, held the 
consulship. In earli/ life he com- 
menced a prosecution against Cati- 
line. 

Pauper tas, at is, f, (pauper), 
poverty. 

PaveOf erCf pavi^ intr,, to be 



alarmed, to tremble. TV., to trem- 
ble at, be terrified at, fear. 

Pavesco, ere, intr. inc. (paveo\ 
to begin to be greatly alarmed ; 
to be much afitiid, tremble. 

Pavidas, or, um, adj. (paveo), 
timid, afraid, fearful, alarmed, 
aflf righted. 

Pax, pads, /., peace, tranquil- 
lity. Pace (or in pace), in peace. 
Pacem arjitare, to maintain peace, 
live at peace or in peace. 

Peccatum, i, ri. [pecco), a fault, 
error, mistake, sin. 

Pecco, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
do wrong, commit a fault; make 
a mistake, err. 

Pectus, dris, n., the breast. It 
is oflm used figuratively, like breast 
in English, for the soul, <tc. 

Peculdtus^ us, m. (pectUor), em- 
bezzlement, peculation, the fraud- 
ulent appropriation of public 
m4»ney or proj>crty to one's own 
use. 

Pecnnia, (e, f. [pecus), money; 
a sum of money ; goods, |»roperty. 
PecuniiE capt(B arcessere,-—<t{ hav- 
ing taken money — of bribery. 

Pecus, dris, n., cattle, in the ori- 
ginal sense of the r - ' ■ -^'Hng 
oxen, horses, swine, }>' and 

in general, alldomest^ .. . .. ...uials, 

used for labor or for food for man ; 
tame animals; a herd. PecorOy 
pl„ in distinction from man^ the 
brute?, brute beasts. 

Pedes^ Vis, m. (pesX on foot, a 
foot-soldier. Pedites, pL, the foot- 
soldiers, the foot, infantry. 

Pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pes\ 
pedestrian, on foot Pedestres 
copiie, the foot-soldiers, infant- 
ry. 

Pelignus, a, wn, adj., Pelignian, 
belonging to the Peligni, who in- 
habited a small district in Itaiy, 

Pello, ire, pepuli, pulgttm, tr^ 
to drive or chase away, expel; to 
discomfit, rout 

PendcOf ere, pependi, uUr^ to 



PENDO 



233 



PERGO 



hang upon, depend upon, be de- 
pendent upon. 

Pendo^ ere, peperidi, pensum^ tr., 
to weigh, esteem, value; to j%y, 
discharge, liquidate. Pendere 
parvi, to value little, care little 
for. Pendere pcenas, to suffer 
punishment. 

Pene, adv., {the same as pcene), 
almost, nearh'. 

Penes, prep, vnth the ace, in the 
power of, in the hands or posses- 
sion of, vested in: 

Pe7iS7i.% a, um, part., see Pendo. 
Adj., esteemed, valued, dear. Ni- 
hil (or nee) qiddquam pensi habere, 
to hold nothirg dear, not to care 
for, or regard, to disregard, to 
have no consideration for. 

Penuria, ce, f., want, lack, 
8ca^•cit3^ 

Peperci, see Parco, 

Peperi, see Pario. 

Per, prep, tcith the ace, through, 
throui^hout, over, in among, about, 
at; by means of, through, by; 
with names of persons, by the 
agency of, by the instrumentality 
ofj through ; in adjurations ajid 
prayers, by, in the name of. 
With an abstract noun, per often 
expresses the manner in which a 
thing is donr^ as : per virtutem 
emori, to die bravely ; per luxum, 
in luxury or luxuriously ; per su- 
perbiam, haughtily, proudh'. Per 
is often cmploi/ed with the ace of 
the personal pronouns, as : per se, 
of or in himself, of his own ac- 
cord; by himself .alone, without 
assistance; so far as he is con- 
cerned ; and so with the other per- 
sons and numbers. In composition 
per strengthens the meaning. 

Perangustus, a, um {per 6: an- 
gustus), very narrow or strait. 

Perccllo, ere, culi, culsum^ tr. 
{per S; cello), to strike down; to 
cut down, stun, pals}^ strike with 
consternation, dishearten, discour- 
age, discomfit. 



Percontor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
{per d* contor), to ask, interrogate, 
inquire. 

Perculsus, a, um, part., see Per- 
cello. Adj., terror-stricken, dis- 
heartened. 

Perditus, a, um, part., see Pcrdo. 
Adj, lost, ruined, desperate. 

Pfrdo, ere, dldl, d\tum, tr. {per 
d: do), to ruin, destro}^ 

Perduco, ere, xi, ct\im, tr. {per 
d' duco), to lead, conduct, accom- 
pany ; to bring or gain over, per- 
suade. 

Peregrinans, tis, part., see Pere- 
grinor. As a noun, a traveller in 
a foreign country. 

Pcrcgrinor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
{ peregrinus), to be or travel in for- 
eign countries. 

Perco, ire, ii, irreg. intr. {per d 
eo), to be lost, ruined or destroyed ; 
to die. 

Perf^ro, fcrre, tiili, Idtum, irr. 
tr. {per d fero), to bear, carry, 
bring, convey; to sufl'er, bear pa- 
tiently, brook, put up with. Per- 
ferre legem, or rogationon, to cai*- 
ry through a law or bill, get it 
passed. 

Perficioy ere, fUci, fcctum, tr. 
{per d facio\ to finish, complete, 
perform, execute, accomplish ; to 
bring about, cause, effect. 

Perfidia, ce,f. {perjidus), perfidy, 
treachery, perfidiousness, faithless- 
ness*. 

Perfuga,*a:, m. {perfugio), a fu- 
gitive, deserter. 

Perfugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, intr. 
(per d fugio), to fly or flee for 
safety, take refuge. 

Perfugium, i, n. { perfugio), a 
refuge, sanctuary, shelter, asylum. 

Pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
intr. {per d rego), to go, come, go 
forward, advance, continue on 
one's way. Pergere iter, to pursue 
or proceed on one's journey; per- 
gere festinans, to go in haste, 
hastou. 



PERICULOSE 



234 



PERVENIO 



Periculose^ adv. {periculosus\ 
dangerously, with hazard. 

Periculosus, a, um^ adj. (pericu- 
lum\ dangerous, perilous, hazard- 
ous. 

Periculum^ ?, n., a trial ; a dan- 
ger, hazard, peril. Periculo suo, 
at his own risk. Facere alicui 
pericuhim^ to occasion danger to 
any one, expose any one to danger. 

Perinde, adv. (per do inde\ just 
as. Perinde ac or atque, just as, 
just so. Perinde ut, in proportion 
as, Justin proportion to. Perinde 
ac si or quasi, as if, as though, 
just as if. 

Peritia, ce, f. (peritus), skill, ex- 
pertness, knowledge. 

Perjuriu7?iy 2, 7i. (perjuro), per- 
juiy, false swearing. 

Perldtus, a, uin, part, see Per- 
fero. 

Perlego, Sre, legi, ledum, tr. {per 
<Sc lego), to read through, read over. 

Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
intr. (per <t manco), to remain to 
the last, to remain, endure, hold 
out, persevere. 

Permisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum, 
or mistum, tr, (per d' viisceo), to 
mix, mingle, or blend together, 
mingle; to confound, throw into 
confusion. 

Pennitto, ^re, Isi, issum^ tr. 
(per <jD mitto), to give, grants in- 
trust, commit ; to permit, allow, 
Bufifer. His permissum (est), it 
was permitted them, they were 
authorized or empowered. 

Permixtlo, onis, f. (permisceo), 
a mixing or mingling together. 
Permixtlo terrce, an earthquake. 

Permixtus, a, um, part., see 
Permisceo. 

Permoveo, ere, movi, motum, tr. 
(per d; moveo), to move greatly, 
move, stir up, incite, disturb, 
throw into commotion; to lead, 
induce, influence. 

Pernicies, Si, f. (perneco) death, 
destruction, ruin. 



Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (perni- 
cies), pernicious, deadly, baneful, 
destructive, ruinous, dangerous. 

Ferpello, ere, puli, pulsnm, tr. 
(per d: pello), to move; prevail 
upon, persuade, influence. 

Per per am, adv. ( perperus ), 
wrongl3% amiss, incorrectly. 

Perpetior, i, pessus swn, dep. 
(per dc patior), to suffer, endure, 
undergo, submit to, bear. 

Persa, ce, m., a Persian. 

Perscrlho, Sre, psi, ptiim, tr. 
(per (£' scribo), to write out, re- 
port, record ; to write off, copy 
to take a sketch of, make a plan ot. 

Pers^q-uor, i, cutus sunt, dep. 
(per do sequf/r), to follow after, 
pursue, press upon; to delineate, 
recount, treat of, perform ; to re- 
venge, avenge, punish. 

Per sea, «•, d' Per.sett^ i, m.. Per- 
ses or Pei-seus, the last king of the 
Macidonians. He was conquered 
by the Romans under uEmiliu9 
Paulus, 168 B. C, and died a pris- 
oner at Alba. 

Persolvo, ire, solvi, soliifuin, tr. 
(per d' 8>'lvo), to pay, pay off. 

Persuadio, ere, sudsi, sitd^mm, tr. 
(per d' suadeo), to persuade, in- 
duce, prevail upon. 

Pert err CO. tre, ui, \tum, tr. {per 
do terreo\ W frighten greatly, ter- 
rify, fill with alarm. 

PertimescOy ire, wi, intr. (per do 
timesco), to be greatly afraid. TV., 
to fear greath', fear. 

Ptrtinco, ere, tti, intr. (per dt 
teneo), to extend, stretch, reach 
to tend. 

Pertingo, ere, intr. (per db tan- 
go), the same as pertineo. 

Perturbdtus, a, um, part., pec 
Perturbo. Adj., confuseu, disturb- 
ed, disquieted. 

Perturbo, are, avi, dtuyn, tr. (per 
d' turbit), to disturb greath', throw 
into disorder, confuse, break, trou- 
ble, disquiet 

Perveiiio, Ird, viniy venium, inir. 



PES 



235 



PLACIDE 



{per d' venio\ to come; arrive at, 
reach. Pervenire ad aliquein, to 
fall into the hands of, to come to 
any one. Perventum est, we, you, 
they, <fcc., have arrived. Li cla- 
ritadinein pervenire, to come into 
celebrity, become celebrated. 

Pe\ pedis, m., the foot ; as a 
measure, a foot. 

Pessvuc, adv., sup. of male, very 
badly ; worst Quam quisque pes- 
sime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est, 
the worse any one has acted, the 
safer he is. 

Pessunus, a, um; adj., sup. of 
malus, the worst, most vicious ; 
most destructive or pernicious. 

Pessum, adv. (pes), foot wards, 
downwards, to the bottom. Pes- 
sum do, or as one word, pessumdo, 
to let go to the bottom, sink ; to 
ruin, undo. 

Pesiilentia, ce, f {pestilens), a 
plague, pestilence. 

Pestis, is, f, a pest, plague, 
scourge ; ruin, destruction, calam- 
ity ; an infection, pestilence. 

Petitio, onis, f (peto), a peti- 
tion ; a canvassing for an office, 
an effort to secure one's elec- 
tion. 

Peto, ^re, ivi or ii, Itum, tr., to 
ask, request, entreat ; to seek, be 
a candidate for, canvass for, stand 
for; to look for, pick up; to seek 
after, covet, desire ; to desire to 
reach, make for, get to; to seek 
to subdue, attack, assail ; to make 
a charge against 

Petreius, i, m., M. Petreius, a 
lieutenant under C. Antonius, in 
the war against Catiline. 

Petidantia, ce, f. ( petulans), pet- 
ulance, insolence, wantonness, las- 
civiousness. 

Phal^rce, drum, f pL, trappings 
for a horse, ornaments for men or 
women. 

Philceni, drum (or on), m. pi., 
the Philaeni, two Carthaginian bro- 
thers ; see Bell. Jug, ch. Id. 



Phcenix, icis, 7n., a Phoenician, 
inhabitant of Phoenicia. 

Picenus, a, um, adj., Picene, per- 
taining to Picenum, a country of 
Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. 

Pictus, a, um, part., see Pingo. 

Pietas, dtis, f (pius), piet}^ 
veneration, devotion to the per- 
formance of one's dnty, duty. 

Piget, uit, \tum est, impers., it 
srrieves or pains, it is disagreea- 
ble or irksome. 3Ie piget, I am 
grieved, ashamed, pained, vex- 
ed. 

Pilum, i, n., a javelin ; it con- 
sisted of a wooden shaft 4o\ feet long, 
and a barbed iron head of the same 
length ; but the latter extended half 
way down the shaft, making the en- 
tire length of the pilum 6f feet. 

Piius, i, m*, a rank of the triarii 
or pilani, who were armed with 
X\\e pilum. Primus pilus, the first 
rank of the triarii, who formed 
the third line i?i the Roman legion, 
the hast at i and principes being in 
front of them ; see Diet. Antiq. s. v. 

Pingo, Sre, pinxi, pictum, tr., 
to paint Tabula picta, a paint- 
ing ; {picta is often omitted.) 

Piso, onis, m., I. Calpurnius 
Piso, who held the consulship 67 
B. C^ II. Cnceus Piso, a young 
nobleman who was an associate of 
Catiline. 

Pistoriensis, e, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Pistorium, a toum in Etru- 
ria, now Pistoria in Tuscany. 

Pix, picis, /., pitch. 

Placeo, ere, ui, \tum, intr., to 
please, give satisfaction, suit the 
taste, be agreeable. Satis pla- 
cer e, to satisf3\ Placet, impers., it 
pleases, seems good. Mihi {tibi, 
sibi) placet, I, you, he, likes, ap- 
proves of, chooses, determines; 
also it is my, your, his opin- 
ion. 

Placide, adv. {placeo), placidly, 
softly, gently, mildly, peaceably, 
calmly. 



PLACIDUS 



236 



POLLICITATIO 



Placidus, a, um^ adj. (placeo), 
placi<1, quiet, gentle, mild. 

Placitua, a, um, part., see Placeo. 
Adj., pleasing, agreeable, grateful. 

Placo, are, dvi, dbim, tr., to ap- 
pease, pacify, reconcile, calm. 

Plane, adv. {planus), plainly, 
clearly ; wholly, altogether, en- 
tirely. 

Planitie.% ei,f. {planus), n plane, 
smooth surface ; a plain, level 
ground. 

Planus, a, urn, adj., plain, flat, 
level, smooth. As a nomi, pla- 
num^ i, n.y a plain. 

Plautius, a, tint, adj.^ Plautian, 
pertaining to the qcns Plautia. 
Lex Plautia, a law introduced by 
P. Plautius against occupying pub- 
lic places. 

Plebs, his, or Plebes, ci, /., the 
common people, plebeians, in dis- 
tinction from the nobles ; the pop- 
ulace, rabble. 

Plenus, a, um, adj. (obs. pUo), 
full, abounding in. Plena gradu, 
at quick step. 

Plcrumque, adv. { plerusque),' for 
the most part, generally, usually, 
in most cases. 

Plerusque, aquc, innque, adj., 
most. 7'his adjective is often em- 
plo^jed, particularly in the neuter, 
as a noun, and followed by the gen- 
itive, as : plcrumque noctis, the 
greater part of the night ; plera- 
que mortalium, most human affairs. 
Pltrique, most men, the majority. 
2'he difference between plerusque 
and plurimus, which however is not 
ahonys observed by Latin aitthors 
is, that the former denotes the great- 
er part of a whole, ichile the latter 
refers to the greatest part compared 
loith other parts. 

Plufunum, adv., sup. of mul- 
tiun, most, very much, for the 
most part, principall}', commonh'. 

Plur\mus, a, iim, adj.y sup. of 
multus, most, the greatest part, 
very many or much. As a noun^ 



plurimum, i, n., the most, the 
most of all, very much ; plurimi, 
the most, the greatest part. Quam 
plurimum, or quam plurimum po- 
test, as much as possible. 

Plus, adv.y comp. of multum^ 
moi-e. 

Plus, pluris, adj., comp. of niuU 
tus, more. As a noun, plus, n., 
more, \cith a gen. Plures, more, 
many, a great number, the major- 
it}'. Pluris {with pretii omitted), 
of more value, higher, dearer, a 
higher price. Facere plurix, to 
esteem higher, value more. Quam 
plures, see Quam plures. 

PluviuSy a, um, adj. {pluo), rainy. 
Pluvia aqua, rain-water. 

Poena, ee, f., ti penalty, punish- 
ment, sati^faction. Solvere, dare, 
or reddere, poenas, to render satis- 
faction, pay the penalty, suffer 
punishment. Poenas caper e, to 
take satisfaction, avenge, inflict 
punishment. Poenas petere, to 
seek satisfaction, to inflict punish- 
ment, to take revenge. Poena 
esse, to serve for punishment, be 
given up to punishment 

Poeni, orum, m. pi., the Cartha- 
ginians. 

Paniteo, ^e, ui, tr. (poena), to 
repent Intr., to repent^ be sorry. 

Pcenitet, imper., it repents. The 
ace. of the person may be better 
translated as the subject, as : Pceni- 
tet fnCy I repent, regret, am sorry 
for. 

Pollens, tis, part., see Pollen, 
abounding in strenpith. Adj., 
strong, potent, powerful, surpass- 
ing. 

Polleo, ere, intr., to be strong, 
powerful or great, to have great 
weight or influence. Magis pfdlere, 
to be more powerful, be stronger, 
have greater power. 

Polliceor, vri, "it us sum^ dep., to 
promise. Intr., to make promises^ 

Pollicitatio, dnis^f, a promising, 
a promise. 



POLLICITOR 



237 



POSSIDO 



Pollicitor, dn\ dtus sum, dep. 
freq. (polllceor), to make promise 
after promise. Pollicitandoy by 
oft-iepeated promises. 

Polluo, ere, ui, utum, tr.y to pol- 
lute, defile, corrupt, contaminate, 
dishonor. 

Pollutus, a, tcm, part., see Pol- 
luo. Adj., polluted, defiled, de- 
bauched, vile, foul, shameful, de- 
testable, homeless. 

Pompeius, e, m., (Cn.) Porapey 
the Great, the opponent of Julius 
Ccesar. 

Pompeius, i, ???., Pompeius Ru- 
fus, see Rufus. 

Pomptlnus, i, in., C. Pomptinus, 
a prcetor during the consulship of 
Cicero, and one of his most faith- 
ful coadjutors in suppressing the 
conspiracy of Catiline. 

Pondo, abl. (pendo), in weight. 
As an indeclinable noun, a pound. 

Pondus, eris, n. (pendo), weight. 

Pono, ire, posui, positum, tr., to 
put, y.lace, set ; to lay aside, ter- 
minate ; to set up, to propose, 
offer; to apj^oint, constitute; to 
esteem, to set down. Poyiere ante, 
to place before, value higher. Po- 
nere vigilias, to post or station sen- 
tinels. Poiiere castra, to pitch a 
camp, encamp. 

Pons, lis, m., a bridge. 

Pontificatus, us, m. {pontifex), 
the pontificate, or office of the 
pontifex or high priest. 

Popularis, e, adj. (populus), 
of or belonging to the people, 
popular. As a noun, a popular 
man, a fellow-countryman, fellow- 
townsman, one's countrj'man or 
townsman, an associate, accom- 
plice. 

Populus, i, m., a community 
united under the same laws, a 
people, nation, the common peo- 
ple, commons, in distinction from 
the nobility. 

Porcius, i, m., Porcius, a Roman 
family name. 



Porcius, a, urn, adj. Porcia lex, 
the Poreian law. This law was 
introduced, as is generally sup- 
jjosed, by P. Porcius Lceca, tribune 
of the people, and forbade that any 
Roman citizen should be fettered, 
scourged, or put to death ; instead 
of tJtef^e punishments were substi- 
tuted banishment, and confiscation 
of property. 

Porrectus, a, um, part., see Por- 
rigo. Adj., extended, stretched out. 

Porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, tr. 
{porro ct rego), to stretch or spread 
out, extend, lengtlien. 

Porro, adv., farther onward, 
afar ofi*, then next; moreover, be- 
sides. When the proposition in 
which it stands expresses something 
opposed to what goes before, porro 
may be trandated^ on the other 
hand, but still. 

Porta, CB, /., a gate, door, port. 

Portdtio, onis, f. (porto), a 
carrying or bearing, conveyance, 
transportation. 

Portendo, ire, di, turn, tr. (porro 
<£' tendo), to portend, presage, pre- 
dict, foreshow, reveal, to be fol- 
lowed by. 

Portentum, i, n. (portendo), a por- 
tent, extraordinary appearance. 

Porto, are, dvi, a turn, tr., to 
cany, bear, bring, transport. 

Portuosus, a, um, adj. (portus), 
abounding in harbors. Portuosior 
erat, had more good harbors. 

Posco, ire, poposci, tr^ to ask, 
demand, pray earnestly ; to re- 
quire, call for. 

Positus, a, um, part., see Pono. 

Posse ssio, onis, f ( possidco), pos- 
session, possessions, property, an 
estate. 

Posscssus, a, 2im, part., see Pos- 
sideo. 

Possideo, ere, edi, essum, tr., to 
possess, have possession of; have; 
to be master of; make a slave of. 

Possido, ere, idi, essum, tr., to 
take possession of. 



POSSUM 



238 



PRJSACUO 



Possum, posse, potui, ititr. irr. 
(potis <b sum), to be able, have 
power, to have ability, have 
weight. Potest, imp., it is possi- 
ble. Plus 01* amplius posse, to be 
more powerful, have greater abil- 
it}^ Plurimum posse, to be most 
powerful, to be of most avail, be 
most efficient. Minus posse, to be 
less powerful, be of less avail. 
Quantum ijigenio possem, so far 
as I might be able, so far as I 
have the ability. Potuit honestius 
consult, a more reputable course 
might have been pursued, he 
might have conducted himself 
bettei*. Por posse tcifh quam, see 
Quam. 

Post, adv., hereafter, after this, 
afterwards. Prep, with the ace, 
after, since, behind, in the rear of, 
next in order to. Post fnere, or 
postfuere, were laid aside. Post 
eum diem, the day after, the next 
day. Post tertium annum, the 
third year after. It sometimes sup- 
plies t/ie place of a clause, as: qui 
proximo anno post Bestiam con- 
sulatum gerehat, who held the 
office of consul the year after Bes- 
tia held it. Ducere post, to value 
less, consider of less importance. 
Post diem quintum quam — , on the 
fifth day after. 

Postea, adv. {post <£' is), after- 
ward, after that, hereafter, subse- 
quently. 

Pos'eaquam, or Postea quam, 
adv. (postea d; quam), after, after 
that. 

Posterior, us, gen. oris, adj., comp. 
ofposterus, that comes after, poste- 
rior, later, too late. 

Posterns, a, um, adj. (post), 
comp. posterior, sup. postremus, the 
following, next, ensuing. As a 
noun, posteri, drum, m. pi., de- 
scendants, posterity. 

Postquam, adv. (post 6: quam), 
after, after that, when, as soon as. 

PostrSmd, adv. (postremus), last- 



ly, finally, at last, in fine, in short, 
in a word, in general. 

Postremus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
posterus, the last, hindmost. As 
a noun, postrema, n. pi., what hap- 
pens last, the latest occurrences. 
Postrema acies, the rear. In pos- 
tremo or in postremis, in the rear. 

Postulatum, i, n. (postulo), a 
demand, request. 

Postulo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (pos- 
co), to demand, ask, desire, im- 
plore, beg ; to require, call for. ' 

Potens, tis, adj., efficient in the 
use of oue*s strength, powerful, 
potent, efficacious, rich, influen- 
tial ; of great power or influence. 

Potentia, ce, f. (potens), power, 
force, influence, political influence. 

Potestas, atis,f. (possuyn), abili- 
ty, powei*, rule, authority; leave, 
permission, opportunity, liberty. 

Potior, Iri, Itussum, dep. (potis), 
to get possession of, become mas- 
ter of, acquire, get, possess, get in 
one's power. 

Potior, us, gen. dri.% adj., comp. 
of potis, preferable, dearer, better, 
more reliable. Specie quam usu 
potior, better in appearance than 
m reality. 

Potis, indecl. adj., able, possible. 

Potissimum, a-Jv. (potior), most 
of all, above all others, chiefly of 
all others, in preference to others, 
best, especialh'. 

Potissimus, a, um, adj., S7ip. of 
potis, most of all, first of all, the 
best. , 

Potiio.% adv. co?np. (potior), 
rather, in preference. 

Poto, are, avi, dtum d' potum, tr., 
to drink. Intr., to drink to e**- 
cess, be drunken. 

Potui, see Possum. 

Prce, prep, with the abl., before ; 
for, on account of; in comparison 
with. In co77iposition prce is ustt^ 
cdly intensive. 

PrcBocuo, Sre, ui, utum, tr. (pra 
<t aaio), to make very sharp. 



PR^ACUTUS 



239 



PR^MISSUS 



I Prceacutus, a, um, part, see 
Prceacuo. Adj., sharj), sharp- 
I pointed. 

I Frcealtics, a, um, adj. (prce dt 
I altus), very high or lofty, very 
; deep. 

i Prcebeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {prceS 
\ habeo), to give, supply, furnish, 
I o£fer, afford. 

! ProBceps, cipitis, adj. ( prce 62 ca- 
\ put), headlong, precipitate, rapid, 
i rash, inconsiderate, hasty ; steep, 
j precipitous. Pr weeps cadere, to 
! fall headlong into ruin, go to ruin, 
I be ruined. Prcecipitem agere, to 
drive headlong to desperation. 
I Ire, or abire prceceps, to go head- 
long, to plunge headlong into ruin, 
go to destruction, to take a rash 
I or desperate course ; to fall into a 
ruinous condition. Prceceps dari, 
to be carried headlong. 

PrcEceptum, i, n. (prcecipio), an 
I order, direction, command ; a pre- 
' cept, maxim, rule, instruction, ad- 
vice, counsel. 

Prceceptus, a, um, part., see 
ProBcipio. 

ProBcldo, ere, cldi, cisum, tr. 
{prce (h ccedo), to cut off, shorten, 
Prcecipio, ere, cepi, cepturn, tr. 
{prce (^ capio), to instruct, teach, 
order, enjoin, direct. Alicui prce- 
ceptum est, instructions have been 
given to one, one has received in- 
structions. 

Proecipito, are, avi, dtwn, tr. 
{prceceps), to precipitates, plunge, 
thrust, throw headlong, to drive. 
Se prcecipitare, to ruin one's self, 
run headlong to destruction. 

PrceclsuSj a, um, part., see Prce- 
cido. Adj., abrupt, steep, precipi- 
tous. 

PrcBcldrus, a, um, adj. {prce & 
clams), very clear or bright, illus- 
trious, brilliant, conspicuous, dis- 
tinguished, remarkable, noble, 
I beautiful. Qui bello scepe prce- 
, clari fueranty who had often won 
' distinction in war. 



Prceda, ce, /., booty, prey, spoil, 
plundeiing, pillaging ; gain, advan- 
tage. Be Uicce prcedce, the s][>oih oi 
war. 

Prcedabundus, a, um, adj. {prce- 
dor), making an excursion for 
booty, plundering. 

Prcedator, oris, m. {prcedor), a 
plunderer, pillager. As an adj., 
plundering, making booty. Exer- 
citus predator ex sociis, an army 
carrying off booty from their al- 
lies. 

Prcedatorius, a, um, adj. {prceda- 
tor), booty-making, plundering, 
predatory. 

Prcedico, are, avi, dtum,, tr. {prce 
d: dico, are), to proclaim, publish, 
make known ; to tell, say, relate, 
report. Be7ie prcedicare, to speak 
well of. 

Prcedico, ere, xi, ctum, tr. {prce 
(S: dico, ere), to tell beforehand, to 
appoint in advance, to give orders 
in regard to. 

Prceditus, a, um, adj. {prce cb 
datus), endowed or endued with, 
po.-^sessed of, having. 

Prcedoceo, ere, cui, ctum, tr. 
{prce (h doceo), to teach or instruct 
beforehand. 

Prcedor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
{prceda), to make booty, plunder, 
pillage. Tr.y to plunder, rob, 
spoil, ravage. 

Prcefectus, a, um, part, see 
Prceficio. 

Prcefectus, i, m. {prceficio), a prse- 
fect, superintendent, commander, 
governor, officer. 

Prcefero, ferre, iuli, Idtum, tr. 
{prce CO fero), to prefer, give the 
preference, choose rather. 

Prceficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. 
{prce d: facio), to set over, appoint 
to the command of. 

Prcegredior, edi, gressus sum, 
dep. {prce <& gradior), to go before, 
precede. 

Prcetnissiis, a, um, part, see 
Prcemitto. 



PRyEMITTO 



240 



PR A V US 



Prcemitto, ^r<?, mlsi, 7nissum, ir. 
(prce d' mitto\ to send before. 

Prcemhim, i, 71., money; a re- 
ward, recompense, adv^antage, pro- 
fit, a promised reward. 

Pnepedio, Ire, ivi, Umn, tr. 
{prce (b pes), to impede, hinder, 
obstruct, to shackle. 

Proeposterus, «, mn, adj. {prm c& 
posterns), having that fir>t which 
ought to be last, preposterous, ab- 
surd, wrong. 

Prceriimpo, ere, riipi, ruptum, tr. 
( prce (b r tempo), to break off. 

Prceruptus, a, um, part., see 
Prcericmpo. Adj., broken, rugged, 
steep. 

Prcssens, tis, adj. (prce c& ens), 
present, at hand, personally, ready, 
prompt, effectual. In prcesens, at 
present, for the present. Prcesens 
agere — at once. 

Prcesentia, ce, f. {prcesens\ pres- 
ence. 

Proiserthn, adv., especially ; 
chiefly, principally, particularly. 
Quum prccserthn or prcesertim 
quum, especially since. 

Prccsideo, ere, edi, essiim, intr. 
{prce do sedeo), to preside ovei", su- 
perintend, have the command, 
keep, watch over. 

Prccsidiuni, i, n. {prceses), a 
guard, safeguard, protection, de- 
fence ; a support, refuge, resource, 
aid, succor, assistance, reinforce- 
ment ; garrison, stronghold ; an 
escort, convoy. Prccsidlum. or 
prcesidia agitare, to act as an 
escort, to mount or keep guard ; 
to perform duty in a garrison, 

PrcestabiHs, e, adj. {prcesto, dre\ 
excellent, noble. 

Prcesto, adv., present, ready, at 
hand. Prcesto esse, to be present, 
be ready, be in readiness. 

Prcesto, are, tti, liicm, intr. {prce 
dc sto), to stand before, to be supe- 
rior or better than, to excel, uis- 
tinguish one's self Tr., to do, per- 
form. Pi'cestat, wipers., it is better. 



Prceswn, esse, fuiy intr, irr. 
{prce d sum), to be set over, pre- 
side over, have the charge or com- 
mand of, direct. 

Prceter, prep, icith ace, before, 
close by, near, besides, in addition 
to, except, save. Adv., except, 
save, only. 

Prceterea, adv. {prceter dc is), be- 
sides, moreover, in any other in- 
stance, and also, and other. 

Prcetereo, Ire, it, itum, iyitr. 
{prceter d eo), to pass by, to say 
nothing. Tr., to pass over in si- 
lence, pass over, omit, leave out. 

Prcetergredior, edi, gressus sum, 
dep. {prceter d gredior), to go past 
or beyond, pass by. 

Prcetor, oris, m. {prceeo), a prae- 
tor. 2'he prcetor was a judicial 
officer, and ranked in dignity next 
to the consul. Prcetors were some- 
times sent, after the expiration of 
their term of service, to administer 
justice in the provinces, and in that 
case were called proprcetores or pro- 
prcetors, a term which icas also 
applied to one who commanded an 
army in the absence of the gene- 
ral. Pro prcetore, as pi-opra}tor, 
that is, as the acting commander- 
in-chief 

Prcetorium, i, n. { prcetor ius), the 
pra3torium, the general's tent. 

Prcetorius, a, um, adj. {prcetor), 
of or belonging to the praetor, 
praetorian. Cohors prcetoria, the 
praitorian cohort, or general's life- 
guard. 

Prcetura, ce., f {prcetor), the 
prsetorship, the office of praetor. 

Prccvenio, Ire, veni, ventum, tr. 
{ prce d vcnio), to come before, an- 
ticipate, prevent. 

Pravitas, cliis, f {pi-avus), de- 
pravity, perverseness, wickedness. 

Pravus, a, um, adj., perverse, 
wicked, depraved, vicious, mon- 
strous. As a noim, pravum, i, n,, 
depravity, wickedness, vice, vil- 
lany. 



PREMO 



241 



PilOBRUM 



Premo^ ere, pressi, pressum, tr,, 
to press, press upon, weigh down, 
oppress, press hard upon. 

Pretium, i, ??., the price, worth, 
value ; a reward, meed, pay, wages, 
money. Operce pretium est, or 
pretium est, the labor has its re- 
ward, one's labor is repaid, it is 
worth while. 

Prex, precis,/., prayer, supplica- 
tion, entreaty. 

Pridem, adv., long since, long ago. 

Primo, adv. (pri/nus), at the 
first, at first, in the first place. 

Primum, adv. (primus), first, in 
the first place, for the first time. 
Primum omnium^ first of all. Qiiani 
primum, as soon as possible. Uhi 
primum, or quum primum, as soon 
as, when first, when once. 

Primus, a, wn, sup, of prior, 
the first, earhest, the foremost, 
front ; the most distinguished, most 
important, most valuable, chief, 
principal. As a norm, prhiuim, i, 
n., the first rank, front. Primi, 
orum, m. pi., the first, those who 
occupy the first rank. In primis 
or imprimis, first, in the first place, 
first of all, above all, in the highest 
degree, chiefly, especially, peculiar- 
ly, among the first, in front ; among 
the most difficult of things. Prima 
ducere or habere and primum pu- 
tare, to reckon of the first impor- 
tance. • 

Princeps, \pis, c. g. {primus d; 
capio), the first, foremost ; a chief, 
headman, leader. Princeps sena- 
tus or princeps in senat?i, tlie head 
or leader of the senate, the one 
whose name was placed first on 
the list of senators. Principes, 
the principes, the heavy armed soU 
diers. composing the second line of 
the Roman legion ; also the leading 
division, 

Principium, i, n. (principi), a 
beginning, commencement. Prin- 
cipia, the front rank of an army in 
order of battle, the front. 
11 



Prior, us, gen. oris, sup. pri- 
mus, prior, previous ; more ad- 
vanced, superior, first. 

Pristlnus, a, um, adj., pristine, 
former, wonted, original. 

Prius, adv. {prior), first, before, 
previously. Prius — quam or prius- 
quam, before that, sooner than, 
rather than. 

Priusquam, adv., see Prius. 

Privaiim, adv. {privatus), pri- 
vately, in a private capacity, as an 
individual, individually. 

Privatus, a, um, part., see Privo. 
Adj., belonging to individuals, indi- 
vidual, private, one's own, personal. 
As a noun, a private person, one 
who holds no pubhc office. 

Privignus, i, m., a step-son. 

Privo, are, dvi,dtum, tr. { privus), 
to take away from, deprive. 

Pro, prep, with the all., before, 
in front of, in the presence of; for, 
in reference to, in favor of, to the 
advantage of, in excuse of; in the 
place of, instead of, from being, in- 
stead of being; in the manner of, 
as becomes, according to, in accord- 
ance with, in proportion to ; on ac- 
count of, in consideration of. Pro 
bono facere, to act in accordance 
with what is good, to do welL Pro 
tempore respondet, — as became, or 
suitably to the occasion. 

Pro! or Prohl inter., 0! ah! 
Pro Deum atque hominum fidem I 
I call Gods and men to witness. 

ProbXtas, atis, f. {probus), prob- 
ity, rectitude, goodness, upright- 
ness. 

Probo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {pro- 
bus), to approve, commend, to as- 
sent to, agree to. 

Probrum, i, n., a shameful or 
scandalous act, disgraceful conduct, 
disgrace, shame, infamy. Probro 
habere, to consider disgraceful 
Ignavice luxuriceque probra, shame- 
ful excesses of idleness and luxury. 
Probri causa^ as a mark of dis- 
grace. 



PR0BU8 



242 



PROFUTUEUS 



Prohus^ a, ?^m, adj.^ good, up- 
right, worthy, virtuous, chaste, mod- 
est. 

Procaxy dciSf adj. (proco), bold, 
proud, impudent, saucy. 

Procedos ere, cessi, cessum, intr., 
to proceed, go forward or forth, go, 
advance, to pass, elapse, to go on 
"well, prosper, succeed, be of ser- 
vice; work to the advantage of; to 
turn out, happen, to be advanced. 
-Eb vecordice procedere, to advance 
to such a pitch of madness. Ad- 
herbal ubi intelligit eo proccssutn, — 
it had come to this. Pnrum proce- 
dere, not to prosper sufficiently, be 
attended with too little success. 

Proconsul, is, vi. (pro d' consul), 
a proconsul, one who discharged in 
a province the duties which belongs 
to the consul in Jlomc, or "under- 
took the conduct of a war in the 
place of a consul. 

Procul, adv., far, far off, at a dis- 
tance, aloof, remote. Procul errare, 
to wander far from the truth, err 
very much. 

Procuratio, dnis, f. (proairo\ 
administration, management 

Prodlgium, i, n., a prodigy, mira- 
cle, omen. 

Proditio, dnis, f. (prodo), a dis- 
closure, treachery, betn^ing, trea- 
son, faithlessness. 

Prodo, trc, d"idi, dltuiu, tr. {pro 
d; do), to disclose, discover, to be- 
tray, desert, surrender perfidiously. 
Prodere Jidem, to betray confidence, 
break one's word. 

Produco, ere, xi, ctu?7i, tr. (pro db 
duco\ to bring fortli or forward, 
bring before the people. 

Proelians, tis, part., see Prcelior. 
As a noun, a combatant, 

Prcelior, Gri, Cttus sum, dep. 
(prcelium), to fight, join battle, 
contend in fight. 

Prcelium, t, w., a fight, battle, 
engagement, combat, a regular or 
pitched battle. Proelium facere, 
to join battle. Praliuni manihus, 



or in manibus facere, to engage 
hand to hand, join in close combat 
A7ite proelium factum, before the 
battle was fought, before the en- 
gagement. Proeliuyn male pugna- 
tum, an unsuccessful battle. 

Prof anus, a, urn, adj. (pro d: fa- 
num), profane, not consecrated to 
any god, not sacred. 

Profectio, dnis, f (proficiseor), a 
setting out, departure 

Profecto, adv. (pro db f actus), 
doubtless, certainly, indeed, io 
truth, surely. 

Profectus, a, um, part,, see Pra- 
fciscor. 

Profero, ferre, tali, Idtmn ( pro 
d' fero\ to bring out, to publisli, 
make known, to postpone. 

Proficiscor, profectus sum, dep, 
( pro d: facio), to set out on a jour- 
ney, go away, depart ; to be on a 
journey, travel, Q\y ; to proceed. 

Profteor, iri, fessus sum, di^. 
( pro db fat^or\ to declare openly, 
acknowledge freely, avow, to de- 
clare one's self a candidate. 

Projiigo, are, iivi, dtum, tr. (pro 
dt figo), to throw to the ground ; 
to put to flight, beat back, rout 

Proffigio, ert',fugi,fugUum, intr. 
(pro dcfugio), to flee, fly, run away, 
escape. 

Prufiigits, a, wwi, adj. (profugio), 
fleeing, fugitive, put to flight, driven 
away ; banished, exiled. Profugus 
di seeder e or abire, to be put to 
flight, to flee. 

Prof undo, ere, fUdi, fUsutn^ tr. 
(pro dc fundo\ to pour out, to 
throw away, squander, waste, con- 
sume, 

Pixfundus, a, wm, adj.^ deep, 
profound, boundless, insatiable. 

Profuse, adv. { prifusus), pro- 
fusely, extravagantly, immoderate- 
ly, too much. 

Profasus, a, um, part., sec Pro- 
funda. Adj., immoderate, extrav- 
agantly lavish, prodigal, wasteful 

Profuturtis, see Pro9um. 



PROGEiNlES 



243 



PR0PKJ2T0R 



Progenies^ ei, f. ( progigno)^ pro- 
geny, an ofFspring. 

Proldheo, ere, ui, itwn, tr. {pro 
ct habeo), to keep off, back, or away, 
impede, stop; to hinder, prevent, 
obstruct, repulse, prohibit, forbid ; 
to repress, curb, restram ; to keep, 
defend, protect. 

Proinde, conj. {pro d: hide), 
therefore, on that account. Adv., 
just so, equally, the same as, in 
like manner. Proinde quasi, just 
as if 

Projectus, a, vm, part., see Pro- 
jicio. 

Projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 
{pro (£* jac'o), to throw away or 
forth, throw ; to drive out, expel, 
eject. » III has itiiserias projectus 
8U7fi, I am plunged into these mise- 
ries. 
I Prolato, (Ire, dvi, dtum, tr. {pro- 

I /fro), to prolong, protr \rt, extend, 
to put off, defer, postpone. 

Projniscu^, adv. (pro?tit8cutts), 
without distinction, promiscuously, 
confusedly, indiscriminately. 

Promiscuus, a, lun, adj. {pro d; 
misceo), promiscuous, without dis- 
tinction, common. 

Promisiaim, i, n. {promitto), a 
promise, a proposal, proposition. 

Promissus, a, mn, part., see 
Promitto. 

Promitto, ere, ini.^i, missum, tr. 
(pro d: mitto), to promise, engage. 

Promptus, us, m. (promo), ex- 
posure to view ; readiness^. In 
promptu esse, to be in readiness; 
be at hand, to be clear, manifest, 
evident, to be easy. 

Promptus, a, uin, adj. {protno), 
clear, manifest, ready, active, 
prompt, b<^)ld, ardent. 

Promulgo, are, dvi, atiim, tr., to 
publish, make known, propose. 

Pronus, a, um, adj., bending 
down or forward, bowed to the 
earth, grovelling, prone, easy, prac- 
ticable, without difficulty. 

Prope, adv., comp. propius, sup. 



proxime), near, nigh, close by ; 
nearly, almost. Prope is often 
followed by the ace., like a preposi- 
tion. 

Propediem, adv. ( prope do diem), 
in a short time, shortly, after a 
while, very soon. 

Propello, ere, puli, pulsum, tr. 
{pro d: pello), to drive forward, 
propel, to drive away, repel, re- 
move. 

Properans, tis, part., see Pro- 
pero. Adj., hurrying, in liuste, 
quick. 

Properanter, adv. { proper o ), 
hastily, speedily, quickly. Prope- 
raniius, more speedily, in greater 
haste, too rashly, too precipitately. 

Properantia, a;, f. {propero), 
haste, nurry, di^^patch. 

Profiere, adv. ( propertci), ia 
haste, hastily, speedily, quickly. 

Proptro, (ire, dvi, dtum, tr. {pro- 
pcrus), to liasten, make with haste, 
accelerate. Intr., to hasten, make 
haste, to be eager. Properandum 
esf^\ere is need of dispatch, haste 
musi be made. 

Propinguus, a, um, adj. {prope\ 
near, neighboring ; near of kin, 
nearly related. As a uoun, a kins- 
man, relation. Propinqni inter se, 
near to one another. Oppido pro- 
pinqua {with loca omitted), the 
parts near the town, the environs 
of the town. Affines, aynicos, pro- 
pinquos ceteros, my relations, rny 
friends, the rest of tliese near to me. 

Propior, i/.s, gen. oris, sup. frroxi- 
mus, adj. { prope), nearer, closer ; 
more nearly related, more like. It 
is often followed by the ace. 

Propius, adv., comp. of prope, 
nearer to, more nearly. 

Propono, ire, posui, positum, tr. 
{pro (V pono), to set forth or out; 
to ofier, present, to make known, 
explain, point out, declare, tell. 

Proprator, oris, m. {pro d: prce- 
tor), a propretor, one invested with 
the authority of praetor. 



PKOPTEB 



244 



PUBLICE 



Propter, prep, with the ace. 
(prope), near, on account of, by 
reason of, owing to, through. Prop- 
ter dlsseiitioneia, to prevent dis- 
putes. 

Propulso, are. dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
{propello), to dri^e back, repel, re- 
pulse. 

Proripio, ere, rXpui, reptum, tr. 
(pro <k rapio), to drag forth, snatch 
away. Se proripere. to hurry away, 
rush out, escape quickly. 

Prorsus, adv. ( pro 6: vermui), al- 
together, entirely, utterly, in a word, 
in short 

Prosapia^ ce, /., race, lineage, 
fimily. 

ProftcrlbOy ere, psi, ptum, tr. ( pro 
<L' srriho), to proscribe, outlaw. 

Proscriptio, onis, f. (proscribo), 
proscription. A sentence of pro- 
acription doomed tJie object of it to 
death, and his property was confis- 
cated. 

Proscriptus, a, urn., part, (pro- 
scribo), proscribed, outlawed. As 
a noun, proscriptus, i, in., one Jiro- 
scribed or outlawed. 

ProspectOt are, dvi, dtum, tr. freg. 
(proxpicio\ to gaze at from ji dis- 
tance, view, watch. 

Prospectus, Us, vu (prospicio\ a 
distant view, view, prospect, sight. 

Prosper tl' Prosper us, a, nni, adj. 
(pro <£• spero), according to one's 
hopes or wishes, prosperous, favora- 
ble, fi)rtunate. 

Prosptre, adf. (prosper\ pros- 
perously, favorably, fortunately. 
Prospere cedere, to result favora- 
bly, be successful. 

Proswn, prodesse, profii, intr. 
irr. ( pro d: sum), to do good, be of 
service, be successful or profitable, 
avail i\7/<// profit ura, things 
which will be of no service, worth- 
lesjj. 

Provenio, Jre, vdni, ventum, intr. 
(pro d: venio), to come forth, spring 
up, arise, 

ProvXdens, tis, part., see Pro- 



video, Adj^ provident, circum- 
spect, prudent 

Providenter, adf\ ( providens), 
with foresight, wisely, prudently. 

Providentia, «?, /. (provideo\ 
foresight, forecast, providence, pre- 
caution. 

Protndeo, ere, vldiy visum, tr, 
{pro d: video), to foresee, perceive, 
discern ; to provide, prepare be- 
forehand, to see to, look after, to 
guard against Intr, to make pro- 
vision for, have a care f(jr. to pro- 
vide or guard against, to take care, 
try to prevent 

ProvinciOy ce, f (pro d: venio\ 
a province. A province was a con- 
quered country, ruled by a Roman 
maffistrate. When provincia is 
used in the Bell. Jug. witlwut any 
qualification, the Roman province 
in Africa is meant. 

Provlsus, a, »«/», part,, see Pro- 
video. 

Proxime, adv., sup. of prope, 
nearest, next With the ace, like a 
preposition, next to. 

Proxlmus, a, um, adj., sttp. of 
propior, the nearest, the next en- 
suing ; the la^t, preceding, next of 
kin ; nearly related, intimate. As 
a noun, proximus, i, in , one's near- 
est relative or most intimate ac- 
quaiutince, a bosom friend, a)nfi- 
(iant, an associate. The adj. proxi- 
mus is sometimes limited by the 
accusative. 

Prudens, tis, adj. (contraction of 
providens), prudent, having a know- 
ledge of; saor:\cious, wise, intelli- 
gent, learned ; skilful, experienced. 

Prudenter, adv, ( prudens), pru- 
dently, wisely, intelligently. 

Psallo, ere, i, intr., to play upon 
a stringed instrument, to sing to tlie 
lyre, to sinaf and \At\y, 

Puber d'Pubes, eris, adj., Rrrived 
at the age of puberty, grown up, 
adult As a noun, puberes, tan, 
7n. /)/., crrowu up p>eople, adults. 

Pubhc^, adv, (publicus), public- 



PUBLICO 



245 



QUJBSTOR 



ly, in public; in office, in public 
authority ; in the name of the state, 
on the part of the public as a state. 

Publico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {pub- 
licus), to make public the property 
of, confiscate. 

PubllciiHj a, ?(W, adj. (populus), 
public, belonging to the public or 
state; general. 

PubliuSj i, ??i., a Roman prceiio- 
men. 

Pudet, uit, pudXtum est^ imp., is, 
are, or am ashamed. Ilium pudet, 
he is ashamed ; 7ti€ pudety I am 
ashamed. 

Pudicitia, ce,f. (pudicus). chasti- 
ty, proper behavior, modesty. 

Pudfjr, oTix, 772. (pudeo), shame, 
modesty, good manners, respect, a 
sense of honor. 

Piter, eri, m.^ a boy, child. 

Pucritia, a, f. {pu€r\ boyhood, 
childhood. 

Pugna, cc, f. (pugmix), a battle, 
fight, combat, encounter. Punnam 
facere, to join battle, fight Png- 
nam r emitter e, to relax the fury of 
tlie engagement, to discontinue the 
battle. 

Pugjio, are, avi, dtum, intr. 
( pxtgnaX to fight, combat, contend, 
give battle. Male pugnare, to lose 
a battle. Afale pngnatnm, a battle 
"was lost, an unsuccessful battle was 
fought. Pugnatur, we, they fight, 
a battle is fouglit. Bene pugnatur, 
a successful battle is fought, a vic- 
tory is gained. 

Pulcher, chra, chmm, adj., beau- 
tiful, handsome, fair, noble, glori- 
ous. 

PidsHS, a, um, part., see Pello. 

Puhnniis, i, ?«., a cushion, pil- 
low, bolster. 

Pulvls, eris, m., dust 

Pnnicus, a, wn, adj., Punic, Car- 
thaginian. In consequence of the 
national bad faith, of which the 
Jiatnans accused tfie Carthaginians, 
Punica Jides came to be equivalent 
to mala Jides^ bad faith, perfidy. 



Puto, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to weigh, 
ponder, reflect upon ; to think, reck- 
on, suppose, esteem, place, regard 
as beinar. 



Q. 

Q., an abbreviation of Quint us. 

Quel, adv. (abl. fern, of qui, with 
via or parte omitted), where, wherev- 
er, whence. 

Quacunque, adv. (abl. of quicun- 
que, with via or parte omitted), 
wherever, wheresoever, whenceso- 
ever. 

Qua^jiraginta, num. adj. {quatuor\ 
forty. 

Quadrdtus, a, um, part, {quadro). 
Adj., square, four-cornered. Qiiad- 
ratum agmen^ an army drawn up 
in a hollow square. Aji army 
marching, quadrato agmine, had 
the baggage placed in the ceyitre for 
security, and was prepared to repel 
an attack from whatever quarter it 
might come. * 

Quaro, ere, sivi, sltum, tr., to 
seek, seek after, look for ; to try to 
gain or acquire, obtain, procure, at- 
tain ; to ask, inquire ; to inquire 
into, investigate ; to prosecute. Do- 
lum quarere, to seek to find or de- 
vise some stratagem. Quceritur in 
aliquem, a prosecution is instituted 
against some one. 

Qucesitor, oris, m. (qucero), a 
seeker, an investigator, commission- 
er, judge. • 

QucEso, ere, Ivi {old form for 
quccro), to beg, pray, entreat. 

Qua:stio, onis, f. (qucero), a seek- 
ing, an examination, investigation, 
trial, prosecution. QuiBstiouem 
cxercere, to carry on or conduct an 
investigation. 

Quaestor, oris, m. {quccro), a 
quaestor. A quastor was a Roman 
officer, who had the care of the pub- 
lic money ; at the expiration of his 
official term^ he usually went with a 



QU^STTS 



246 



QUICUMQUE 



consul or prcBtor into a province^ 
where he so^netirnes, in cases of 
emergency f performed the functions 
of a proetor. Quaestor pro prcetore^ 
a quasstor with pretorian power. 

Qucestus, us, m. (gucero), gain, 
profit, advantage, acquisition. Quis 
omnia qucestui simty who are ready 
to barter away every thing for 
gain. 

QualiSy e, adj., what sort of, what 
kind of a, what. 

Quam, adv., how, how much. 
Co7ij., than, as ; with superlatives, as 
possible, as : qxiam maxime longa, 
as long as possible ; quam scepis- 
sime, as often as possible. Qiuim 
— quam, so— as; quam — tarn, as 
— so. 

Quamohrem, conj, (often written 
separately, quam ob rem), why, 
wherefore, therefore, for which rea- 
son. 

Quamplures, adj. pi. (sometimes 
written separately, quam plurcs\ 
very many, a great many. 

Quampriitiwn, adv. (or written 
separately, quam primurn), as soon 
as jx^ssible. 

Qnamquam, coiij., though, al- 
though. 

Quam vis, adv. {qtiam cfc vis from 
volo), as much as you will, ever 
BO much, ever so, however. Conj., 
although, though. 

Quando, adv., when. Conj., since. 
Quantus, a, %im, adj., how great ? 
how much ? so great, so much. 
Answering to tantns, it 7neans as. 
As a noun, quantum, n. (with the 
gen.), how much, so much, as: quan- 
tum periculi, how much danger, 
how great a danger. -45 an adverb, 
quantum, how much, as. Quanti, 
gen., how dear, how high, at what 
price. Verba quanti fecerit, how 
nnich he has regarded his word. 
Quanta, abl., by how much. Quan- 
to — tanto, by how much — by so 
much, the more — the more, the — 
the. Quantum temporis in impcrio 



fuit, during as much of the time as 
he was in command. 

Quapropter, conj.{qua dc propter), 
wherefore, therefore. 

Quare (qua 6: re), conj., where- 
fore, for which reason, therefore. 

Quartus, a, um, num. adj. (qua- 
tuor), the fourth. 

Quasi, conj. (for qiiamsi), as \{^ 
just as if, just as. Adv., as it were ; 
about, almost (with n umcrals). Qua- 
si vero, just as if, as if indeed. 

Quatriduum, i, n. (quatuor db 
dies), the space of four days, four 
days. 

Quatuor, indecl. num. adj., four 

Que, enclitic conj., and, also, and 
therefore. Que — que, que — et, or 
et — que, and — and. both — and. 
Que denotes a close connection, and 
is usually appended to the first word 
in a clause. 

Queis, for Quibus. 

Queo, Ire, tvi, i/wm, intr. irr., to 
be able, I, you, he, she, <tc. can. 

Queror, t, questus sum, dep., to 
complain, complain of 

Questus, a, um, see Queror. 

Qui, qu(t, quod, rel. pro., who, 
which, that, what Inter, pro., who f 
which ? what ? The relative at ike 
beginning of a sentefice is often 
equivalent to a demonstrative with 
a connective word, and, in trans- 
lating, that connective must be sttp- 
plicd, according to the chain of 
thought, as : J)e cujus homines mori- 
bus pauca prius explananda sunt^ 
but I must describe in a few words 
the character of this man, etc. Quo. 
abl. with compar., so much, the 
Quo—eo, by how much — by ec 
much, the — the. 

Qui, (old abl. of qui <£* quis) ( 
how, in what way. 

Quia, conj.^ because. 

Quibuscutn, L e. cutr^g^ibMis. 

Quicmnque, qucecumque, quod- 

cumque, rel. pro. (qui Jb eumgtie)^ 

whoever, wnatever, whosoever, 

whatsoever, every, alL The com- 



QUID 



247 



QUISNAM 



ponent parts of this word are some- 
times separated, as : cujtis hcec cum- 
que modi. 

Quid, see Quis. 

Quidaifiy quadam, quoddam or 
qulddam, indef. pro. {qui 6; dam\ 
a certain one, one. In the plural, 
some. Quidam with proper name, 
implies that the person is but little 
knoicn, as : quidatn Manliiis, a 
certain Manlius, one Manliiis, 

Quidem, adv., indeed, truly, cer- 
tainly, at least, even. Ke — qui- 
dan, see Ke. 

Quies, etiSf /., quiet, rest, repose, 
sleep, peace. 

Quiesco, ere^ evi, etum, intr. 
(quies), to r?st, repose, sleep. 

Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), 
quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful. 

QuilXbet, qucehbet, quodllbet or 
quidlibet, indef. pro. (qui d: libet), 
any one who will, whoever you 
please, any one, any, no matter 
what, any person or thing what- 
ever. 

Quin^ conj. (qui cfr ne), that 
not, who not ; but that ; without. 
Quin follows nffjative or interroga- 
ative clauses, including verbs of 
doubting, (tc, and is sometimes 
equivalent to qui non, as : quis 
est, quin — contcndat, who is tliere 
who does not seek to vie ; sojne- 
times to ut non ; in which cases 
it mag often be translated with- 
out, with the present participle, 
as: non fuit consilium, silentio 
prceterire, quin np rirem, it was 
not my design to pass over in si- 
lence, without portraying; neque 
. illis, qui victoriam adepti, diutius i 
ea uti licuisset, quin qui plus pos- 
wset,- iuiperiuin atque libertatem ex- 
Jorqueret, nor could those who ob- 
tained tlie victory have enjoyed it 
long, without some more powerful 
persons wresting from them the 
government and liberty. Quin. 
adv., why not ! but, indeed, really. 
Quin ergo, why not then ! Kon 



quin^ not that, not as if, not but 
that. 

Quiiideciin, num. adj. (quinque <t 
decem), fifteen. 

Quinquaginta, nunu adj. (quin- 
que), fifty. 

Quinque, num. adj., five. 

Quinquennium, i, n. (quinquen- 
nis), the space of five years, five 
years, the last five years. 

Quintus, a, um, num. adj. (quin- 
qtce), the fifth. 

Quintus, i, m., a Roman prae no- 
men. 

Quippe, conj., since, for, because, 
in so much as. Adu.j in fact, in- 
deed. Quippe qui, quce, quod, 
since he, she, it. Quippe qui — in- 
vaserat, since he had seized upon. 
Quippe quis hostis nidlus, since we 
had no enemy. Quippe cui (sc 
plebi) omncs copice in usu quoti- 
diano erant, since all their riches 
consisted in (the profits of) their 
dail}' labor. 

Quirlfe.% ium, m. pi., Romans. 
The Quirites were properly the in- 
habitants of the Sabine towji of 
Cures, but the name was applied 
also to the whole Sabine 7iation. 
After the union of the Romans and 
Sabines binder Romulus, the united 
communitg called themselves, in a 
civil capacity, Quirites, while, in a 
political and military capacity, 
they retained the name of Romans. 

Quis, dat. (So abl. pi. of Qui. 

Quis, quce, quid, intei: pro., 
who ? whicli ? what ? Quid, adv., 
why ? Quid reliqui habemus, what 
have we left. Quis mortal ium^ 
what man. After ne, si, yiisi, nam, 
quis and qui are indefinite pro- 
nouns, as: ne quis, not anyone; 
si qui.\ if any one. 

Quisnam or Quinam, qucenam, 
quidnam or quodnam, inter, pro. 
[quisov qui d: nam), who? which, 
what ? The nam gives additional 
emphasis to the question, and an- 
swers nearly to the English ""pray." 



-^ 



QUISPIAM 



248 



RATIO 



It is often used substantively and 
followed by the gen.^ as : quidnam 
consilii. 

Quispiam, qucepiam, guodpiam, 
quidpiam or quippiam^ indef, pro. 
{quis), some one, any one. 

Quisqicam^ qucequam^ quidquam 
or quicquamy indef. pro. (quis c£' 
qua?n), any one, any thing, some 
one, something. With the nega- 
tive words, ne^ neque, dv., which 
usually accompany it, qiiisquam 
may generally be translated, no one, 
nothing, no, as : ne quisquam homi- 
num or omnium, no man, no one. 

Quisque, quceque, quodque, quid- 
que or quicque, indef. pro. {quis d; 
que), every one, each, every, all. 
With the superlative it is in general 
equivalent to omnes with the posi- 
tive ; but in connection with the verb 
following it conveys the idea of a 
reciprocal comparison among the 
persons implied in the statement, 
as : optimus quisque, all the good 
or brave, every one in proportion 
as he is best, the best, the bravest. 

Quisquis, quaiquce, quidquid, or 
quicquid, rel. pro. (quis dc quis), 
any one who, whoever, whosoever, 
whatever, whatsoever. 

Quivi, see Qiieo. 

Quivis, quaivis, quodvis or quid- 
vis, indef. pro. (qui <h vis from volo), 
any one you please, any one, who- 
ever, any whatever. 

Quo, abl., see Qui. 

Quo, adv. (properly abl. of qui), 
whither, where. Conj., where- 
fore, on which account^ for which 
reason, in order that, to the end 
that, that by this means; equiva- 
lent, in this sense, to ut eo, or ut 
ea re. Quo minus (also written 
quominus) after verbs denotixig 
Jiindrance, from, followed by the 
English participle, as : neque su- 
per bia obstabat, quo minus — imita- 
rentur, and pride did not hinder 
them from imitating. Quo minus 
— eo magis, the less — the more ; 



non quo — sed ut, not that, not as 
if — ^but that. 

Quoad, conj. (quo <Sc ad), so long 
as, till, until. 

Quocumque, adv. (quo d: cumque), 
whithersoever, to whatever place. 

Quod, conj. (qui), because, as, 
that, in that, in regard to. 

Quodni or Quod ni, but if not, 
but unless. 

Quodsi or Quod si, conj., but if, 
if then, and if 

Quominus, see Qui. 

Quomodo, adv. (quo c£' modus), 
how, in what wa}^ in what man- 
ner. 

Qu^niam, conj. (quum (b jam\ 
since, seeing that, as. 

Quoquam, adv. (quisquam), to 
any place, any where. 

Quoque, conj., also, likewise, too. 

Quoque, pro., see Quisque. 

Quotididnus,' a, um, adj. (quoti- 
die), dail}'. 

Quotidie, adv. (quot (b dies), 
daily, every day. 

Quousque, adv. (quo d' usque), 
how long, how far. 

Quum or Cum, adv., when, 
while. Conj., though, although, 
since, as. Quum — tum, both — and 
especially, as well — as also. 



Pu 

Radix, Ids, f, a root. Sub ra- 
dicibus montium, at the foot of the 
mountains. 

Ramus, i, w., a branch, bough. 

Rapina, ce,f (rapio), rapine, rob- 
bery, pillage, depredation, plunder. 

Rapio, ere, pui, ptum, tr., to car- 
r}^ off by force, ravish, rob ; take 
forcible possession of, make plun- 
der of, to carry away, cany on. 

Ratio, onis, f (reor), reason ; a 
plan, measure, purpose, a way, 
means, method ; an advantage, 
interest, circumstance ; a ground, 
cause, motive ; an affair, matter. ^ 



RATUS 



249 



RELIKQUO 



Alienum sicis rationibuSy inconsist- 
ent with his interests. Quid tuce 
rationes postulent, what your cir- 
cumstances demand. 

Batus, a J wn, part^ see lieor. 
Adj., fixed, settled, firm. 

lie, inseparable prep., back, 
again. 

Heceptus, us, m. (recipio), a fall- 
ing back, retreat ; a place of ref- 
uge, retreat. 

Receptus, a, um, part., see Re- 
cipio, 

Mecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. {re 
do capio), to retake, get back, re- 
gain, recover; to take, get posses- 
sion of, receiye, admit. Se recipere, 
to retreat, fall back. Recipi moeni- 
bus, be admitted into the town. 

Recito, are, avi, dtum, tr. (re 60 
cito), to read aloud. 

Recte, adv. (rectus), in a straight 
line, rightly, properly, well. 

Rector, oris, m. {rego), a ruler, 
governor, director. 

Rectus, a, icm, part., see Rego. 
Adj., straight, right, proper. 

Recupero, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
get again, regain, recover. 

Recuso, are, dvi, dtum, tr, (re <jc 
causa), to refuse, reject. 

Redditus, a, um, part., see Reddo. 

Reddo, ere, didi, ditum, tr. (red; 
do), to give back, return, restore ; 
to give, deliver; to requite, re- 
pay, recompense. 

RedeOy Ire, ii, itum, irr. intr. (re 
(b eo), to come back, return. Ad 
inceptum redeo, I return to my 
undertaking. 

Rediens, euntis, part., see Redeo. 

Redvmo, ere, emi, empium, tr. 
[re dc emo), to buy back or again ; 
to buy, purchase ; to redeem, ran- 
som. Flagitium aut f acinus redi- 
mere, to compound for, purchase 
impunity for, cfec. 

Rediturus, a, %im, part, see Re- 
deo. 

RedUus, us, m. (redeo), a return. 

RefSrOy ferre, tuli, latum,, irr, tr, 
11* 



(re db fero), to carry back, bring 
back ; to put off, postpone ; to re- 
turn, deliver, give ; to tell, relate. 
Referre ad senatum, or referre 
atone (vnth ad senatum implied), 
to refer to the senate, lay before 
the senate, ask the opinion of the 
senate. 

Refert, retulit, imp. (res d; fero), 
it concerns, profits, is the inter- 
est of. 

Reficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. (re 
d: facio), to make again, make 
anew; to repair; to recruit, re- 
fresh; to reanimate, reassure. Sau- 
cios refcere, to administer to the 
recovery of the wounded. 

Regio, onis, f (rego), a region, 
district, country. 

Regius, a, mn, adj. (rex), of a 
king, royal, regal, kingly. 

Regnmn, i, n. (rex), a kingdom, 
the regal dignity ; the govern- 
ment of a king, sovereign power, 
sovereignty. In regnum perve- 
nire, to become a successor to the 
thione. Regnum parare, to aim at 
the sovereignty, to usurp the su- 
preme power. Te in regyium meum 
accepi, I have taken you into my 
kingdom. . 

Rego, ere, xi, ctum., tr., to lead 
straight, guide, govern, rule, regu- 
late. 

Regredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. 
(re d: gradior), to go back, return, 
draw back. 

Regressics, a, um, see Regredior. 

Regulus, i, m. (dim. of rex), a 
petty king, prince. 

Relictus, a, um, part, see Relin- 
quo. 

Religio, onis, f (religo), the fear 
of God, religion, religious feel- 
ings, religious scruples, supersti- 
tious feeling. 

Religio sus, a, um, adj. (religio), 
fearing God, religious, pious, de- 
vout, scrupulous, superstitious. 

Relinquo, ere, llqui, lictum, tr, 
(re ds linquo), to leave behind, 



RELIQUUS 



250 



REQUIES 



leave; to leave as an inheritance; 
to leave, forsake, abandon. Bigna 
relinquere, to desert one's standard. 

Heliquus, a, icm, adj. (relinquo), 
remaining, the rest. As a noun, 
reliquum, ^, w., and reliqua, drum, 
n. pi., the rest, remainder. Reli- 
qui, orum, m. pi., the rest, the 
others. Reliquum est, it remains. 
In reliquum., for the future, hence- 
forward, thereafter. Nihil reliqui, 
see Nihil. Quid reliqui, see Quid. 
Reliquum fieri, to be left undone. 

Remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
intr. {re & maneo), to remain be- 
hind, remain, continue, abide. 

Remedium, i, n. {re <h medeor), 
a medicine, remedy, cure, relief. 

Remissus, a, um, part., see Re- 
mitto. Adj., remiss, careless, neg- 
ligent, off one's guard. Nihil re- 
missi, see Nihil. 

Remitto. ere, mlsi, missum, tr. 
{re <h mitto), to send back, to throw 
or hurl back; to remit, relax, 
slacken ; to leave off, cease, inter- 
mit. Ubi hostes pugnayn remise- 
rant, when the enemy had relaxed 
the fury of their attack. Ab utra- 
que missis remissisque nuntiis, 
while they were sending: messen- 
gers to and fro between them. 

Remoror, art, dtus sum, dep. tr. 
{re <jc moror), to stop, delay, hin- 
der, detain, retard. Intr., to tar- 
ry, stay, keep one's ground. 

Remotus, a, um, part., see Re- 
mo veo. 

Reynoveo, ere, ovi, otum, tr. {re 
(t moveo), to remove, withdraw, 
send away. 

Rendvo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (re c£' 
novo), to renew ; to refresh, revive. 

Reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to 
suppose, think, judge, believe. 

Repello, ere, puli, pulsum, tr. 
{re (t pello), to drive back, repel, 
repulse ; to reject, refuse. Re- 
pelli ab amicitia, to be repelled 
from friendship, that is, to have 
one's proffered friendship rejected. 



Repens, tis, part., see Repo. 
Adj., sudden. 

Repente, adv. {repeats), suddenly, 
on a sudden, unexpectedly. 

Repentlnus, a, um, adj. {repens), 
sudden, unlooked for, unexpected. 

Reperio, Iri, peri, pertum, tr. {re 
<k pario), to find, discover, to find 
out, invent, devise. 

Repeto, ere, Ivi, itum, tr. {re <& 
peto), to ask again, ask back, de- 
mand back, ask payment ; to trace 
back. Supra repetere, to take a 
review, glance back upon, go far- 
ther back and examine. Repe- 
tundce pecunice, or repetu7tdce (with 
pecuniae omitted), extortion, illegal 
exactions, damage. Pecuniarum 
repetundarum reus, standing ac- 
cused of extortion. Pecunioi repe- 
tundce, means literally money to be 
demanded back, that is, because it 
had been obtained through extor- 
tion or fraud. 

Repo, ere, psi, ptum, intr.^ to 
creep, crawl. 

Reprehendo, ere, dl, sum, tr. (re 
(& prehendo), to catch again ; to 
blame, reprove, censure, find fault 
with. 

Repudio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {re- 
pudiiim), to repudiate, reject, re- 
fuse. 

Repugno, are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
{re (jb pugno), to make resistance, 
fight against, oppose. 

Repulsa, ce, f. {repello), a re- 
pulse, a repulse in suing for oflSce, 
defeat. 

Repulsus, a^ um, part, see Re- 
pello. Repulsus abire, to go away 
repulsed, be denied. 

Repiito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {re db 
puto), to consider, ponder over, 
reflect upon. Animo, or cum atii- 
mo, or secum reputare, to revolve 
in one's mind, think over, medi- 
tate upon. Reputando, on reflec- 
tion, from considering. 

Requies, ei, 6j etis, f. {re d' quies)y j I 
rest, repose, quiet. ' ' 



BEQUIESCO 



251 



REVERTO 



RequiescOy ere, evi, etwn, intr. 
{re <k quiescojf to rest, take rest^ 
repose. 

Hequiro, ere, sTvi, situm, tr. {re 
d; qucero), to seek again ; to seek 
out, look for ; to ask, demand, in- 
quire. 

ReSy^rei, f,y a thing, matter, con- 
cern, affair, purpose, event, cir- 
cumstance, occurrence, occasion ; 
a reality, truth, fact ; effects, sub- 
stance, property ; benefit, profit, 
advantage; a cause, reason, gi'ound; 
a state, case, condition, circum- 
stances, the subject of which one 
treats; state, community, power. 
Res militariSy the art of war, mili- 
tary affairs. Res bellicce, the state 
of war, war. Res hostiliSy hostili- 
ties, operations against the enemy. 
^^5 familiaris, property, estate, 
means. Res capitalis, a capital 
offence. Resgestce, see Gestus. Res 
bmice, prosperity-, good fortune ; 
Res jnalce, adversity, ill fortune. 
Res novce, see Novus. Res tre- 
pidce, alarming circumstances, con- 
fusion of affairs, commotion, con- 
sternation. Res secundcBy prosper- 
ous circumstances, prosperit3^ Res 
adversce, adverse circumstances, ad- 
versity. Res picblica, see Respub- 
lica. Quibus nomen ex re inditum, 
to which their name was given on 
account of their natural character, 
which took their name from their 
natural character. Res fidesque, 
property and credit. In rem esse, 
to be to one's advantage. Frustra 
an ob rem, in vain or successfully. 
In tali re, in such a case. Uti rem 
sese habere putant, as they suppose 
the fact to be. Re, in fact, in re- 
ality, in truth. I?i rem, of advan- 
tage. Ea res, this or that propo- 
sition, expectation, plan, scheme, 
arrangement, detail, appearance, 
the exact meaning to be gathered 
from the sentence or sentences go- 
ing before, for which res stands. 

Rescindo, ere^ scvii, scissum, tr. 



{re d' scindo), to cut off; to re- 
scind, abrogate, revoke, repeal. 

Resisto, ere, stiti, intr. {re (h sis- 
to), to stand still, to make a stand, 
resist, make resistance. I^on po- 
test resisti, resistance cannot be 
made. 

Respicio, ere, exi, ectum, intr. {re 
(b specio), to look back. Tr., to 
look back upon. 

Respondeo, ere, di, sum, tr. {re ds 
spondeo), to answer. Intr., to make 
answer, answer, reply, respond ; 
to predict. Respondetur, imp., it 
is replied, the reply is made. 

Respublica or Res publica, rei- 
publicce or rei publicce, f. {res d; 
publicus), the commonwealth, 
state, republic ; the affairs of the 
state, public affairs, politics ; pub- 
lic life, government. Contra rem- 
publicam facere, to act against the 
state, be guilty of treason. Rem 
publicam habere, see Habere. Rem 
publicam tractare, see Tractare. 

Restinguo, ere, inxi, inctum, tr. 
{re d stingico), to extinguish, put 
out. 

Restitno, ere, id, utum, tr. {re d 
statuo), to set up again, replace, to 
restore, re-establish, to give back, 
restore. 

Reticeo, ere, ui, intr. {re d iaceo), 
to hold one's peace, be silent. Tr., 
to keep secret, conceal. 

Retineo, ere, tinui, tentiim, tr. 
{re d teneo), to hold or keep back, 
detain, hinder ; to hold, keep, pre- 
serve, retain, maintain. 

Retr actus, a, icm, part, see Re- 
traho. 

Retrdho, ^re, zi, ctu?n, tr. {re dh 
traho), to draw back, bring back. 

Reus, i, m., a. person accused. 
Reus may generally be translated 
as a participle, accused of, charged 
with. Fieri reus, to be accused, 
to be put on trial. 

Reverto, ere, ti, sum, tr., and Re- 
vertor, ti, sus sum-, dep. {re d: verto), 
to turn back, come back, return. 



REVOCO 



252 



s^vrriA 



BevGCOy are, dvi, dtwriy tr. (re d: 
voce), to call back, recall, call off. 

Jiex, regis, m. {rego\ a king. 

Rex, Regis, m., a cognomen of the 
Marcian gens, who claimed descent 
from Ancus Marcius, Q. Marcius 
Rex was consul with L. Ccecilius 
Metellus, R C. 68. When Cati- 
line formed his conspiracy for the 
overthrow of the government, Q. 
Marcius Rex teas sent to FcbsuIcb 
to levy troops and suppress the re- 
hellion in that quarter. He had, a 
short tiine before, returned from a 
7nilitary command and been denied 
a triumph through the intrigues of 
a few unprincipled senators. 

Rhegium, i, n., a city in the 
southern part of Italy, in the terri- 
tory of the Bruttii, now Reggio. 

Rhodius, a, %im, adj., Rhodian, 
of Rhodes, an island on the south- 
ern coast of Asia Minor. As a 
noun, Rhodius, i, m., a Rhodian, 
an inhabitant of Rhodes. 

Rogatio, onis, f (rogo), a bill. 
A proposed enactment icas called 
rogatio, until it received the appro- 
bation of the people, when it became 
a law (lex). 

Rogatus, a, um, part., see Rogo. 

Roflito, are, avi, atum, tr., inten- 
sive from rogo, to ask often with 
eagerness. Intr., to make eager 
inquiries. 

Rogo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to ask, 
request, beg; to inquire, require, 
question, call for. Magistratum 
rogare, to pi'opose a magistrate to 
the people for their choice, to hold 
an election for a magistrate. 

Roma, CE, /., Rome, the capital 
of the Roman empire. 

Romdnus, a, um, adj. (Roma), 
Roman. As a noun, Romany^, i, 
971., a Roman. 

Rudis, e, adj., rude, raw, igno- 
rant, undisciplined, unpractised, 
unskilled. 

Rufus, ^, m.j a very common Ro- 
man surname. C. Octavius Rufus, 



a qucestor sent into Africa during i 
the Numidian war. Q. Minucius I 
Rufus, a consul with Sp. Albinus, 
B. C. 112. Q. Pompeius Rufus, a 
prcetor sent to Capua to take pos- 
session of the place, and prevent its 
falling into the hands of Catiline s 
partisans. 

Rulna, ce, f. (ruo), i-uin, down- 
fall, destruction. 

Rumor, oris, m., a rumor, flying 
report, report. 

Rupes, is, f, a rock, cliff, crag. 

Rursum <£• Rursus, adv. (rever- 
sus\ again, anew, afresh. 

Rutilius, i, n., P. Rutilius Ru- 
fus, a lieutenant under Metellus in 
the Jugurthine war. He also held 
the consulship with Cn. Manlius, 
B. C. 167 ; and teas much esteemed 
for his moral excellence and great 
acquirements. 



S., an abbreviation of Sextus. 

Sacer, era, crum, adj., conse- 
crated, sacred, hoi}'. As a noun, 
sacrum, i, n., a sacred rite, sacri- 
fice. 

Sacerdos, otis, c. g. (sacer), a 
priest ; a priestess. 

Sacerdotium, i, n. (sacerdos), the 
priestly office, priesthood. 

Sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacer <jb 
lego), sacrilegious, that steals sa- 
cred things. As a noun, sacrile- 
gus, i, m., one guilty of sacrilege. 

Scenius, i, m. (L.), a Roman .'sen- 
ator, of ichom nothing is knotcn be- 
yond the mention made of him by 
Sallust. 

Scepe, adv., camp, scepius, s^tp. 
scepissin;ie, oft,, often, oftentimes. 

Scepenumero, adv. (scepe <jb nu- 
mero), oftentimes, time and again. 

Scevio, Ire, ii, itum, intr. (scevus), 
to rage, roar ; to rage, to be cruel, 
be furious. 

Savitia, ce, f. (scevus), cruelty, 



is^vus 



263 



SCAURUS 



fierceness, ferocity, inhumanity, 
rage, severity, rigor. Scevitia tem- 
poriSj the inclemency of the sea- 
son. 

Scevus, a, twi, adj.^ raging, furi- 
ous; cruel, fierce, barbarous, rig- 
orous, severe. 3Iare scBvum^ a 
stormy, boisterous, tempestuous 
sea. Omnia soeva patiehamur, we 
suffered all manner of cruelties. 

Sagittarius^ i, m. (sagitta), an 
archer, bowman. 

Sal, salis, m. <k n., sales, pi. 711., 
salt ; shrewdness, wit, a witti- 
cism. 

Salto, are, dvi, dtum, intr. {freq. 
_ from salio, to leap), to dance, 
u Saltuosus, a, um, adj. (saltus), 
full of woods or forests, woody. 
J^ca saltiiosa, woody regions, 
woods. 

Saluber, bris, hre, adj. {solus), sa- 
lubrious, healthful, sound, healthy, 
robust 

Salus, utis, f. (salvus), safety, 
preservation, deliverance ; life, 
welfare, weal. Saluti esse, or 
utilitafi salutique servire, to pro- 
mote the advantage or welfare. 

Saluto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (salus), 
to salute, greet, pay one's respects 
to ; to call upon, visit. 

Samnis, His, adj., a Samnite, of 
Samnium, a coicntry of Italy bor- 
dering on the north-icestern part of 
Apulia. As a noun, Samnites, 
um, pi. m.y the Samnites. 

Sancio, Ire, xi, ctum, tr., to ren- 
der sacred or inviolable. 

Sanctus, a, um, part., see Sancio. 
Adj., sacred, holy, inviolable ; vir- 
tuous, upright. Nihil sancti ha- 
bere, to hold nothing sacred. 

Sane, adv. (sanus), certainly, tru- 
ly, indeed, forsooth, very. 

Sanga, ce, m. (Q. Fabius), a Ro- 
man senator, who was the patron 
of the Allobroges, and to whom, on 
that account, their deputies at Home 
revealed the conspiracy of Cati- 
line. 



Sanguis, mis, m., blood, blood- 
shed. 

Sapiens, tis, adj. (sapio), wise, 
learned, discreet. As a noun^ a 
wise man. 

Sapientia, ce, f. (sapiens), wis- 
dom, prudence, judgment, know- 
ledge. 

Sarcina, ce, f (sarcio, to mend), 
a bundle, baggage. 

Satelles, Itis, c. g., a life-guard, 
body-guard, attendant. 

Satictas, dtis, f (satis), satiety, 
fulness ; a glut, disgust. Vos do- 
minatio7iis eorwn satietas tenet, you 
are satiated with their tyranny, 
have had enough of their tyranny. 

Satis, adv., comp. satins, enough, 
sufficiently, moderately, pretty. 
Satis eloquenticB, enough of elo- 
quence. Satis habere, to think it 
enough, be satisfied. Satius est, it 
is better. 

Satisfactio, onis, f (satisfacio, 
to satisfy), satisfaction ; a satisfac- 
tory explanation ; an explanation. 

Satius, see Satis. 

Satur, lira, urum, adj. (satis), 
full, sated, plentiful, abundant. 

Satur a, ce, f (satur), a dish of 
various ingredients. Quasi per 
saturam, as it were in the lump. 

Saucio, dre, dvi, dtum, tr, (sau- 
ciiis), to wound, hurt. 

Saucius, a, um, wounded, hurt. 

Saxeus, a, um, adj. (saxum), 
stony, rocky. 

Saxum, i, n., a stone, rock. 

Scalce, drum, f pi. (scando, to 
climb), a ladder, scaling-ladder. 
Scalis aggredi inurum, to attack 
the wall with scaling-ladders, to 
try to scale. 

Scaurus, i, m., Marcus ^milius 
Scaur us, a very learned man and 
great orator, who held the consul- 
ship with M. Ccecilius Metellus, 
B. C. 116. His splendid talenta, 
according to Sallust, were tarnished 
icith avarice and other degrading 
passions. 



SCELERATUS 



254 



SECIJS 



4 



SceleratuSy a, i^m, adj. {aceUro, 
to pollute), polluted with crime, 
wicked, impious, infamous, flagi- 
tious, accursed. 

Scelestus, a, uniy adj. (scelus), 
wicked, infamous, abominable, ac- 
cursed. 

Scelas, eris, n., a wicked action, 
crime, guilt, villany. 

Scienn, tis^ part, see Scio. Adj., 
acquainted with, skilled, versed 
or expert in. Me sciente, with my 
knowledge, if I know it. 

Scientia^ cb, f. (sciejis), know- 
ledge, science, skill. 

Scilicet, adv. (.scire d: licet), may 
be sure, it is evidently manifest or 
plain, truly, naturally, certainly, 
doubtless, indeed, forsooth ; to wit. 
Scilicet is often used ironically ; it 
is sometimes followed by an infini- 
tive and accusative depending on 
scire in composition. 

Scio, Ire, Ivi, Itutn, tr., to know, 
to have knowledge of, be aware, 
understand. 

Scipio, onis, m,, a surname of 
the Corjielian gens. P. Cornelius 
Scipio, after wards called Africanu?, 
from his victory over Hannibal at 
Zama, and sometimes also Africa- 
nus Major, to distinguish him from 
the younger African us, his grand- 
son by adoption^ P. Cornelius 
Scipio ^milianus Africanns (Mi- 
nor), a son of the celebrated ^mi- 
lius Paul us, a7id the destroyer of 
Carthage and Kumantia. Sallust 
refers to him. Jug. 7. 9. P. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Nasica ivas consul 
with L. Calpurnius Bestia, B. C. 
113. 

Scith, adv. (scitus), skilfully, 
nicely, elegantly, tastefully. 

Scortuf 71, i, n., a harlot, prosti- ; 
tute, courtesan. i 

Scribo, ^re, psi, ptum, tr., to ' 
write, to commit to writing, to ; 
treat of in writing, write the his- 
tory of, describe ; to appoint, des- | 
iguate ; to enlist., enrol, levy. Mi- \ 



lites scribere, to levy or enlist sol- 
di ers. 

Scrinium, i, n., a book, box, let- 
ter-chest, escritoire. 

Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a 
writer, author, narrator, historian. 

Scriptus, a, um, part., see Scribo. 

Scrutor, dri, alus stun, dep. 
(scruta), to search carefully, exam- 
ine, explore. 

Scutum, i, 71., a shield, buckler. 

Scy insep. prep., aside, apart, on 
one side. With adjectives, with- 
out, not. 

Se, pro., sec Sui. 

Secede, ire, cessi, cessum^ intr. 
(se d' cedo), to go apart, withdraw, 
retire, to secede, separate one's 
self 

Secessio, dnis, fein, (secedo), a 
withdmwincT, secession ; with- 
drawal of tlie plebeians from the 
patricians. 

Secrcto, adv. (secretus), apart, in 
secret, secretly, in private. 

Secretus, a, um, part, (from se <t 
cerno, to separate). Adj., secret, 
private. 

Seciun, for cum se, see Sui. 

Secundum, prep, with the ace, 
after, next to. Adv., in the next 
place, secondly : from the following 
word 

Seatndus, a, um, adj. (sequor\ 
following after; the second, next; 
favorable, propitious, lucky. Se- 
cundo viari, following the sea- 
coast. Secunda oratio, a flatter- 
ing speech. Secundce res, see Res, 
Secufidus is strictly a participle ; 
see Andrews' Lex. s. v. 

Secus, adv., otherwise, diflfer- 
ently ; ill, badly, unfortunately. 
Haud, non, nee, or negur sccua, not 
otherwise; followed by ac, atque, 
or quam, than, as : haudsecu^ atque 
i7i mari, not otherwise than on the 
sea, just as on the sea ; neqtie se- 
cus, at que iter face re, cast r a mn- 
nire, nor does he fortify his camp 
otherwise than he had conducted 



SECUTUS 



255 



SEQUOR 



his march, he fortifies his camp 
just as he had conducted his 
march, that is, with great care. 
Seciis cedere, or procedere, to turn 
out otherwise (than one hopes), 
turn out badly. Haud sccus diffi- 
cilis, just as, or equally difficult. 

Secutus, a, um, part., see Sequor. 

Sedf adversative co7ij., but, now ; 
but also. Non modo, or non solum 
— sed^ not only — but also. Scd 
usually denotes opposition, hut it 
sometimes only marks a transition 
to another part of the subject. 

Sedes, is, f. (sedeo, to sit), a seat, 
abode, settlement, residence, habi- 
tation, dwelling-place. 

Seditio, onis, f. {se 6: itio), a sep- 
aration, a sedition, insurrection, 
civil commotion. 

Seditiosus, a, um, adj. (seditio), 
seditious, turbulent, factious. 

Sedo, are, dvi, a turn, tr., to al- 
lay, assuage, appease, pacify, calm, 
soothe ; quench, extinguish. 

Segnis, e, adj., dull, slothful, 
lazv, negligent, inactive. 

i>eg?utcr, adv. (segnis), slothfully, 
lazily, negligently. Nihilo seg- 
nius, with none the less activity, 
with undiminished energy. 

Sella, ce, f. (sedeo), a seat, chair, 
stool. 

Semet, see Sui, 

Seinisomnus, a, um, adj. (seyni d: 
iomnus), half-asleep, lialf-awake. 

Semper, adv., alwa^'s, forever. 

Sempronia, ce, f., the wife of 
Dccimus Brutus, and the mother 
of D. Junius Brutus, so celebrated 
for the part he took in the assas- 
iination of Ccesar. 

Semproniics^ a, um, adj., of or 
relating to Sempronius, Sempro- 
nian. Sempronia lex, theSempro- 
nian law, a law introduced by 
C. Sempronius Gracchus, A. U. C. 
6. 31, by which it was enacted, that 
tl9k senate, previous to the considar 
election, should assign two provinces 
to the future consuls. Before the 



passage of this law the provinces 
were decreed to the consuls after 
tlicir election. 

Senator, oris, m. (senex), a sena- 
tor, member of the senate. 

Senatorius, a, um, adj. (senator), 
senatorial, relating to the senate 
or senators. 

Sendtus, us, i, m, (senex), a sen- 
ate, the Roman senate. Senatus 
ufrisqtie datur, an audience is 
given to both parties by the sen- 
ate. 

Senectus, utis, f (senex), old age. 

Seiusco, ere, scyiui, intr., incho. 
from seneo, to grow or become 
old, to grow torpid, be settled, 
to waste awa}", decay. 

Sententia, «;, /. (sentio), an opin- 
ion, view, judgment, thought, a 
mind ; proposal, sentence, pur- 
pose ; a vote, suffrage ; the pur- 
port., contents. Ex sententia, to 
one's mind, according to one's 
wishes, satisfactorily. Mea senten- 
tia, in my opinion, as I believe. 

Sentlna, ce, f, bilge-water, the 
bottom of a ship where the bilge- 
water collects, a sink, filthy re- 
ceptacle. Sicuti in .^entinam, as 
into a sink of corruption. 

SentiOy ire, sensi, sensum, tr., to 
discern by the senses ; to feel, 
perceive, see, discover, know ; to 
think, hitr., to entertain an opinT 
ion or sentiment. Contra rempub- 
licam sentire, to entertain senti- 
ments hostile to the welfare of the 
state, be hostile to the govern- 
i ment. 

I Seorsum, adv. (se d' verto), apart, 
j separately. Seorsum a rege, with- 
I out the presence of the king. 

Separdtim, adv. (separatus), sep- 
arately, severally, individually. 

Sepiimius, i, m., Septimius, a 
Camertian, and confederate of Cat- 
iline. 

Sequor, i, cutus sum, dep., to fol- 
low, follow after, accompany, take 
the side of; to be consequent upon, 



SERirS 



256 



6IGN0 



connected with ; to seek after, aim 
at ; to follow after, pursue ; to imi 
tate, to partake of, accord with. In- 
ertiam nequi^ to practise or indulge 
in idleness. Spes sequi, to enter- 
tain hopes. Hcec sequi decrevistis, 
you have determined to pursue this 
course, or adopt these measures. 

SeriuSj a, mn, adj.y serious, earn- 
est. As a noun, seria, onitn, pi. n., 
serious matters. 

Senno, Onis^ ttu (sero, to co7ineet\ 
speech, talk, conversation, dis- 
course. Sermone modesto uti, to 
talk or discour;»e with modesty. 

Serpens^ tis, c. g. (serpo), a ser- 
pent* 

ServlliSf e, adj. (servw), of or 
pertaining to a slave, slavish, ser- 
vile. Bellum servile, a servile war, 
a war of the slaves. 

iScrvio, Ire, ivi, itufn, inir. («er- 
tutt\ to be a slave, serve, obey ; 
to be a slave to, be devoted to. 

Servitiwn, i, 71. (servus\ slavery 
servitude, bondage; service, obe- 
dience. St^vitia is sometimes used 
for serviy slaves. 

St'i^XtHS, utisyf. {seri'us), slavery, 
servitude, bondage, thraldom. 

Scrvius, f*, »/!., a Roman praeno- 
men. 

Servo, are, avi, atum, tr., to save, 
preserve ; guard, watch ; to keep, 
observe. 

Servus, i, »/»., a slave. 

Sestertius, i, m. (semis (k terlius), 
a sesterce, a Roman silver coin, 
equivalent in value to about 4 J 
cents of our vioficf/. 

Stattrtium, i, n., a thousand 
sesterces, equal to $\2 30 of our 
vioney. 

Sen, covj., see Siv 

Sev^r^y adv. (sever us), severely, 
rigorously, gravely. 

SeverXtas, dtis, f. (srverus\ grav- 
ity, austerity, severity; severity 
of morals, rigid morality. 

SevcruSj a, urn, adj., grave, se- 
rious; severe, rigorous, harsh. 



SextiiLS, *, 7/1., the name of a 
Roman gens. 

SextiuSy i, 7/1., a qucestor under 
Bestia. 

SextuSj a, um, adj. {sex\ the 
sixth- 

Sextus, I, tw., a Roman proper 
name. 

>S'/, conj.y if, provided that, in 
case, if however, whenever. 

Sibylllnns, a, uni, adj. (9ibylla\ 
of or pertaining toasi^'^l ciL^ 1. 
line. Libri sibyllini, t! 
books ; three books irhi' 
t}it prophecies of the Cu 
touching the career ami 
ttie lioman state, Tfiese books tccre 
preserved with great care by the 
Rotnan people, and consulted on im- 
portant occasions with profound re- 
spect. 

Sic, adv.y 80, thus, in this man- 
ner, in such a manner, as follows; 
hence, sic ut, so that 

SicccL, fc,/., a town of Nurn*^-" 
now Keif, celebrated on accv> 
a temple of Venus, situated ti: 

Siccen-seSy iuin, m, pi. (Sicca), llie 
inhabitants of Sicca, 

Sicilia, a\ f, Sieil}-. 

Sicut do SicHti, conj. (sic ut dt tie 
uti), so as, just as, like, as well as» 
as if, a*» It wor«>. 



Phtemifi, M. Ionian, I'liu-nKian. 
As a noun, Sidtmii, drum, m. pi., 
Sidunians. 

Signdtor, 6ris^ m. (signo\ one 
who attests a writing by affixing 
his signature or soal. Signaior 
faUus, one who makes and seals 
false wilK a forger. 

Signiflco, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ng- 
num (£' facio), to make a sign, to 
give information of, declare, an- 
nounce. Manu signijicare, to 
make signs with the hand. 

Signo, are, avi, tUum, tr. {I%r- 
num\ to mark, to seal, affix ones 
seal. 



SIGNUM 



257 



SESEKNA 



Signunij ^, w., a mark, sign ; an 
image, statue, picture : a seal, sig- 
nature; a standard, ensign, ban- 
ner ; a watchword, signal. Dare 
ffignum, to give the signal. £o 
signo, on this signal. Signa ca- 
nere^ see Cano. Reliqua signa 
artius collocate the rest of his 
standards (==» troops) he stations in 
closer order — signa being used by 
metonomy for copies. 

Sildnii,% i, 7/i., Titus Purpilinii 
Silanus, the Roman governor of the 
town of Vacca «i the time, of the 
Jugurthine war. 

Silanus, i, ??i., Decimus Junius 
Silanus, who was consul icith Lici- 
nius Mui'ena, B. C. 64. 

Silanus, i, m., Marcus Junius 
Silanus, who held the consulship 
with Metellus, \\\ B. C. 

Sileiitium, i, n, (sileo), silence, 
inactivity, stillness. Silentio, abl., 
in silence, in obscurity. Silentium 
habere, to preserve silence. 

Sileo, ere, ui, intr., to be silent, 
say nothing. Siletur, /mj9., noth- 
ing is said, silence is preserved. 

Simllis, e, adj., similar, like, re- 
sembling. 

Snnilitudo, Xnis,f Uimilis), simil- 
itude, similarity, resemblance. 

Simidac, see Simul. 

Simul, adv., at the same time, 
at once, together, likewise, and 
also. Simul et, and at the same 
time — and likewise, both — and. 
Simulac, simul ac, or rarely simul, 
as soon as, as soon as ever. 

Simulator, oriSy m. (sittiulo), one 
who feigns that to be which is not 
a hypocrite. Cujusrei libet simu- 
lator ac disnmulator, an adept in 
every species of simulation and 
dissimulation. 

S'lniulo, are, dvi, Citum, tr. {simi- 
lis\ to pretend, feign, counterfeit, 
simulate. Jletum simulare, to 
pretend to be afraid. Ad simu- 
landam pacem, for keeping up the 
appearance of peace. Studium 



vehementer simidare, to feign an 
ardent zeal for. Bonum pubiicuni 
simulare, to pretend to have the 
public good in view. Simulandi 
gratia, as a feint. Se shmdare, to 
pretend to be, put on the sem- 
blance of being. Ad simulanda 
negotia, in giving a false appear- 
ance to matters, in the arts of sim- 
ulation. 

Simultas, dtis, f (similis), a dis- 
guised hatred, enmit}*, animosity, 
grudge. 

Sin, conj. (si — 7ie), but if, if how- 
ever. Si n often follows si i n a pre- 
ceding clause, and is equivalent to 
'^ sed si,'' or "s?* autem,'' being both 
adversative and conditional. 

Sine, prep, with the abl., with- 
out 

Singulatim, adv. (singvlus), one 
by one, singly, severall}', individ- 
ually, separatel}', in detail. Sin- 
gulatim circumire, to go around to 
one after another. 

Singuli, ce, a, adj. pi., one by 
one, one at a time, severally ; each, 
every one, Singuli — universiy in- 
dividually — as a body ; one at 
a time — altogether. Singulos ex 
senatu ambiendo, by canvassing the 
members of the senate one by one. 

Sinister, tra, tmm, adj., left, on 
the left, on the left hand or side. 
As a noun, sinistra, ce, f (sc. ma- 
nus), the left hand. Sinistra, on 
the left hand, on the left. 

Sino, sinere, sivi, situm, tr., to 
permit, allow, suffer, let. 

Sinus, us, in., the bosom, the 
lap ; the innermost part, heart ; a 
gulf, bay. 

Siquis (b Siqui, siqua, siquod <& 
siquid, or separately, si quis d; si 
qui, indef pro., if any one, if any, 
whoever, whatever, 

Sisenna, ce, m. (i.), a historian 
of the Cornelian gens, who wrote 
a history of the civil wars of Ma- 
rius and Sylla. See Note, Jug, 



Bins 



258 



SPECTATUS 



Sitif!f is,/., thirst, drought 

Sittius, ij m., see Nucerinus. 

Situs, a, um, part,, see Sino. 
Adj., situated, situate ; placed, set. 
Situm esse, to be placed, rest, de- 
pend ; In oculis sita sunt, are 
before your eyes, are in full 
view. 

Sive or Sen, (si d: ve), or if. 
Sive — sive, or sive — seu, whether 
— or, be it that — or that, either — 
or. 

Socia, ce,f. (socius), partner, as- 
sociate ; a wife. 

Societas, dtis, f. (socius), socie- 
ty, fellowship, association ; an alli- 
ance, league ; community, partici- 
pation. Ad societatein belli, to a 
participation in the war, to take a 
part in the war. 

Socius, i, m, a companion, asso- 
ciate, paitner, sharer, an ally, con- 
federate. T/te Romans generally 
meant by socii their Italian allies, 
or the inhabitants of the provinces 
of Italy. 

Socius, a, um, adj., associated, 
sharing in. 

Socordia, a-, /. (socors), careless- 
ness, negligence, sloth, laziness, 
indolence. 

Socors, dis^ adj. (se ct cor), care- 
less, slothful, lazy, indolent, 

Sol, soils, in,, the sun. Magis 
sub sole, nearer the equator. 

Solemnis, e, adj. (sollus, the 
whole, (£' annus), celebrated 3'ear- 
ly ; stated, solemn. As a noun, 
solemne, is, n., a religious or sol- 
emn rite, ceremon}', solemnity. 

Soleo, ere, sohtns sum, semidep., 
to be accustomed, be wont. Ut 
or quod solct, as is usual. Se au- 
dire soHtnm, that he was wont to 
hear, had heard repeatedly. An in- 
finitive must sometimes be supplied 
ioith soleo, as: ut agrum animum 
solct, somnus cepit. Facer e must 
often be thus supplied. 

Solers, tis, adj. (sollus <£• ars), in- 
genious, skilful, accomplished. 



Solertia, ce, f (solers), ingenuity, 
shrewdness, quickness, sagacity. 

Solitude, inis,f. (solu^\ solitude, 
solitariness, a solitary place, des- 
ert, wilderness. 

Solitus, a. um, part., see Soleo. 

SollicUo, are, avi, dtum, to en- 
tice, allure, gain over to one's 
party or design ; induce to follow r 
one, to incite or rouse to rebellion. 

Sollicitudo, Inis, f. (sollicitus), 
solicitude, anxiety, uneasiness of 
mind, care. 

Sollicltus, a, um, adj., solicitous, 
anxious, uneas}', troubled. 

Solum, adv. (solus), only, alone. 

Solus, a, um, adj., alone, only, 
solitary, desert, uninhabited. 

Solutus, a, wn, part., see Solvo. 
Adj., loose, lax ; independent, un- 
restrained, disunited, divided. 

Solvo, ire, solvi, solutum, tr., to * 
loose, unbind ; to loosen, relax, s 
weaken ; to pay, liquidate, dis- 
charge. Poenas solvere, see Poena, f 

Somnus, i, m., sleep. S<ytnno { 
captus, overpowered by sleep ; 
fallen asleep. Somtius capit, sleep * 
overcomes, overpowers. » 

Sonltus, us, in. (sono), sound, I 
noise, din. 

SonK, tis, adj., gnilty, 

Sordldus, a, um, adj. (tordes), 
filthy, dirt}-; mean, base, low. 

Sors, tis, f. (seTo\ a lot; fate, * 
destiny, chance. 

Sp., an abbreviature of Spurin*. 

Sparus, i, m., a spear, dart, 
lance. 

Spalium, i, n., a space, extent, 
distance; a space of time, time, 
Brevi spatio, in a short time^ 

Species, ei, f. (specio), an apj^ear- 
ance ; a pretext, show, ].re'tence. 
Specie, in appearance, Ager una 
specie, a country of uniform ap- 
pearanee. 

Spcctaculum, i, n. (specto\ a 
public show ; a sight, spectacle. 

Spectatu^ a, um, part., see Spec- 
to. Adj., proved, known, tried. 



SPECTO 



259 



STULTITIA 



Specie, are, dvl, dtum, tr, (freq, 
from specio), to behold, look upon, 
see ; to try, examine. 

Speculator^ oris, m. (speculor), a 
scout, sp3^ 

Speculor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
{specula, a watch-tower), to spy 
out, watch, view, observe, explore, 
reconnoitre. 

Spero, are, dvi, dtum, tr,, to 
hope, trust ; to hope for, expect. 

Spes, ei, /., hope, expectation. 
In spe habere, to hope for ; have a 
right to hope for. Contra spem, 
contrary to expectation. 

Spirit her, eris, m. {P. Lentidus), 
an edile durinq the consulship of 
Cicero, 65 B. C. 

Spiro, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
breathe. 

Spolio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (spo- 
Uum), to strip, rob, plunder, pil- 
lage ; deprive of. 

Spolium, i, n., the skin stripped 
from a beast. Spolia, drum, n. pi., 
spoils, plunder, pillage, booty. 

Spojisio, dnh% f {spondeo, to 
promise), a promise, engagement, 
agreement. 

Spurius, i, m., a Roman praeno- 
men. 

Statilius, i, m., Julius Statilius, 
a confed^'rate of Catiline. 

Statim, adv. (sto), immediately, 
on the spot, forthwith. 

Statlvus,, a, urn, adj. (sto), stand- 
ing. Castra stativa, a permanent 
camp, a camp in which an army 
passes a considerable length of 
time. 

Statuo, ^re, ui, utum, tr. (sto), to 
set up, raise, erect ; to draw up, 
post, station; to fix, appoint; to 
make up one's mind, conclude, de- 
termine, resolve, decide ; to pass 
judgment or sentence ; decide, de- 
termine, decree. 

Status, us, m. (sto), a standing ; 
a state, condition, situation ; a sta- 
tion, rank. 

StimuIOf are, dvi, dtum, tr. (sti- 



mulus), to urge on, rouse, incite, 
impel, instigate, stimulate. 

Stipdtor, oris, m. (stipo), an at- 
tendant, guard, body-guard. 

Stipejidium, ?, n. {slips d: pendo), 
a tribute, tax ; the pay of soldiers, 
stipend ; military service. Sti- 
pendia facere, to perform military 
service. Stipendiis faciundis sesj 
exercere, to occupy one's self with 
military service, in performing the 
duties of a soldier. Homo nullius 
stipendii, a man of no military ex- 
perience. Emeritis stipendiis, see 
Emeritus. 

Stirps, pis, c. g., a root, a 
stem, stalk; the origin, founda- 
tion, source; a race, family line- 
age. Ah stirpe, from the very 
foundation, utterly. Ah stirpe 
socius, an ally by virtue of my 
birth. 

Strenuh, adv. {strenuus), active- 
ly, strenuously, bravely. 

StrcTiuus, a, um, adj., active, 
stout^ strenuous, prompt, vigor- 
ous, bold, valiant, courageous. 

StrepUus, us, m. {strepo), a con- 
fused noise, clashing, clangor, 
rumbling, uproar, din. 

Strepo, ere, ui, itum, intr., to 
make a noise, clatter, rattle. Stre- 
pere vocihus, to shout, yell. 

Studeo, ere, ui, intr., to be eager 
or zealous for, busy one's self with, 
apply one's self to, be devoted to ; 
strive after, to be anxious for, de- 
sire, aim, wish ; to be attached to, 
be partial to, favor. 

Studium, i, n. [studeo), zeal, ar- 
dor, eagerness, fondness, love, in- 
clination, desire, endeavor, favor, 
partiality, affection ; pui-suit, pro- 
fession, employment. Studia ci- 
vilia, civil dissensions. Studium 
rei puhlicoe, zeal for the republic, 
or for the public welfare. Ad stu- 
dium sui perducerCj to gain over to 
one's interest. 

Stultitia, ce, f. {stultus), folly, 
foolishness, silliness. 



STULTUS 



260 



SULLA 



StultuSy a, wriy adj., foolish, silly. 

StupruMj i, v., defilement, de- 
bauchery, lewdness, prostitution. 
Sluprum corporis, prosiitution. 
Libido stupri, lust. Siupri consue- 
iudo, a criminal intimacy. Shtpra 
facere, to commit acts of lewdness. 

SuadcOy ere, si, sum, intr., to 
advise, recommend; exhort, per- 
suade, counsel. 

Sub, prep, with the ace. or ahl., 
under, beneath, at the foot of; 
about, under the government of 

Subactus, a, um, part., see Subigo. 

Subdble, adv. (subdolus), craftily, 
cunnini?lv, slih', subtly. 

Subddlus, rt, ujn, aJj. (sub <b do- 
lus), cunning, craft}', subtle, sly, 
deceitful. 

Siibduco, ^re, xi, ctum, tr. {sub <t 
duco), to draw or raise up ; to 
withdraw, draw off, lead away. 

Sub^ffo, ^re, erji, actum, tr. {sub 
d: ago), to lead, impel, incite, in- 
duce ; to force, compel, constrain ; 
to subjugate, conquer, subdue. 

Subldtus, a, um, part., see ToUo. 

SubUvo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {sitb 
<fc Irvo), to raise up, 8up|>ort ; to 
help, assist, aid, relieve, protect ; 
to lighten, case, diminish. 

Subsidium^ i, n. (snbsideo^ to He 
in wait), a body of reserve, re- 
serve ; aid, help, succor ; a line of 
an army. Subsidium primariit/ 
means the third line in the Roman 
order of battle or the triarii, trho 
remained in a stooping posture be- 
hind the two front lines, till these 
tpere hard pressed, ajid then came 
fortcard to their aid. Locare in 
suhsidiis or in subsidio, to place in 
reserve, station as a body of re- 
serve. 

Subvenio, Ire, v^ni, vcntum, intr. 
(sub tt' venio), to come to one's as- 
sistance, to help, aid, succor. Sitb- 
veniendH7n est, succor must or 
should be «[iven. Priusquam sub- 
veniretur, before assistance could 
be brought. 



Subvert 0, ^re, ti, su7n, tr. (sub (t 
verto), to turn upside down, over- 
tui-n, overthrow ; to subvert de- 
molish, destroy, put an end to, 
annul. 

Succedo, ^re, cessi, cessum, intr. 
(sub <£• ccdo), to march up, advance, 
approach, the motion being directed 
toward .wme higher object. 

Succurro, tre, curri, cur sum, 
intr. (sub 6c curro), to run to one's 
assistance, to succor, aid, help. 

Sudes, is, /., a stake. 

Sudor, oris, m., sweat Figura- 
tivchf, labor, toil, fatigue. 

Suffodio, ire, fodi, fossum, tr. (sub 
dc ftidio, to dig), to dig under, un- 
dermine. 

SuJFragatio, onis, f, (suffragor\ 
a voting for one ; interest, favor, 
a recommendation to an office. 
Jlonestissima sufl^ragatione, with a 
support highly nonorable to him. 

Sni, dat. sibi, ace. se, rejtec. pro, 
of all genders, of himself herself, 
itself, themselves. Jn the ace. and 
abl. the pronoun is often doubled, 
sese ; when used with eum, the prep- 
osition is annexed to the pronoun, 
secum ; the intensit*e tntj^x met w 
often attached to this pronoun. 

Sulla, a, m., a surname of tho 
Cornelian gens. Q. Cornelius Sul- 
la or Sylla, a celebrated Kmnan dic- 
tator. He served at first under Ma- 
rius, and contributed greatly to the 
successful termination of the Ju- 
gurthine war. Marius became at 
last jealous of St/lid's merit and 
popularity ; hence originated that 
quarrel bctwei^ them which was 
productive of the most enormous 
cruelties, and contributed greatly 
to the final extinction of Romoji 
liberty. See Note, Jug. xct*. 3. 
P. Cornelius Sulla, a nephew of the 
dictator, He leas an accomplice of 
Catiline, and while consul elect he 
teas convicted of bribery at his elec' 
tion, and his nomination set aside, 
Servius Cornelius Sulla, a brother 



SULL.VNUS 



261 



SUPPLEX 



of P. Cornelius Sulla, and also a 
confederate of C'^tiline's. 

SulldnuSy a, um^ adj.y of Sylla. 
Victoria Sullana^ Sulla's victory. 

Sum, esse, fui, irr. intr.y to be, 
exist, live ; to stay, continue, abide ; 
to come to pass, take place, bap- 
pen. With the dative, to be, serve, 
brine:, confer, constitute, be ac- 
counted, as: quibus ea (sc. victo- 
ria) prcedcB fuerat, to whom it had 
brought booty. With a genitive 
or ablative of character, to be of, 
possess, as: Malo ingenio esse, to 
be of or possess a bad disposition. 
With a genitive of possession, to 
pertain to, belong to, to be the 
part, property, character, nature, 
mark, duty of, as: quod multo- 
rwn esset, what belonged to ma- 
ny; stultiticc esse, to be the part 
of folly, to be foolish. With the 
genitive of a gerundive, to lend, 
serve, contribute, as : conservandce 
libertatis esse, to contribute to, or 
serve for, the preservation of lib- 
erty. With the dative of the pos- 
sessor, to have, as: quibus {quis) 
opes nullce sunt, those who have 
no substance. Sunt qui, there are 
those who, or simply, some, as : 
fuere qui dicerent, some said. Plu- 
ris esse, to be worth more. Sum of- 
ten has an adverb in the predicate, 
as : alia mala abundis omnia erant 
— more abundant. Nisus per saxa 
facilius foret, for facilior foret, 

Summus, a, adj., sup. of super us, 
the highest, to|)iuost ; the last, 
greatest, extreme, utmost, supreme, 
very great. As a noun, summum, 
», w., the summit, top. Summus 
vir, a very great, eminent, or ex- 
cellent man. 

Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr., 
to take, take up ; to get, receive, 

Srocure ; to take, choose ; to un- 
ertake, begin. Liberos sumere, 
to adopt children. Sumere sup- 
plicium de aliquo, to inflict pun- 
ishment upon, to punish. 



Sumptus, lis, »??.. (sumo), expense, 
cost, charge. 

Sumptus, a, urn, part., see Sumo, 

Suosmety see Suus. 

Supellex, lectilis, f, household- 
furniture, goods, chattels. 

Super, prep, icith the ace. and 
abl. with the accusative, over, above, 
OP, upon, beyond. With the abla- 
tive, of, on, about. As an adv., 
over, more. Super esse, to surpass, 
exceed, satis superque, enough and 
more than enough. 

Su.perbia, ce, f. (superbus), pride, 
haughtiness, arrogance. Per su- 
perbiam, haughtily, proudly. 

Superbus, a, wn, adj, proud, 
haughty, arrogant, vain-glorious. 

Superior, us, adj., comp, of supe- 
ruK, hii^her, upper ; former, past, 
preceding, superior. Piscedere su- 
perior, to come off conqueror. 

Super 0, dre, dvi, dtuni, tr. (su- 
per), to outreach, exceed, surpass; 
to overbalance, more than com- 
pensate for; to overpower, con- 
quer, vanquish, carry off; to re- 
fute, disprove. Intr., to remain 
over, to abound, be abmidant, be 
in profusion or snperfluit3\ 

Supersto, are, intr. {super (t sto), 
to stand upon. 

Superus, a, um, comp. superior, 
sup. supremus or summus, adj. {su- 
per), that is above, upper. 

Supervacaneus, a, urn, adj. (su- 
pervaco), needless, superfluous, not 
necessary. 

Supervado, ire, intr. {super <& 
vado\ to go or climb over, to sur- 
mount. 

Suppito, ire, tvi, Itum, intr. {sub 
& peio), to be at hand, be pres- 
ent. 

SuppUmentum, i, n. (suppleo), a 
supply, supplement, recruits, re- 
inforcements, Supfjlementum scri- 
bere, to levy or enlist recruits. 

Supplex, \cis, adj. {sub <k plico), 
suppliant, supplicating, beseech- 
ing; humble, submissive. As a 



SUPPLICIUISI 



262 



6YRTIS 



noun^ a supplicant, humble peti- 
tioner. 

Supplicium, ^, n. (supplex), a 
kneeling down, supplicatioD, pray- 
er, earnest entreaty or petition, a 
public thanksgiving, sacrifice, wor- 
ship, the kneeling of a criminal 
for execution, execution, capital 
punishment ; severe punishment. 
Summuin supplicium.y capital pun- 
ishment. Sitpplicio cogere^io com- 
pel or di-ive (to the performance 
of duty) by severity of punish- 
ment. 

Supplico, are, dvi, atum, intr. 
(supplex), to kneel before ; to make 
supplication, supplicate, implore, 
beseech, beg bumbly. 

Supra, prep, with the ace. {su- 
perus), above, over, beyond, more 
than. Adv., above, before, farther 
back, already. Supra esse, to sur- 
pass, be too strong for. Supra 
quam cuique credibile est, more 
than is credible, to an incredible 
degree. Supra caput est, is at 
hand, is at our doors. Intelligo 
ilium supra, quam ego sum, petere, 
— that he aims at something high- 
er than myself, = that my ruin is 
not his ultimate object. 

Sura, ce, 711., see Lentulus. 

Susceptus, a, um, part., see Sus- 
cipio. 

Suscipio, ere, cep'i, ceptum, ir, 
{sub <h capio), to take upon one's 
self, to undertake, to enter upon. 

Suspectus, a, \im, part., see Sus- 
picio. Adj., exciting suspicion or 
distrust ; suspected, mistrusted ; 
suspicious. 

Suspicio, onis, f. {suspicio), sus- 
picion, distrust, mistrust. 

Suspicio, ere, pexi, pedum, tr. 
{sub <jc specio), to look upward ; to 
suspect, mistrust ; only the partici- 
ples are found with these last mean- 
ings. Suspecttcm habere, to suspect. 

Suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d^p. 
{suspicio), to suspect, apprehend, 
mistrust. 



Sustento, are, dvi, dtum {freq. 
from sustinco), tr., to sustain, hold 
out against; to support, maintain; 
to keep back, restrain, check, stop. 

Sustineo, ere, tinui, tentmn, ir. 
{sub <k teneo), to uphold, sustain, 
support; bear, bear the burden 
of; to hold, undei'take, fill, admin- 
ister. 

Sustollo, ere, tr. {sub d" tollo), to 
raise or lift np, to take away, re- 
move. 

Suthul, indec. n., a town of Nu- 
midia. 

Suus, a, um, adj. pro. {siii), his 
own, her own, its own ; their own, 
his, her, its; their. As a noun, 
suum, i, n. or sua, orum, n. pi., 
one's own property, possessions, or 
rights. 

Sui, orum, m. pi., one's friends, 
followers, party, people, country- 
men, or fellow-soldiers. Suo loco 
pugnam facere — in the place of 
his own choosing, in a place favor- 
able to himself I'he emphatic syl- 
lables, met and pte, are sometimes 
suffixed to this word. 

Syphax, dcis, m., a king of the 
Massisyli in jSumidia. He was at 
first a friend and ally of the Ro- 
mans; but on his marrying the beau- 
tiful Sophonisba, daughter of Has- 
drubal, he formed an alliance with 
Carthage. He was conquered by 
Scipio Africanus, icith the aid of 
Massijiissa, taken prisoner and 
sent to Rome. He died in prison 
at Tibur. 

Syrtis, is, f, a place of shifting 
sands in the sea ; particularly two 
sandy gidfs or bays on the African 
coast of the Mediterranean, called 
respectively the Greater Syrtis, 7iow 
the gidf of Sudra or -Seedra, and 
the Lesser Syrtis, now the gulf of 
Cabes or Khabs. The word is gen- 
erally supposed to be derived from 
the Cheek avpu, to drag, and to have 
reference to the dragging to and fro 
of the sands, by the mnds aiid tides. 



26? 



TELUM 



7!, an abbreviation of Titus. 
Tahernaculum, i, n. {taberna), a 
tent, pavilion. 
j Tabes, is, f. (tabeo), a poison, in- 
' fection, plague, pestilence. 

Tabesco, ere, tabui, intr. (incho. 
\ from taboo), to melt away by de- 
; grees ; to fall to ruin, decay. 
1 Tabula^ ce, f., a board, table, 
' tablet. Tabula picta, or tabula, a 
; picture, painting. Tabula;, pi,, 
. writings, records, accounts. The 
I a7icients did most of their writing 
on wooden tablets, with wax spread 
over them, and their pictures were 
painted on boards. Tabulce novce, 
new account-books {and as in sub- 
stituting the new for the old account 
tables, the debt was in whole or in 
part abolished), the abolition of 
debts. 

Taceo, ere, ui, \tum, intr., to be 
silent, bold one's peace, say noth- 
ing. 

Tacitus, a, um, part., see Taceo. 
Adj., silent, in silence, still, quiet, 
mute. 

Tceda, ce, /., the pitch-pine tree ; 
a torch, firebrand. 

Tcedet, duit or tcesum est, imp., 
it disgusts, offends, or wearies one. 
Tcedet mc, I am weary of, disgusted 
with. Imdet te, thou art weary 
of, <fec, 

Tcedium, ^, n. {tcedet), weariness, 
irksomeness, tedium. 

Talis, e, adj., such, of such a 
kind, such little, so ; so distin- 
guished, great or excellent. Ta- 
lia, such things, lit in tali nego- 
tio, as the best that could be done 
under the circumstances, consider- 
ing the circumstances. 

T'am, adv., so, so much, so very. 
Qicam — ta7n, with superlatives, the 
— the, as — so. Quam quisque pes- 
sime fecit, tarn maxime tatus est, 
the worse each one has done, the 
safer he is. Quod si tarn libertatis \ 



cur am haberetis quam illi ad domi" 
nationem accensi sunt, but if you 
had a regard for your liberty as 
great as is the ardor with which 
they desire to tyrannize over 3'ou. 

Tamen, conj., notwithstanding, 
nevertheless, for all that, however, 
yet, still. It is used in the apo- 
dosis, and corresponds to tametsi, 
quamvis, quamquam, si, quam, <kc.y 
i7i the protasis. 

Tametsi, conj. {tamen d: etsi), 
though, although, notwithstanding 
that. 

Tana, ce, m., a river of the Euro- 
pean Sarmatia, also called TancCis, 
is, on. 

Ta7idem, adv., at length, at last, 
in the end, finally. In questioois 
expressing iiidignation or astonish- 
ment ; pray, then. 

Tanquam or Tamquam, adv. 
{tain ct q2iam), as, just as, as it 
were, as if, so to speak. 

Tantum, adv. {tantus),on\j, alone, 
but, merely ; so much, so long. 

Tayitummodo or Tantum modo, 
adv., only, provided only, if only. 

Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so 
much, as great, so important. Tan- 
to, see Quantus. 

Tarde, adv. {tardus), slowly, tar- 
dily. 

Tardus, a, um, adj., slow, tardy, 
sluggish. 

Tarquinius, i, m. {L.), a confede- 
rate of .Catiline's, who, being appre- 
hended ichile on his way to join that 
conspirator, and brought back to 
Rome, disclosed the designs of the 
conspirators. 

Tectum, i, n. {tego), a roof. 

Tectus, a, um, part., see Tego. 

Tego, ere, texi, tectum, tr., to cov- 
er, hide, conceal, cloak ; to shelter, 
protect. 

Telum, i, n., a missile, weapon, 
dart, javelin, spear, lance ; an of- 
fensive weapon of any kind, sword, 
dagger, poniard. Gum telo esse, to 
carry arms. 



TEMERE 



264: 



TERREO 



Temere, adv., inconsiderately, in- 
discreetly, without cause, rashly, 
hastily, without order, confusedly, 
irregularly. Temere mit7iita, hasti- 
ly or slightly fortified. 

l^emcrXtas, CUis, f. (temere), te- 
merity, rashness, inconsiderateness, 
indiscreetness, imprudence, fool- 
hardiness. 

Temper antia, m, f. {tempera), 
moderation, temperance, discre- 
tion. 

Tem'ph'o, are, mi, dtum, irdr. 
(fempus), to moderate or restrain 
one's self, to act with moderation ; 
to set bounds to, be moderate. 
Tr., to regulate, arrange. Victo- 
rice temporare, to be moderate or 
exercise moderation in the use of 
victory. 

Tcmpestas, aiis, f. {tempus), XimQ, 
a point or period of time, occa- 
sion, a season ; a storm, tempest ; a 
troublous time, perilous occasion. 
Multis tempestatibus, for a long 
time. In paucis tempestatibus, in 
a short time. Qua tempestate, at 
the time when. Alia in tempes- 
tate, at another time. 

Templum, i, n., a temple. 

Tempus, oris,n., time; a season, 
the proper or appointed time, oc- 
casion; opportunity ; the circum- 
stances of the time, occasion, exi- 
gency. Per ca tempora, during 
that time. Pleraque tempora, the 
most of this time. In tempore, at 
the proper time. Ad tempus, at 
the appointed time. Pro tempore, 
according to circumstances, pro- 
portioned to the exigency, suitable 
to the occasion. Ex tempore, ac- 
cording to circumstances, at the 
time, without previous prepara- 
tion. Ad hoc tempus, up to this 
time, hitherto. 

Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum, or 
tentmn, tr., to stretch out, extend. 
Intr,, to go, march, travel ; to ex- 
ert one's self, fight, contend. Cur- 
sus tenderCy to go in haste, to hast- 



en, run. Insidias tenderer see In- 






Tenebrce, arum, f., darkness, ob- ^ 
scurit}^, gloom ; a dungeon. S 

Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, tr., to ^ 
hold, holdfast; to hold, possess, 
occup}^; to detain, keep; to re- 
strain, refrain from ; to rule, sway, 
direct; to captivate, charm. In 
custodia, or in custodiis tenere, to 
keep in custody, to confine in pris- 
on. Magna spcs me tenet, I have 
great hopes. Ambitione teneri, to 
be seduced or captivated by ambi- 
tion. Libido aliquem tenet, one is 
possessed by the desire. 

Tento, are, avi, dtum, tr. (frcq. 
from tendo), to try, explore, exam- 
ine, put to the test ; to try to 
bribe, to sound, tempt, tamper 
with, entice to revolt or desertion ; 
to attack, haras.^, assail, practise 
upon ; to threaten with, to tr}' the 
effect of. Bello tentare, to make 
war upon. Lassitudiitem tentare, 
to try the effects of fatigue. Fru- 
menti inopla tentari, to be threat- 
ened with or in danger from. In- 
sidias tentare, to set snares, lay 
ambuscades. 

Terentius, i, m., (Cn.), a man of 
senatorial rank, who held the office 
ofprcetor, B. C. 66. 

Tergum, i, n., the back. A or 
ab tergo, from behind, behind, in 
the rear. 

Terra, ce, /., the earth; a land, 
countr}^ the land. Terra marique, 
by land and sea. In terris, in 
the lands, among men. Orbis ter- 
rce, or terrarum, the earth, globe, 
world. 

Terracinensis, is, m., a Terraci- 
nian, an inhabitant of Terracina, a 
town in Latium, formerly called 
Anxur. This city stood on a loftff'^^ 
rock at the foot of which the mod- 
ern Terracina is situated 

Terreo, ere, ui, itum, tr., to 
affright, frighten, terrify, alarm, 
keep in awe. ' 



I 



TERRIBLLLS 



265 



TORQUATUS 



Terribilis, e, adj. {terreo\ terri- 
ble, dreadful, shocking, horrible. 

Territus, «, um, part., see Ter- 
reo. 

Terror, oris, m. {terrco), terror, 
affright, dread, alarm, dismay. 

Tertius, a, urn, num. adj. {ter), 
the third. 

Testamentum, i, n. [testor), a tes- 
tament, a last will. 

Testis, i.% c. g., a witness. 

Tesfor, dri, atus sum, dep. (testis), 
to testify, bear witness ; to call to 
witness, appeal to. 

Testudo, inis, /., a tortoise; in 
military language, a testudo. The 
testudo was a covering or shed re- 
sembling a tortoise in form, for the 
protection of besiegers; made gen- 
erally by joining together their 
shields over their heads, but some- 
times also of wood. 

Ttter, tra, triim, adj., foul, hor- 
rid, hideous. 

Tetfarcha, ce, m., a tetrarch, a 
king not acknowledged as such by 
the Roman people. Tetrarch a or i- 
giytally signified a rider of the fourth 
part of a country, but it afterwards 
came to mean the ruler of a division 
of a country, without reference to 
the 7iumber of parts into ichich it 
was divided. 

Thala, ce, f, a town in the south- 
ern part of Numidia, the exact site 
of which is unTciiown. It is gener- 
ally supposed to have been the same 
with Telepte. 

Thercei, drum <£' on, m. pi., the 
Thereans, the inhabitants ofThera, 
a small island near Crete. The 
modern name is Snntorin. 

Thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, col- 
lection of money ; treasury, a de- 
pository, magazine. 

Thermtda, ce, /., a town of iVw- 
midia, the situation of which is un- 
known. 

Thrax, d^is, adj., Thraeian. As 
a nau7i, a Thraeian, an inhabitant 
of Thrace. 
12 



Tiberius, i, w., a Roman prae- 
nomen. Written by abbreviation, 
Tib. 

Timeo, ere, ui, ir., to fear, be 
afraid of, dread. Intr. with the 
dat, to fear for, or on account of, 
be uneasy about. 

Timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), 
timid, afraid, cowardly, fearful, 
faint-hearted. 

Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, 
dread, apprehension, timidity. 

Tisidium, i, n., a city near Utica 
in Africa. 

Titus, i, m., a Roman name. 

Togdtus, a, um, adj. (toga), wear- 
ing the toga. As a noun, a Ro- 
man citizen, a Roman. The toga 
was the outer garment worn by Ha- 
inan citizens in time of peace, and 
iogatus is consequently used to dis- 
tinguish Romans from foreigners, 
and also to distinguish Roman citi- 
zens from Roman soldiers. 

Tolero, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
bear, bear patiently, endure, brook, 
submit to, tolerate ; to maintain, 
support, alleviate. 

Ihllo, ere, sustuli, subldtum, tr., 
to lift up, raise, elevate ; to take 
away, remove; to keep back, sup- 
press. Animum toller e, to take or 
regain courage. Ad coelum toller e, 
to extol to the skies, load with 
praise. 

Toreuma, atis, n., work executed 
in relief, embossed plate. 

Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo), an 
engine for hurling missiles. 

Torpesco, ere, pni, intr. (inch, 
from torpeo), to grow numb or 
torpid, become languid or dull ; to 
grow listless, sluggish, inactive, or 
indolent. 

Torqudtus, i, m., a surname of 
the Manlian gens. L. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, a Roman nobleman who held 
the consulship with L. Cotta, B. C, 
65. T. Manlius Torquatus, a cele- 
brated Rofnan dictator who had his 
son put to death for engaging in 



TOTIES 



266 



TREPEDUS 



combat with the enemy, contrary to 
the orders of his father. He ac- 
quired for himself and his descend- 
ants the surname of Torquatus (i. e., 
adorned with a golden neck-chain^) 
from the circumstance of putting 
07i the neck-chain of a Gaul whom 
he had killed in single combat. 

TotieSj adv., so often. 

Totus, a, U7n, adj., gen. lus, all, 
all the, the whole, total, entire. 

TractOy are, avi, dtum, tr. (freq. 
from traho), to touch ; take in 
hand, manage, exercise ; to treat, 
conduct one's self toward. Hem- 
publicam tractare, to manage, gov- 
ern, direct the state or public af- 
fairs. 

IVactns, us, m., a drawing or 
dragging ; a stretch, tract, region ; 
a direction, course. 

Tractus, a, nm, part., see Traho. 

TradUus, a, ntn, part., see Trado. 

Trado, ^re, dldi, ditwn, tr. {trans 
d: do), to give over, consign, com- 
mit, deliver; to give up, surren- 
der, betray, devote ; to leave, be- 
queath ; to transmit, hand down. 
In custodiam tradere, to commit to 
custody. 

Traduco or Transduco, ^re, xi, 
ctum, tr. (trans d: duco), to lead or 
convey across ; to bring or carry 
over, transfer. 

Traho, ^re, xi, ctum, tr., to draw, 
drag ; to draw out, protract, pro- 
long, delay, put off; to draw or 
lead away, divert ; to ponder up- 
on, revolve, reflect upon, weigh ; 
to ascribe, attribute, impute; to 
take away by force, plunder ; to 
form, take. Consilinm trahere, to 
form a decision. Trahere animo, 
or cum animo, to figure to one's 
self; to debate with one's self, re- 
volve within one's self. Pecuyiiam 
trahere, to commit depredation 
upon one's money, that is, to 
squander it With ad supplicium 
omitted, to drag to execution. 

Tramei^ Ww, m. {trameo, to go 



through), a by-path, cross-way, 
short-cut. 

Tranquillics, a, um, adj., tran- 
quil, calm, still, quiet. 

Transduco, see Traduco. 

Transeo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. intr. 
[trans do eo), to go or cross over, 
desert. Tr., to pass, pass through. 

Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. 
tr. {trans d: fero), to carry or bring 
over, transfer; to dtfer, postpone, 
put off. Transfcrri, to be trans- 
ferred or carried over = to pass. 

Transfuga, ce, ??u {transfugio), a 
deserter. 

Transfugio, ere, fiigi, fugXtum, 
intr. {trans dc fugio), to go over to 
the enemy, desert. 

Transigo, ere, egi, actum^ tr. 
{trans dc ago), to drive through ; 
to transact^ settle, adjust ; to pass, 
spend. 

Transpaddnus^ a, um, adj. {trans 
d' Padus), beyond the Po. At a 
noun, one living on the other side 
of the Po, from Rome. 

Transvcctus^ a, ww, part., see 
Transvcho. 

Transviho, ire, vexi, vectum^ tr. 
{trans d: veho), to carry or convey 
over. Tran.'ivehi, pass.^ to pass 
over, sail over. 

IVansversus, a, um, part., see 
Transverto. Adj., transvei*se, 
oblique, at right angles. Trana- 
versa proclia, skirmishes on the 
flank. Transversis itineribus, cross- 
marches. Transverswn aliguetn 
agcre, to drive one from the right 
path, lead one astray. 

Transverto, ere, ti, sum, tr. {tran.t 
d: verto), to turn round or away. 

Trepido, are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
{trepidus), to tremble f< ■• ♦'^•^^v ♦«> 
be in a state of confusio: 
dation, to run about in tc..-. -.:-d 
confusion, to run in consternation 
to. 

Trepldus, a, urn, adj., trembling 
with fear, agitated, excited, thrown 
into confusion, in a state of trepi* 



TRES 



267 



TULLUS 



dation, struck with consternation, 
frightened, alarmed, dismayed, full 
of anxiety ; causing anxietj^ or 
alarm, alarming. 

Tre8, tria, mmi. adj.^ three. 
Tribundtus, us, m. {(ribu7ius), the 
tribuneship, the office of a tribune. 
Tribuniciu.% a, vjn, adj. {tribu- 
nus), of or pertaining to the tri- 
buneship or to the tribunes, tri- 
bunitiaL 

Tribujiua^ i, m. {(ribus\ a tri- 
bune. Tribunus plebis, a tribune 
of the people, one of those popular 
magistrates whose duty it was to 
protect the plebeians against the 
encroachments of the patricians and 
higher magistrates. To enable them 
to do this they were invested with 
power to arrest at any time the pro- 
ceedings of all other authorities, even 
those of the senate and cons^uls. 
Tribunus militaris or militum, a 
military tribune ; there icere six 
military tribunes in each legion, 
who commanded under the consul ; 
their office corresponding nearly to 
that of colonel in inodern times. 

Iribuo, Sre, 2ii, utum, tr., to give, 
impart, grant, attribute, lend. 

Tribus, us, f. {ires), a tribe, a di- 
vision of the Roman peo|)le. Romu- 
lus divided the people into three 
tribes, but at the titne ichen Sallust 
%orote, the number had been increased 
to thirty-five. 

Triduum, i, n. (tres d: dies), the 

space of three days, three days. 

Triginta, num. adj. indecl., thirty. 

Triplex, icis, adj. (tres d* plico, 

to fold), threefold, triple. Tri- 

plices, um, pL, three. 

Tristitia, ce, f. (tristis), sadness, 
sorrow, giief, melancholy, dejec- 
tion. 

Triumpho, are, avi, atum, intr. 
(triumplms), to triumph, hold a 
triumph. 

Triumphus^ i, m., a triumph, a 
triumphal procession. A Roman 
commander who had gained an im- 



portant victory was honored with a 
magnificent triumphal entrance irito 
the city on his return ; see Smith's 
Diet. Antiq. s. v. Trinmphus. 

Triumvir, tri, m. [tres <£• vir), a 
triumvir, one of three men asso- 
ciated in some public business. 
Triumviri capitales, the superin- 
tendents of public prisons, who 
had the charge of a public prison, 
attended to the execiUion of crim- 
inals, and performed many of the 
duties of modern police officers. 
Triumvir colcniis deducendis, one 
of three officer appointed to lead 
out colonies and distribute the laud 
among the colonists ; a commis- 
sioner for planting colonies. 

Trojanus, a, um, adj. (Trcja), 
Trojan. As a noun, Trojani, drum, 
m. pi., the Trojans. 

Trucldo, are, avi, dtum, {trux dt 
ccedo), to cut to pieces, to slay cru- 
elly, slaughter, murder, massacre, 
butcher. 

2u, tui, per. pro., c. g., thou, you. 
Plural, vos, vestrum, you. The 
emphatic suffixes, met and te (self), 
are sometimes annexed to this pro- 
noun, as : tute, thou thyself. 
Tuba, ce, f, a trumpet. 
Tubicen, mis, m. (tuba), a trump- 
eter. 

Tueor, eri, tuitus 6: tutus sum, 
dep., to look upon, to look to, de- 
fend, protect. 

Tugurium, i, n., a hut, cottage. 
Tuti, see Fero. 

Tullidnus, a, um, adj., pertain- 
ing to Tulliu?. As a noun, Tid- 
lianum, i, n., theTuUianum, a sub- 
terranean cell or dungeon added by 
Servius Tullius to the prison built 
by Ancus Martius. This dungeon 
still exists as a gloomy subterranean 
chapel to the church of San Pittro 
in Car cere, and was once, accord- 
ing to popular belief, the place of 
St. Peter's confinement. 

Tullius, i, m., see Oicero. 
I Tidlus, i, m.y Lucius Tullus, who 



TUH 



268 



ULTERIOR 



held the consulship with M. Lepi- 
dns, B. a 66. 

Tarn, ado., then, thereupon, here- 
upon, again ; then, at that time. 
As a correlative conj. turn — turn, or 
(to give prominence to the latter 
clause) quum — turn, not only — but 
also, as well — as, both — and espe- 
cially. 2'uni demum, then first, then 
indeed. Turn veroy then indeed. 
In animated narration or in the 
oratio obli(/ua, turn may sometimes 
he translated^ now, at present 

Tumulo<ius, rt, unij adj. (tumulus), 
full of hills, hilly. 

7\onnltus, its or t, m., a tumult, 
commotion, uproar, bustle ; alarm, 
confusion; a su«lden war, sedition, 
insurrection. Tumnltum facere, to 
raise or cause an alarm. A war in 
Italy or aqainst the Gauls was call- 
ed tuniultus, a much stronger term 
th'in helium. 

TumUlus, I, m. (iutneo), a hill, 
liillock. 

Tunc, adv., then, nt that time. 

Turbo, (e,f., a disturbance, tumult, 
disorder ; a crowd, thronij. press. 

Turma, <«,/, a troop or squnilron 
of horse ; the turma was the tenth 
part of an ala, and consisted of 
about thirty horsemen, 

Turmdtim, adr, (turma), by troojw 
or squadrons, in sinn^le squadrons. 

Turpilius, see Silatius. 

Ttirpis, e, adj., ugly, shameful, 
base, scandalous, disgraceful Tur- 
pis fama, a bad reputation. 

Turpitudo, \nis, f. (turpis), base- 
ness, shnmefulness, disgrace, dis- 
honor, infamy, turpitude. Pertur- 
pUudine^n, basely, shamefully, dis- 
gracefully. 

Tur r is, is,/., a tower ; in military 
la)tguage, a tower, used in besieging 
cities. For a description of the 
military tower, see note. Jug. xxi. 3. 

luscus^ a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etrus- 
Ciiu, Etrurian. As a noun, Tusci, 
drum, m. pL, the Tuscans, Etrurians, 

TtUe, see Tv. I 



Tute, adv. (tutus), safely, securely. 

Tutor, dri, dtus sum. d^p. (freq. 
from tueor), to defend, protect, 
cover. 

Tutus, a, um, part., see Tueor. 
Adj., safe, secure. 

Tuus, a, wn, adj. pro. (tu), thy, 
thine, thy own ; your, yours, your 
own. Tui, your own relative:*, fam- 
ily or friends. 

U. 

Ubij adv., where, in which place, 
in what place; when, after, as soon 
as, in what, by which, with whom. 
Ubi sometimes takes the place of a 
relative pronoun with a preposition, 
as: Apud illos sunt, aut, ubi illi 
volunt, L e., apud guo.% with whom, 
or in the hanils of whom, [/hi gen- 
tium, wliere in the world, in what 
part of the country, whereabouts. 

Ubicttmf/ue, adv. (ubi d' cumque\ 
wherever, wheresoever, whenever, 
as soon as. 

Ublque, adv.. every where, in 
every place, wheresoever. Also 
for et ubi, and where. 

Ubivis, adv. (ubi d' vis, from 
vofo), where you will, any where, 
in any place, 

Ulciscor, i, tJ/i/« turn, dep., to 
avenge one's self on, take vengeance 
on. avenge, punish. Sallust em- 
ploys vlcisri in one instance, as 
passive, quidquid — ulcisci nequifur 
— cannot be avenged. Ultum ire, 
to proceed to avenge, to avenge, 
punish. 

Ullus, a, um, gen, ulliuit. Adj., 
any. any one. Kon ullit.t, no one. 

Ulterior, ns, adj., com p. of niter, 
farther on the other sida GaUi^ 
ulterior, farther Gaul, or T: 
pine Gaul, a large country 
rope, including somewhat more rvnr>i 
7nodern France. It teas bounded by 
tJte Rhine, the Alps, the Afedi terra - 
neatk, the Pyrenees, and the Ocean, 



ULTKA 



269 



UXOR 



Ultra, prep, mth the ace. (ulter), 
beyond. Adv., beyond that, after 
this, beyond (the grave). 

Uliro, adv. [ii/ter), of one's own 
accord, voluntarily, unasked, with- 
out being sought; without provo- 
cation, unprovoked. 

Ultus, a, um, part., see Ulciscor. 

l/mbrenu.% i, m., Publius Umbre- 
nu9, a freednian, to whom was as- 
signed the tank of persuading the 
deputies of the Allobroges to take 
part in the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Unci, adu. (unus), together, to- 
gether with, along with, conjointly 
with, at the same time. It is often 
joined with cum, as : nobiscum una. 

Unde, adv., whence, from which, 
from whom, by whom. Eo ventum 
— undc, — they came to that point 
from which = they came so near 
that. 

Undiquc, adv. (unde db que), from 
all quarters, from all sides, every 
"where. 

Universus, a, it/w, adj. (uims d: 
versus), all together, all collectively, 
whole, entire. 

Unquam or Umquam, adv., ever, 
at any time. 

Unus, a, um, gen. iinlus, num. 
adj., one, alone, tlie only one, one 
and the same, uniform. In unum, 
to the same place, together. Unus 
et alter, one and another, some, a 
few. The plural of this adjective is 
used tn the sense of one, ioith such 
nouns as have no singular, or are 
but rarely used in that number, as : 
una moenia, una castra, unce scalce. 

Unusquisque, nnaqucEque, unum- 
quodque, or — quidque, adj. pro. 
(u7ius <jb quisque), each one, every 
one. every. 

Urbdtius, a, um, adj. (urbs), of or 
pertaining to a city, of the city 
(^. e., Roma) ; polished, elegant, re- 
fined. 

Urbs, bis, f, a city ; the city, i. e., 
Home. 

Urgeo, ere, ursi, tr., to press up- 



on, to press hard, bear down ; harass, 
oppress; pursue. 

UsquajR, adv., any where, of or 
in any place or thing. 

Usque, adv., all the way, as far 
as, even. Usque eo, to such a de- 
gree. 

Usus, us, m.{utor), use ; practice, 
exercise, labor, experience ; useful- 
ness, utility, benefit, profit, advan- 
tage ; use, need ; intercourse, inti- 
macy. Usui esse, to be of use or 
service, to be useful or profitable. 
Propter usum belli, on account of 
its importance in the war. Usu or 
per usum discere, to learn by expe- 
rience, to learn practically. 

Usus, a, um, part., see Utor. 

Ut or Uti, adv., in what manner, 
how, as. Co7ij., that, in order that, 
so that, since, as, just as, according 
as ; namely that, to wit that Ut or 
uti, with the subjunctive, may often 
be translated by the infinitive, as : 
Namque, uti paucis verum absol- 
vam, for, to state the truth in a few 
words ; im pell it, uti eat, — to go. 

Uter, tra, trum, gen. utrius, adj.y 
which of the two, which. 

Uter, tris, m., a bag of skin, 
leathern bag used for holding wine, 
water, <tc. 

Uterque, utraque, utrujnque, gen. 
utriusque, adj. (uter d: que), both 
one and the other, both, either, 
each. QuiE utraque, both of which. 

Uti, see Ut. 

Utica, ee,f, a city of Africa, situ- 
ated on the Mediterranean, south- 
west of Carthage. 

Utllis, e, adj. (utor), useful, bene- 
ficial, serviceable, salutary ; fit, suit- 
able. 

Utinam, conj. (uti d: nam), O 
that ! would that ! I wish that! 

Ut\que, adv. (uti db qiie), in any 
case, certainly, surely. Also for 
et uti, and how, and as. 

Utor, i, 2CSUS sum, dep., to use, 
make use of, to enjoy, have; to 
practise, exercise, employ ; to treat. 



ii^ 



UTPOTE 



270 



VASTUS 



conduct one's self towards. Lege 
uti, to have the benefit of the law. 
Libidine uti, to enjoy or indulge in 
— . Domo uti, to occupy — . Ho- 
nore uti^ to fill a post of honor. 
Serrno7ie ictiy to speak. 

Utpute, adv. (ut), namely, as, in- 
asmuch as. Utpote qui, inasmuch 
as lie. 

Utrinqiic or Uirirnque, adv. (uter), 
on both bides, from both sides. 

Uxor, oris, /., a wife, a spouse. 



y. 

Vacca, (p, /., called also Vaga, a 
town of Num idia ; its modern name 
is Beja. 

Vaccensea or Vagenses, ium, m, 
pL, the inhabitanta of Vacca or 
Vaga. 

Vacuus, a, nm, adj. (vaco), empty, 
void; free from, devoid or destitute 
of, clear, free, without JJotnnm 
vacuum facer e, to make clear, or to 
clear. In vaaiam remjmblicam, sc. 
defensoribus, against the unprotect- 
ed republic Vacuus is construed 
with the ablative with a or ab, or 
with the genitive, 

Vadrs, um, see Vas. 

Vado, Ire, si, sum^ <,..,., iw j^\», 
walk. 

VadOsus, a, um, adj. (vadurn), full 
of shallows or fords, shallow, shoal 

Vagor, ari^ dfus sum, dcp. {vagus), 
to go to and fro, wander up and 
down, rove, ramble, go about. 

Vagus, a, utu, adj., strolling about, 
wandering, roving, without any set- 
tled habitation. 

Valens, tis, part., see Valeo, 
Adj., strong, stout, robust, power- 
ful, mighty. 

Valeo, ire, ui, iutr., to be well or 
in good ileal th, be in a healthy con- 
dititui ; to be strong, powerful, or 
vigorous ; to be able to do ; to have 
force, weight or influence ; to be ex- 
erted, be in force ; to prevail, suc- 



ceed. QucB maxime opibus valent, 
which are most powerful Fama 
valet, — prevails, is current 

Valerius, i, m., see Flaccus. 

Valldus, a, urn, adj. {valeo), sound, 
healthy, strong, mighty, powerful, 
eflfective. 

Vallum, i, n. {vallus), a rampart, 
bulwark, fortification. A vallum is 
properlg the wall, composed of the 
dirt dug from the ditch {fossa) and 
set with stakes or palisctdes ; but it 
is also applied to other kinds of 
fortifications. 

Van\ta9, dtis, f (vanus), empti- 
ness, weakness, levity, giddiness, 
want of judgment, vanity, vain- 
glory- 

Vanus, a, um, adj., empt}', vain, 
worthless, idle, futile, false, coward- 
ly, faithless. 

Vargunteius, i, m., M. Lucius 
Vargunteius, a Roman of senatorial 
rank, and an accomplice of Cati- 
line. 

Varih, adv. (variu*\ variously, 
in ditferent ways, by different indi- 
viduals. 

Varius, a, um, adj., various, dif- 
ferent, diverse, chanj^eful, full of 

vicissitudes, (\ ! • — • ^ i:- 

tingencies; < 
fickle; un<*-! : . 

fuL .1 V c. 

Vtdtu Co r^j 'J i-'-s ^ ■ ■Ti:- r ^ J 

varius, changing in countenance as 
he changed in mind, his countenance 
changing with his varying emotions. 

Vas, vadis, nu, a surety, bail. 

Vas, vasis, n., pi. vai^a, 6rum^ a 
vessel, dish, vase ; a utensil 

Vast\tas, mis, f. {vastus\ deaoU- 
tion, devastation. 

Vasto, are, dvi, dtunt, tr. (vattus\ 
to lay waste, desolate, devastate^ 
destroy; to harrow up, trouble 
greatly. 

Vastus, a, um, adj., desert waste ; 
insatiable, Vasti** ab natura et 
humano c.dtu, desert and unculti- 
vated. 



VE 



271 



VERSUS 



Ve, insep, prep., dejioting nega- 
tion Qf deprivation^ as : vecors, 
senseless, mad, from c&r, the mind, 
understanding. 

Vecordia, <e, /. {vecoi's), folly, 
senselessness, madness, frenzy, in- 
sanity. 

Vectigal, dlis, n. (yeho\ a toll, 
tax, impost, tribute. 

Vectigdlis, e, adj. (veho), tributa- 
ry, subject to the payment of taxes. 

VehemejiSj iis, adj., vehement, 
violent, ardent, impetuous. 

Vehementer, adv. {vehemejis), ve- 
hemently, ardently, eagerly, earn- 
estly ; very much, exceedingly. 

Vel, conj., or, even ; vel — vel, 
either — or. 

VeleSj Uis, in., a light-armed sol- 
dier, a skirmisher. 7'he velites 
formed no part of the legion, and 
aid not fight in the ranks, but in 
scattered parties, attacking the ene- 
my, and then falling back to the 
regular lines. They sometimes 
fought mingled among the cavalry, 
and in retreating mounted behind 
the horsemen. 

Venturis, e, adj., of or f)ertaining 
to the velites. Arma velitaria, 
light arms, arms such as the velites 
i carried. 

VelocXtas, dtis, f. (velox), veloci- 
ty, swiftness, fleetness. 

Velox, dcis, adj. (volo, to fy), 
swift, fleet, nimble, quick. 

Vtlut or Veluti, adv. {vel d' ut 
or nti), as, just as, like, as if, as it 
were. 

Vendlis, e, adj. {yenxui). to be 
sold, for sale ; venal, to be pur- 
chased for money. 

Vendo, ere, d\di, dttum, tr. (venus 
d' do), to sell, offer for t^ale. Omjiia 
honesta at que in honest a vender e, to 
sell all marks of honor or disgrace 
-= to grant honor or inflict disgrace 
for pay. 

Venmmn, i, n., a drug, medicine ; 
veneyiwn malum, or simply vene- 
num, poison ; venom. 



Venio, Ire, veni, ventum, intr., to 
come, arrive ; to happen ; to accrue. 
In periculum venire, to fall into 
danger. In gratiam venire, to rise 
into favor. Ventum est, we, they, 
<fcc. came, or have come. 

Venor, ari, at us sui7i, dep.^ to 
hunt 

Venter, tris, ?«., the belly, sto- 
mach. Figuratively, gluttony, ap- 
petite. 

Venturus, a, nm, part., see Ve- 
nio. 

Ventus, i, ?«., the wind. 

Venus, us or i, m. {found only in 
the dat, ace. and abl), sale. Venum 
dare or venumdare, to offer for sale, 
to sell. Venum ire, to be sold, to 
be for sale. 

Verber, tris, n., a whip, scourge ; 
a lash, blow. Verberibus animad- 
vertcre, to scourge. 

Verbero, dre, dvi^ dtum, tr, {ver- 
ber), to beat, scourge, whip. 

Verbum, i, n., a word, remark, 
speech. Verba facere or habere, to 
hold a discourse or conversation, to 
address, speak, say, reply. Man- 
data verbis dare, to give a verbal 
message. Verbis populi Romania 
senati, tiv., iu the name of, on be- 
half of — . 

Vere, adv. {vcrus), truly, in truth, 
truthfully, correctly; sincerely, in 
earnest. 

Vereor, eri, Xtus sum, dep., to fear, 
be afraid of, apprehend, be appre- 
hensive. 

VerXtas, atis, f {verus), truth. 

Vero, adv. {verus), in truth, truly, 
indeed, certainly. Conj., but how- 
ever. 

Verso, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {freq. 
from verto), to turn, wind. 

Versor, ari, dtus sum, pass., to 
dwell, live, remain, be ; to be oc- 
cupied with, be engaged in ; be ex- 
posed to, be harassed by. 

Versus, us, m. {verto), a verse. 
Versus facere, to compose verses. 
Versus or Versum, adv. {verto). 



VERTO 



272 



VIGIL 



following some noun of place and 
with the preposition ad or in which 
precedes the noun^ translatedy to- 
ward or towards, as : in Galliam 
versus, towards GauL As a prep, 
with the acc.y towards, on the side 
o£ 

VertOy ere^ ti, sum^ tr.^ to turn, 
turn round ; to change, convert, 
transfurm ; to attribute, ascribe, im- 
pute. Intr. {or with se omitted), to 
change into, terminate in, result in. 

Vtrum, conj. {vcrus\ but, how- 
ever. Verum enimvero^ but in- 
deed, but truly. 

Verum, i, n. (vents), the truth, 
right, rectitude, integrity. Ex vera, 
in accordance with truth, from a re- 
gard to truth. Eos a vrro bono<jne 
impediebat, kept them from adopt- 
ing the true and proper course. 

Vents, a, nm, adj., true, real, gen- 
uine, right ; true, sincere, truthful 
Verum est, it is right, proper, fit. 

Vescor^ i, dcp.^ to Uve upon, feed 
upon, eat, Vescaidi causa, to grat- 
ify the palate. 

Vesper, tris dt m. m, the even- 
ing. 

Vesta, ee, /., Vesta, the daughter 
of Saturn and Ops^ and tutelary 
goddess of Rome. The vestal vir- 
gins, the guardians of the sacred 
fre, were consecrated to h/r sert'ice. 

Vester, tra, tntm, adj. pro. {vos), 
your, yours. 

Vest itn en turn, t, n. (vestio), a gar- 
ment, vestment 

Vestio, \re, Ivi, Uum, tr. (vcstis), 
to clothe, adorn. 

VetcnlnuSy a, um, adj. (vetus), 
old, vetoraa 

Veto, (ire, ni, itum, tr., to forbid. 

Vttnx, tris. adj., old, former. Ve- 
tera, bygone tilings, 

Vetnstas, at is, f {vctus), antiqui- 
ty, oldness, age. 

Vexiltum, i, n., a flag, streamer. 

Vexo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to vex, 
harass, trouble, agitate, disturb; to 
corrupt, injure, damage. Pecuniam 



vexare '=io lavish one's money in 
every possible way. 

Via, ce, f, a way, road, path ; a 
way, manner. 

Viccsimus or Vigesimus, a, wn, 
num. adj. {viginti), the twentieth- 

Vici, see Vinco. 

Vicin'itas, atis,f (viclnus), neigh- 
borhood, vicinity ; the people of the 
neighborhood. 

Victor, oris, m, {vinco\ a con- 
qticror, victor, vanquisher. Adj., 
victorious. Libidinis et divitiarutn 
victor, master of his passions and of 
the love of money. 

Victoria, re,/, (vinco), a victor}'. 

VictuA, its, m, (vivo\ that upon 
which one lives, sustenance, victualai 
Rrgio victu atqne cultu, with regal 
luxury and splendor. 

Victus, a, M7;i, part.., sec Vinco. 

Vicus, I. m., a row of houses ; a 
street ; a village. 

Vidfllcet, adv. (vid^e d' !ir,t\ it 
is easy to see, it is n. r- 

I tainly, »urely, to be sur >^ 

forsooth, to wit Vid' i 

U9ed ironically. The . 
twecH videlicet and scilicet, is, thai 
the former generally introduces the 
true explanation^ and the loiter a 
wrong one. 

Video, Ire, vidi, vitum, tr,, to see, 
behold, perceive, obeervo ; under- 
stand, comprehend. Intr,, to look 
on, be a spectator. 

Videor, fri, visus 9um, dep. pas*,, 
to be seen ; to st»em, appciir. 17- 
detur, imp„ it seems, seems good. 
Mihi contra ea videtur, the oppo- 
site of this seems to me proper, 
seems to me to be the true course. 
Esse is often to be supplied after 
videor. 

l^geo, Ire, ui, intr.^ to be strong 
or vigorous ; to prevail, prosper, be 
in vogue, bear sway. 

\^gesimus, a, w/n, see Vtcenmns, 

Mgil, I/m, a^. (vigeo), watchful, 
vigilant As a noun, a watchman, 
sentinel 



VIGILIA 



273 



VISUS 



Vigliia, ic, f, (vigil)y watching ; 
want of sleep ; a watchman, guard, 
sentinel ; a watch, i. e., a ^fixed time 
for keeping watch ; the nighty among 
the Romans, being divided into four 
watches. 

Viglhy dre, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
watch, keep awake ; to be watch- 
ful or vigilant. 

Vigiiiti, num. adj. indecL, twenty. 

Vilis, e, adj., of small value, 
li;^htly esteemed ; vile, mean, des- 
picable. Vile haverey to hold 
clieap, despise. 

Villa, (c, /., a villa, country-seat, 
farm. 

Vilticus, t, m. (villa\ the over- 
seer of a farm, a steward. 

VinciOy Ire, vinri, vincCum^ tr.^ 
to bind, tie, bind together, fetter ; 
to fasten, secure. 

Vinco, ere, vici, victnm, tr.j to 
conquer, vanquish, overcome, to tri- 
umph over; surpass; to overcome, 
gain over, win. Intr., to be victo- 
rious, carry the day, prevail Pe- 
cuniaa vincere, to exhaust — . Di- 
vitiax vincere, to conquer one's 
wealth, tfiat is, to exhaust it 

Vinctns, a, nm, part.^ see Vincio. 

Vinculum, i, n. (viyicio), a band, 
bond- Vincula, bonds, fetters ; a 
prison. In vinculis habere, to keep 
m prison. In vincula ducere, to 
leaa to prison, to cast in pristm, im- 
prison. 

Vindex, Icis, c. g. (vindico), an 
avenger, punisher. Vindex rerum 
capital inm, an executioner. 

Vindico, dre, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
avenge; to punish, inflict punish- 
ment upon ; to assert, vindicate, de- 
fend, protect Vindicatum est in 
aliguem, punishment was inflicted 
upon some one. Vindicnndum est 
in aliguem, punishment must or 
should be inflicted upon some one. 
Aliquem in liber tatem vindicare, to 
claim freedom for any one, to assert 
the freedom of any one, to assert 
the right o£ 
12* 



Vinea, cc, f, a vineyard ; an ar- 
bor. In military language, a vinea 
was a shed, used for the protection 
of besiegers. For a full description 
of the vinea, see note. Jug. xxi. 3. 

Vinum, i, n., wine. 

Violenter, adv. {violens), violent- 
ly, by force, furiously, vehemently, 
precipitately. 

Violentia, ce, f (violens), violence, 
force. Violentia fortunie, the buf- 
fetings of fortune. 

Vir, viri, 7tL, a man ; a husband ; 
a man of courage or fortitude, a sol- 
dier. 

Vires, ium, see Vis. 

Virgo, Inis, f {vireo), a maiden, 
virgin* 

VirgiUtum, i, n. (virgula), shrub- 
bery, a copse, tliicket, brusliwood, 
uuclerwood. 

Virllis. e, adj. (vir), pertaining to 
or becoming a man, manly, manful, 
of a man, bold, valiant 

Virltim, adv. (vir), man by man, 
from man to man, individually, 
singly. 

Virtus, utis, f. (vir), manliness, 
manhood ; strength, power, energy, 
mental vigor, talents, courage, val- 
or, bravery ; merit, excellence, 
worth ; virtue, goodness. Virtus 
animi, strength or energy of mind, 
intellectual vigor; mental qualities, 
endowments or abilities, talents. 
Per virtutem emori, see Per. 

Vis, viSyf, strength, power, might, 
ability ; energy, resolution, vehe- 
mence, ardor, fury ; force, violence, 
power, influence ; a number, multi- 
tude, quantity, abundance. Vires, 
pi., tiie powers (of the body), bf)dily 
strength. Vi or per vim, by force, 
forcibly. Vis pulveris, a cloud of 
dust. ^ Vis serpent ium et ferarum, 
the violence, malignity — . 

Visoy ere, vlsi, visum, tr. (freq. 
from video), to go or come to see, 
visit ; to see, look at, view, exam- 
ine. 

Visus, a, um, part., see Vid^o. 



VISU8 



274 



7AMA 



Vistcs, Us, m. (video\ vision, sight 

Vita, CB, f. (vivo)y life, a life, way 
or mode of life. 

VitahunduSy a, wn, adj. (vito), 
escaping, trying to escape. 

Vitium, i, 7i., a fault, defect; a 
moral fault, vice, error. 

Vito, 4p^, avi, atum, to shun, 
avoid ; to escape. 

Vivo, ere, vixi, victinn, intr., to 
live, i. e., to be alive ; to live (in 
reference to the manner of life). 

Viims, a, m;/i, adj. (vivo), alive, 
living. 

Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 
difficulty, reluctantly. 

Vocabuhn/i, i, n. {voco), a word, 
term, name. 

Voco, Are, avi, dtnm, tr. (vox), to 
call, name ; to call, to summon. 

Volens, tis, part., sec Volo. Adj^ 
willing, voluntary, eager, ready ; 
wishing well, benevolent Voimti 
aniino, with willing mind, with feel- 
ings of satisfaction, gladly. 

Volo, 6re, avi, atnm, inir^ to fly. 

Volo, velU, vol HI, irr. intr^ to 
will, l)e willini^, wish. Tr., to wish 
for, desire. Din volentibus, by the 
will or favor of the gods. 

Voluntaritis, a, inn, a€y.{volunla*\ 
voluntary. As a nouti^ a volunteer. 

Voluntas, Atis, f. (volo), will, 
wisK desire^ mind, inclination ; af- 
fection, good-will, favor. Volun- 
tate, of one's own will or accord, 
with one's own consent ; accord- 
ing to one's wishes. Ex volutUate, 
according to one's wishes, as one 
pleases. 

Voluptarius, a, urn, adj. (volufy- 
tas), pleasant, delightful, voluptuous. 



Voluptas, atis, /., pleasure, joy ; 
dehght ; sensual pleasure or grati- 
fication. Voluptas corporis, sensual 
gratification. Voluptati habere, to 
regard as a pleasure, take pleasure 
in. 

Volux, ucis, m., Volux, a son of 
Bocchns, king of Jfauritania. 

Volvo, ere, volvi, voluiunu, tr., to 
roll, roll down ; to roll or turn over. 
Figuratively, to revolve in one's 
minil, think over, meditate or re- 
flect upon. Cum aniino or secum 
volvere, to revolve in one's mind, 
meditate upon. 

Vos, see Tu. 

Votw/u, I, tu (voveo^ to vote), a 
vow ; a prayer, wish. 

Vox, vocis,/., a voice. 

Vulgu*, t, m. d: n^ the common 
people, populace, rabble ; the peo- 
ple, multitude. 

Vtdnero, are, dvi, dtwn, tr, (vul- 
nus), to wound. 

Vulnus, eris, tL, a wound. 

Vulturcius, f, m, (T.), a native 
of Crotona, and one of Catiline's 
confederates. 

VuUuM, uj, fiL, the coimt«naDce, 
the ezpretskm of the Cue, oonnta- 
oaoce, fiMse, look, aspeet* mien. 
Vultiu 6onu4, a fair countenance or 
exterior. 



Zaina, rr, f, a strong and popu- 
lous city in Africa, about Jive days* 
journey south-vest of Carthage, 
Its site is now occupied by tlu town 
of Zowarin, in Algiers. 



NOTES ON THE JUGUKTHINE WAR 



Eemabks. — The grammatical references are to the sections of Andrews and Stod- 
dard's Latin Grammar (designated simply by Gr.), and to Zumpfs Latin Grammar 
(American ed. by Anthon). 

CHAP. I. de natura sucl, Gr. 208, R. 3*7. — imbecilla . . . regatur 

refers to naturcu — cevi hrevis^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — regaUir, Gr. 266, 3. 

2* Nam conlra^ "for on the contrary." — reputando . , . invenies, "you 
will discover on reflection." — ynagisgue . . . deesse^ supply invenies. Sal- 
lust is fond of such double constructions. — hominum depends on natura. 

— vitn aid tanpus stand opposed to imbecilla atque cevi brevix above. 

3« Sed, "But;" for this sentence is a reply to the complaint against 
nature, in the first ; some incorrectly translate it " now." — dux atque 
imperator^ "guide and commander." — grassatur^ "proceeds," without 
any other idea ; see Andrews' Lexicon. — via, Gr. 247. — ** pollens 
potcfisque ;" pollens, "abounding in strength;" potens, "efficient in 
the use of one'd strength." " But such nice distinctions are not always 
observed. The phrase was probably familiar." Merivale. — fortuna, 
Gr. 250, R. 1. (2).— fort ana egety "is dependent on fortune." — quippe 
qucB. The relative at the beginning of a clause, must often be trans- 
lated by a demonstrative or personal pronoun, Gr. 206, R. 19. (17). 
Thus, quippe ^u^e— -since it. The relative is used because it has a 
stronger connective force. Quce relates to fortuna ; some editors 
omic it — eripere cuiquam^ Eripere and other verbs compounded 
with a, a6, <•, and eXy may be followed by the dative of the remote 
object, by the ablative of sej>aratiou without a preposition, or by the 
ablative with the preposition repeated ; all these constructions are 
quite classical. Compare Gr. 242, R. 3. <fc 251, <fc Andrews' Lexicon, 
under eripere. — potest. The verb after qui or quippe qui in such a con- 
struction is generally subjunctive, Gr. 264, 8, 2d clause. 4* Sin, 

captus, <fec. This sentence stands in opposition to ad gloriam . . . gras- 
satur in the preceding sentence, and has the same subject qui, refer- 
ring to animus. — pessum dahts est ; pessum is an adverb, probably 



276 NOTES ON THE 

from pes^ and means ** footwards, downwards ; " pestum dare (also peg- 
sum pretnere^ pesswn agere\ " to cast to the bottom, to sink ; " hence, 
pensum datus est, '*has been 8unk=wholly given up;" see Andrews' 
Lexicon. — natures infirmitas accusatur, by anacoluthon for accutaty 

Gr. 323, 3, (5). Z. 757, 815. — MC^o^za, " circumstances." 5. Quodsu 

Quod is often used, as here, merely as a connective, and without other 
significance; qicod s?, "but if." — quanto studio = quantum studium est 
quo, Gr. 206, (5), (b.). — multum, *' often." — rerjerentur . . : procederent^ 
Gr. 261, 1. — eo magnitudinis, Gr. 212, R. 4, note 3. — Jiomines is the 
subject o( regerc7itur and regerent. "Translate, on the one hand, men 
would not be ruled by, but would themselves rule over chance ; and 
on the other hand, would arrive at such a pitch of greatness, aa, in- 
stead of being mere mortals, to become in fame immortal" Merivale. 
— pro mortalihus may abo mean "so far as mortals may," and pro lias 
commonly that meaning in such phrases: it is difficult to say which 
ifl the better translation. 

CHAP. IL genus hominwn, "man." — nostra refers to both res 
and stadia, Gr. 205, R. 2. Exc. 2. Igitur, " therefore ;" tliat is, be- 
cause they follow the nature of the body. — praclara facies, "remark- 
able beauty." S* incomiptus, " imperishable," just as miles invictns 

means "an invincible soldier." — habet^ "controls." — neque ipse habe- 

tur, 8C ab ullo, 4* cum prasertim . . . paratur; prcesrrtim refers to 

magis admirandu — artcs animi, "intellectual pursuits," 

CHAP. III. ex his, sc artibus animu — magistraius et imperiOy 
"civil and military offices." — hac iempestate ^^ hoc tempore ; though 
it may mean, "this time of commotion," as it refers to the stormy 
time after the death of Julius Csesar, b. c 44. — honos, "office." — qui- 
bus per fraudan is fuit, "who have obtained it" (sc. honos) by fraud. 
— virtutem and per fraudan are in opposition. — honesti, ** honorable." 
The whole idea is: "office does not seem to me desirable, because 
it cannot be obtained honorably ; and when obtained dishonorably, 

is neither a protection nor an honor." 2t parentes, "subject states;" 

participle from pareo. — cum prasertim, "especially since." — omnes . . . 
portendant, i. e., as the result of yiolent political changes ; portendant 
— "are followed by." 3* quctrere ^' quarendo consequi, "to at- 
tain." — dementice est, Gr. 211, R. 8. (3). "These words express the fate 
of any one who should attempt to be an honest magistrate." Dietsch. 
— quem ^=^ aliquon, as is often the case, Gr. 187 (c). — gratijicari de- 
pends on libido, and = gratijicandi. !# fii« forte, <tc, implies 

(" which surely cannot be the case with any sensible man.") Zumpt. 



JTJGURTHINE WAR. 277 

Translate, " unless indeed one is possessed by the base and pernicious 
desire of sacrificing his honor and liberty to the power of a few." 
The logic of this whole passage, beginning with Nam H, is obscure, 
and worthy of careful explanation, especially as some excellent edi- 
tions giv^e it very incorrectly. " In these words Sallust does not ex- 
plain why civil and military offices are not desirable ; but shows 
why he has said that they who manage public affairs are neither safe 
nor honorable. The course of thought is as follows : By what way 
in the world can you attain safety and honor at this time, when laws 
have no power, and no dignity is sacred ? You may use force. Sup- 
pose that, by it, you render yourself safe, and accomplish something 
useful to the state (delicta corrigas\ and thus obtain honor ; yet it is 
a dangerous business. But if you effect nothing, and gain nothing 
but odium, it is the part of extreme folly. Is there any other way ? 
Yes ; but a most base one ; to sacrifice honor and liberty to a few 
powerful men." Dietsch. 

CHAP. IV. aliis negotiiSy i. e., other than public office, which he 
has just discussed. — exerceiUnr^ "are managed." — usul, Gr. 227, with 
R 2. — inemoria «= manoratio : memoria rerum gestarnm^ ** historj^.'* 
Sallust, having first vindicated the superiority of intellectual pursuits 
{artes ani}ni\ now proceeds to show the importance of that one which 

he has chosen, namely, writing history. 2. prcetereimdufn ; supply 

deejus virtiite dicer e, — inRolentiam^ "vanity." 3* procul . . . agere^*^ 

"to take no part in public affairs." — imponanty Gi'. 264, G. — certe 
"(those) no doubt" The tactics of Roman electioneering are fully 
developed by Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, in his treatise 
de Peiiiione ConsulaUcs ; and are curiously and amusingly like those 
of English and American candidates at the present day, proving the 
truth of the remark, that there is a great deal of human nature in 
man. The dear people were shaken by the hand liberally, and per- 
sons were even employed, whose business it was to know every body, 
and, walking with the candidate, to name to him beforehand persons 
of influence, whom he was about to meet, with other particulars re- 
lating to them. The candidate could thus grasp them by the hand, 
call them by name, and manifest an affecting interest in their family 
and affairs. To this Horace alludes in the well-known lines : 



Mercemur servum qui dictet Domina, laBvum 
Qui fodicet latus, et cc^at trans pondera dextrani 
Porrigere; Hie multum in Fabia valet, ille Velina; 



278 NOTES ON THE 

Cailibet is fasces dabit, eripietqae corole 

Cai volet importunus ebur. Frater, pater, adde ; 

Ut cuique est aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta. 

Hosace's Epistlss, L 6, 50-65. 



" hire a slave or, if jou -will, a lord, 



To do the honors, and to give the word ; 

Tell at jour levee, as the crowds approach. 

To whom to nod, whom take into yonr coach, 

"Whom honor with your hand; to make remarks, 

Who rules in Cornwall, or who rules in Berks : 

^This may be troublesome, is near the chair; 

That makes three members, this can choose a mayor/ 

Instructed thus, you bow, embrace, protest, 

Adopt him son, or cousin at the least. 

Then turn about, and langb at your own jeet" 

The raasterly imitation of this passage by Pope, shows how little i 
change was needed t<:> adapt it to the meridian of Great Britain in 
his time. "Treating," too, was practised on a raoet extensive scale. 
Crassus, when a candidate fur the consulship, feasted the whole Roman 
people at 10,000 tables. Expensive games and shows, also, were 

among the means used to gain popular favor. 4. Qui ti, Ac., Gr. 

206, (17). — reputaverint, Gr. 259, 6. — adeptui tim . . . neqtnverint ... 
pervenerintf Gr. 266. — posUa modifies tlie last of these verbs. — meriio, 
"for good reasons." — -judiciuvi animi^ **my opinion," (which formerly 
led me to politico, but now leads me away from them). — reipMictB 
venturum^ Gr. 226, IV. last remark. — negotia aiiorum, "what others 
call business." "Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the 
senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of diffi- 
culty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain either. 
But he adds the remark, that afterwards many undeserving per5K)n8 
were introduced into the senate, to co-operate with whom was no 
honor. — gucB genera hominum refers to the filling up of the senate f 
from the lower classes, and even with such as were not free-born. 
This was done by Julius Caesar, and by his successoi's, Mark Antony 
and Octavianus. In consequence of such things, Sallust says, it will be 
evident that he was justified in withdrawing from public life." Zumpt. 

5* Q. Maximum, the great dictator Fabius Maximns, who euc- 

oessfuUy checked the triumphant career of Hannibal in the second 
Punic war (see Livy, Book 22), and restored the Roman affairs by 
wise delay. — P. Scipionemy maybe either the elder or younger Scipio 
Africanus, equally illustrious for their victories over the Carthagi- 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 279 

Tiians. — Imagines. It was the right of the nobility to place in their 
halls, and carry in funeral procession, wax masks, or busts of those 
deceased ancestors who had borne any of the great offices of state. — 
intuerentuTj Gr. 266, 2. — sibiy Gr. 211, R. 5. So with egregiis viris 

just below. 6f *' Scilicet ^= scire licet, as in the earlier Latinity of 

Plautus and Terence ; it signifies * one may perceive,* and accord- 
ingly is followed by the accusative with the infinitive." Zumpt. See 
also Gr. 272. Merivale's explanation, "for sooth, they said," <fec., is 
obviously wrong. — non .. . Jiguram, "neither that wax mask nor its 
likeness (to the original)." — rerum gestanmiy sc. majorum. — virtus, sc. 

sua. — €oru77i = majoruyn. — adcequaverit, Gr. 263, 3. 7. his moribus, 

Zumpt, Dietsch, and Merivale explain these words as ablatives abso- 
lute, his being equivalent to talibus ; "morals being such (as they 
are)" = "in the present state of morals." Others make moribus a 
limiting ablative; see Gr. 211, R. 6. — quin is qui non etymologically, 
Gr. 262, R. 10. 1. — homines novi, men who were the first of their 
families to attain any of the great offices of state ; this constituting 
nobilitas in that age. Such were Cato the Censor, Cicero, and Marius. 
The great offices had long been monopolized by a certain number#f 
powerful families. Maiius refers to this contemptuous use of the epi- 
thet novus homo in his speech. Chap. 85. — latrocinia, i. e., fraud and 
-tratagera, party-strife and faction. — proinde quasi, "just as if; " see 

Zumpt, 282. 8. sintL. habeantur, Gr. 263, 2; habeantur, "are 

esteemed." — perindeut esC, "just as is"=s= " in proportion to." 9. al- 

tius = in mare altum, "too far out to sea." — me . . . morum piget tcedet- 
que, Gr. 229, R. 6. <fe 215. Translate, " But I have digressed too freely 
and too far, in my vexation and disgust at the state of public morals." 
CHAP. V. The war whose history Sallust now commences, occu- 
pied the years 111-106 b. c. The ancient kingdom of Xumidia, the 
theatre of it, corresponded to the modern Algiers. As its peculiar 
character and vicissitudes arose, in a great degree, from the physical 
characteristics of the country, a brief account of these is here appro- 
priate. "Algiers, the ancient Numidia, comprises an extensive and 
beautiful range of coast, lying between 2° W. and 9° E. longitude, 
and thus extending 700 English miles in length. The breadth of the 
inland territory, till it passes, by almost insensible gradations, into 
the domain of the mountain tribes, or of the wandering Arabs, is 
much more vague, varying probably from 50 to 150 miles. The south- 
ern border is traversed by the Atlas mountains in three successive 
ranges, separated by fine and fertile valleys. The range which faces 



280 NOTES ON THE 

the maritime plain is called Jurjura ; and its peaks are of such height, 
that the snow on their summits melts only in May. The western 
tracts, traversed by numberless streams of pure water descending 
from the Atlas, form perhaps the most finely irrigated country in the 
world. Desfontaines mentions a spot near Tremecen, where, in a 
circuit of two leagues, about 2,000 springs occur. Yet the surface is 
too varied to allow this moisture to spread into swamps; it is only 
diffused so as to maintain a general verdure and fertility. None of 
these numerous streams, however, attain the character of rivers, ex- 
cept those which rise in the second range of Atlas, roll through the 
intermediate valley, and then force their way into the plain of Bar- 
bary. The territory of Algiers is thus greatly distinguished by natu- 
ral fertility. With the exception of some arid and rocky plains, it 
consists of valleys covered with rich pastures, fitted for the best kinds 
of European grain, blooming with the orange and the myrtle, and 
producing olives, figs, and grapes, of peculiar excellence and size. 
Noble forests of pistachio, of cypress, and of oak, cover the sides of 
the mountains." Encyclopcedia of Geography^ vol. iii. p. 18. In the 
list sentence Sallust gives two reasons for writing a history of the 
war with Jugurtha; it was important in itself (*' great, fierce, and 
uncertain"), and it was the beginning of the great struggle between 
the aristocratic and popular parties. — varia victoria^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — 

superbice obviam itum est, "opposition was made," <tc. Gr. 228, 1. 

S* eo vecordioE, Gr. 212, R. 4, note 3. — studiis is dative after jinein 
faceret. Translate, " civil strife resulted in war and the devastation 

of Italy." 3* pauca . .. repetam, "I will trace a few things further 

back = I will take a short review." — quo . . . sint = qvo . . . illustriora 

et apertiora sint. 4* post . . . Romania " since the Roman name had 

become great;" this clause is explanatory of maxime at t river at ; 
maxime, "most (of all men)." It had been done before by the Gauls 
and Pyrrhus. — P. Scipioney the elder Africanus (see below). — A/ri- 
cano, Gr. 204, R. 8 ; Z. 421. — rei . . . facinora = militaria facinora. 
" P. Cornelius Scipio received the surname Africanus for his victory 
over Hannibal at Zama, and the triumphant conclusion of the second 
Punic war, b. c. 201. His sons, Publius and Cnaeus, bore the same 
surname; the elder of them adopted a younger son of his relative, 
L. -^milius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia, who became known 
as P. Cornelius Scipio ^milianus Africanus Minor, more commonly 
called Scipio .^milianus. He was the conqueror of Numantia, in 
Spain, and opposed the agrarian laws of Tiberius Gracchus." MERTVALii 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 281 

i Thia last is the one mentioned by Sallust below, Chap. 7. — magnum 
j is an adverb ; magnum atque late^ " far and wide." — guaf^cujiqiie, Gr. 

' 206, R. 19, 3. — regi dono, Gr. 227, with R. 1. 5. hoiiesta, "true." 

— imperii . , . fuit^ " his sway continued to the end of his life." " At 

j his decease the grants made him by the Romans reverted to them, 

and his son, Micipsa, retained authority only in his patrimonial pos- 

I sessions." Merivale. G« 3IicipsaJilius. "Masinissa issaid tohave 

: had many children, but of these four only are mentioned by Sallust; 
Micipsa, the father of Adherbal and Hiempsal ; Gulussa, the father of 
IMassiva ; Manastabal, the father of Jugurtha and Gauda ; and Massu- 
grada, the father of Dabar." Andrews. — regnum, i. e., his patrimonial 

kingdom merely; see note above from Merivale. 7. orttis ex con- 

cubina, Gr. 246, R. 2. 

CHAP. VI. Qui uhi, Gr. 206, \1,— decora facie, Gr. 211, R. 6.— 
Inxu iov luxui. "This form of the dative is confined, according to 
Triscian, to poetry ; Julius Caesar, however, according to Gellius, eon- 
fcidered it the true form of the termination. In Sallust it occurs fre- 
quently, but not always." Merivale. See Gr. 89, R. 3; Z. 81. — equi- 
taj'e, jaculari, <fcc. Sallust is fond of using the histori^cal infinitive 
instead of the indicative, Gr. 209, R. 5, & 269, 3d clause. Translate, 
"he practised riding," &c. — et cum, "and although." — anteiret, Gr. 

263, 6.— primus, Gr. 206, R. 15, 2d clause. 2t initio, Gr. 253. — * 

regno suo glorice, Gr. 227. — sua exacta cetate, <tc., " his own life being 
spent, and his children being small." — magis magisque crescere, be- 
comes "more and more influentiaL" 3« prceterea opportunitas . . , 

agit, "besides the favorable opportunity arising from his own advanced 
age, and his children's youth, which (opportunity) drives even men 
of moderate tempers and abilities from the right path, by the hope 
of advantage." — z?i Jugurtham accensa, " excited in favor of Jugurtha." 
— ex qicibus, " from whom," i. e., the Numidians. "I cannot help sus- 
pecting that Sallust and other Roman writers have departed some- 
what from the truth. Certainly, if you Avill reflect in what manner 
P. Scipio ^milianus divided the kingdom of Numidia, after the death 
of Masinissa, you will recognize that craft, by which the Romans en- 
deavored to weaken by civil discords and seditions those nations 
whom they intended to subdue. Can it be supposed that Micipsa 
treated Jugurtha as one of his own family, merely from pity? Did 
not the Romans, rather, preserve him, as the seed of future dissen- 
sion? and did they not leave his rights undetermined, that they them- 
selves, as arbiters, might settle the quarrel?" Dietsch. It should 



282 NOTES ON THE 

be observed that Masinissa has, by will, directed his sons to divide 
his kingdom according to Scipio's orders. 

CHAP. yil. circumventicSy " embarrassed." — neque per vi?n, neque 
insidiis, Gr. 247, with R. 4. "Where two different constructions are 
allowable, Sallust and Tacitus are fond of using both together. — accep- 

turn popularibus, "dear to his countrymen," 2. hello Numantino, 

Gr. 253. " IS^umantia was the capital of the Arevaci, a tribe of the 
Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated on the Upper Douro (Durius), 
in the mountainous district, whence the Douro and Tagus flow west- 
ward, and other rivers eastward into the Ebro (Iberus), and south- 
ward into the Mediterranean. After a brave resistance of many 
years, it was taken and destroyed, b. c. 133, by Scipio the younger, 
the destro^^er of Carthage." Zumpt. The events recorded in this and 
the three succeeding chapters, occurred about twenty- two ye ars be- 
fore the breaking out of the war with Jugurtha, which is the subject 

of this history. 4* Romanis^ Gr. 211, R. 5. — moremhostisj "habits 

of the enemy." — Numantinis maximo terrori^ Gr. 227. — esset^ Gr. 262, 

with R. 1. 5* difficilliynum in primis is nearl}'^ equal to a double 

superlative. — proelio . . . consilio, Gr. 250. — alterum . . . alterum^ "the 

latter . . . the former,^' Z. 700, note. 6« quippe . . . erat, " because 

no plan or undertaking of his was unsuccessful ;" erat is for the more 

•common esset^ Gr. 264, 8, 2d clause; Z. 564. (c.) note 1. !• Hue 

accedehat, "To this was added." — queis^ Gr. 136, 2. — ex Romanis^ Gr. 
212, R. 2, note 4. 

CHAP. VIII. novi atque nohiles ; for noviy see note on it, Chap. 
4. — g'wi6ws="in whose estimation." — potiores^ "more important." — 
non mediocremy "not moderate == ambitious," Gr. 324, 9. — si Micipsa 
. . . esse. This clause depends on dicendo^ implied in pollicitando, a 
frequent usage, Gr. 270, R. 2, 2d clause. — occidisset, Gr. 266, 2, R. 4. 
— uti . . . potiretur, Gr. 266, 273. — tjnperii, Gr. 220, 4. — in ipso . . . esse ; 
enim is implied ; " for in him there was the greatest abilit}', and at 
Rome all things were for sale." For this omission of e7ii)n, compare 

Catiline, Chap. 39. 2. pro condone^ "before an assembly," i. e., 

publicly: for this use of pro^ compare in Chap. 100, pro castris, and 
see Z. oil. — prcBtorium, "the general's tent" Rrcetor^ i. e., qui prceit, 
was the original title of the consuls. — puhlice quam private^ " by act- 
ing for the general advantage of the republic, rather than by acquiring 
private friends." Merivale. — neu . . . insuesceret^ " and not become ac- 
customed to give bribes to any ; " quihus is for aliquibus, Gr. 137, 1, (c.) 
— coleret ... insuesceret, Gr. 273, 3. — periculose ... emi; the subject 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 283 

c^€tnii3 id understood, Gr. 206, (4.) — multorum, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3.)— 
esset, Gv. 266, 1. — suis artihus^ "his own (good) practices." — ultro^ 
"of their own accord." — et gloriam et regnum^ Gr. 278, R. 7. — ventu- 
rum, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2), with Exc. to R. 2. — sin ... casurimiy "but if 
he should proceed too rapidly, his own money would prove his ruin." 
This prediction will be found to have been strikingly verified, and 
shows the sagacity of the adviser. 

CHAP. IX. redderet, Gr. 264, 6. 2. sententia, "purport."— 

maxima, sc. omnium. — quam rem = quod, the more usual word, Gr. 
206, (18.) — tihi ... gaitdio, Gr. 227. — idem, "the same," i. e., "dear;" 
followed by a dat., Gr. 222, R. Y. — summa ope, " with all my power.'* 
— avo suo, Gr. 208, (7.) 3t vincere heneficiis, "to win by kind- 
nesses." 1. hujuscemodi verba . . . habuisse, " to have addressed a 

discourse of this kind to Jugurtha." 
I CHAP. X. in meum regnum. This expression refers to what is 
said in Chap. 5. — Jugurthamque . . . habuit "Jugurtha had been left 
a private person, but Micipsa treated him as a king's son ; he received 
I him in regnum, i. e., he made him a sharer in all those things which 
I are given only to members of the royal family. Micipsa does not 
I mention his adoption of Jugurtha after the Numantine war, but 
I dwells upon his former kindnesses, which had Jugurtha not received, 
he would have passed his life in obscurity." Dietsch. Andrews re- 
fers in meum regnum to the adoption of Jugurtha. — liberis, dat. after 
carum, like tibi. — genuissem, Gr. 266, 2, R. 2 <fe 4. This word implies 
that Micipsa had no children when he received Jugurtha in regnum, 
but might still hope to have. Jugurtha is known to have been older 
than Micipsa's sons, and there is no proof that they were living at the 
time of the adoption. Translate, " if I should beget any." Many emi- 
nent critics omit liberis, though found in the manuscript ; in which 
case it would mean, "if I had begotten (you)." This seems wholly 
unnecefisary.— f ahum habuit =fefellit, but more emphatic. The 
student will notice this use of habeo as an auxiliary with the perfect 
participle, precisely like our use of have ; for examples of the corre- 
sponding use of €x« in Greek, see the admirable grammar of Prof. 

Crosby, Sec. 637. 2. ut alia . . . omitiam, " to omit," <fec., Gr. 262, 

R. 8. We use the infinitive instead of the Latin subjunctive. Sup- 
ply facinora with tua. — rediens has not the force of the perfect, but 
"refers to the honors and distinguished testimonials bestowed on 
Jugurtha, at his departure, by Scipio." Dietsch. — ex amicis amicissi- 
miiSf " more friendly than ever." — in Hispania . . . renovatum est, " in 



284 NOTES ON THE 

Spain the renown of^our family has been renewed ; " referring to the 
former exploits of Masinissa, who had greatly distinguished himself 
in that country, during the second Punic war. — quod difficillimum^ 
Gr. 206, (13.) — gloria invidiam vicisti. So Horace, 

Comperit invidiam supremo fine domari. 
" He found that envy is subdued by death only." 

3* Aanc dextram, ** given as the pledge of friendship;" see Virgil, 

JEneid^: 314.— ^c?i?7n regniy "your faith as a king." — caros habeas, 
Gr. 262. — 7ieu malis . . . retinere, "and not prefer to make friends of 

strangers, rather than keep those bound to you by blood." 4. Non 

exercituSy &q, Tliis passage is imitated by Sallust from Xenophon's 

Cyropaedia, Book 8: 7, 14. 5« tuis, supply cognatis. 6« bo7ti 

. . . mall, i. e., towards each other = "friendly .. . hostile." 7. ante 

hoSy " more than tliese." — aliter, " otherwise (than I advise)." Doubt- 
less Micipsa spoke as he did, foreseeing the difficulties which would 

arise from the fierce and haughty character of his son Hiempsal. 

8t talemvirum^ "so excellent a man." — sumpsissey " to have adopted." 

CHAP. XI. Jicta refers to Micipsa's professions of attachmeiit, 

and his account of his motives for adopting Jugurtha. — longe aliter 

refers to respondit heiiigne = aliter quam respondit. — pro temporCy 

" suitably to the occasion." 2, justa supply /wwcra. — -fecerant for 

fecissent, sometimes, Gr. 259, R. 1, (2.) — reguli. This word first ap- 
pears in Sallust, and is not found in Cicero or Caesar ; see Andrews' 

Lexicon. — W7iw?/i, supply locum. 3» ex illis, Gr. 212, R. 2, note 4. — 

mjoar="of lower birth;" see Chap. 5. — dextra agrees with manu, 
and is governed by a, both understood, Gr. 233, but particularly 
Zumpt, 386, note. Translate, "seated himself by Adherbal, on liis 
right hand," leaving the left, the least honorable, for Jugurtha. Tlie 
Romans had the same custom, as is shown by this passage of Plutarch : 
" When he was going to have his first interview with Cato, Juba placed 
his seat between the seats of Scipio and Cato. However, when Cato 
observed it, he took up his seat and moved it to the other side, so as 
to leave Scipio in the middle. This, indeed, people make no account 
of, but they blame Cato that in Sicily he placed Philostratus in the I 
middle, as he was walking about with him, to do honor to philoso- 
phy." Plutarch's Cato, Chap. 57. -4. ceiatiy "seniority," i. e., Jugur- 

thsi s.—fatigatuSy "importuned." 5. jacety " throws out (the follow- 
ing remark)." 6* ipsicm illiimy i. e., Jugurtham^ — tribus proximis 



JUGUETHINE WAE. 285 

minis, " within the last three years.". This rude insolence of Hiempsal 

i -was doubtless the cause, in great measure, of all his own and his 

I brother's subsequent calamities. Jugurtha had no reason to expect 

anything but hostility from Hiempsal, and resolved to anticipate him. 

7. verbum, "speech." This use of the word is peculiar to Sallust 

j and the comic poets. — altius . . . descendit, " sunk deeper." 8. moliri 

».,parare.., habere, Gr. 209, R. 5. — cum miimo habere, " revolves in 

i his mind." 9t if arJ«^^, " too slowly," Gr. 256, R. 9. 

CHAP. XII. flacuerat, sc. regulis. 2. alius alio, Gr. 204, R. 

I 10. 3t lictor. The Roman term lidor is here applied, as the 

I Roman writers were in the habit of applying their names of office, 
j to an analogous office among the Numidians. — proxitnus lictor, " con- 
I fidential attendant." — referebantur, Gr. 145, II. 1, ''were always car- 
, ried." — venturum, Gr. 270, R. 2, 2d clause. — ut doctus erat, " as he had 
, been instructed." 4. confecit . . . introducit ; perfect with the his- 
torical present : another example of Sallust's fondness for using mixed 

constructions. 5. diversi, "in different directions." — mulieris an- 

\ cillos. Mulier here is superfluous, as it often is ; so also homo fre- 
quently. — ignarus loci, "unacquainted with the localities." 

CHAP. XIII. bello meliores, Gr. 250. 2* partim = alius. — 

voluntate, "by their good- will = with their consent." 3* qui,,, 

docerent, Gr. 264, 5. — de ccede, Gr. 231, R. 3. — muUitudine, Gr. 244. 
— 4. in provinciam, sc. Romanam, the Roman province of Africa, 
formerly the domain of Carthage. Csesar uses provincia in the same 

I way, meaning the Roman province of Gaul, still called Provence. 

6« queis prcecepit. The antecedent of queis is legatos understood. — 
I uti , . . expleant . . . acquirant . .. cunctentur, Gr. 273, 2> — veteres ami- 
I cos, namely, those he had made at Is^umantia, and whose character, as 
I described above, (see Chap. 8), well suited his present need ; quibus 
1 divitise bono honestoque potiores erant, factiosi domi . . . sibi fami- 
j liari amicitia conjunxerat. The whole subsequent history shows how 
I "well-founded was his present confidence in his money, and how true 
I the declaration made to him by these men at Numantia, Romae omnia 

! venalia esse. 7. hospitibus : " Certain Roman citizens who under- 

! took to entertain visitors from Numidia, and take charge of their 
i affairs, like the proxenoi of Athens." ^Merivale. Such was the rela- 
I tion of Q. Fabius Sauga to the Allobroges (see Catiline, Chap. 41). 
I This relation was hereditary. — misere ; milto is followed indifferently 

I by the 'dative or accusative with ad. — veniret, Gr. 262, R. 1. 

, 8« quorum, Gr. 206, (11). — incessit, "came on." — spe, sc. prcemiorum. 



286 NOTES ON THE 

— singulos . . . ambietido, ** canvassiDg the senate individually." — ne . . , 
cotisuleretuvy ''that too unfavorable a decision might not be given 

against him," Gr. 184-, 2. 9. satis confidunt, i. e., in the success of 

their bribery in securing a majority of the senate. — senatiis, " an 
audience of the senate." — hoc 7nodo. We may suppose that Sallust 
gives the substance of Adherbal's speech ; certainly nothing more. 
For some remarks on the speeches in Sallust, see note on Chap. 31, 
at the end. 

CHAP. XIY. - Paires conscripti = patres et cotiscripti ; see Livy, 
2, 1. — procuratione, "in the management = as your manager." — esse 
depends on existimaron, and habere also ; the subjunctives all depend 
on prcecepit. — -jus et imperium, "right and authority." — domi militice- 
gue, Gr. 221, R. 1. For a very satisfactory explanation of the singu- 
lar anomaly in Latin syntax, by which the case of the noun denoting 
the place v^here, appears to depend on its declension and number, 
see Zumpt, 398, Translator's note. The apparent genitives and abla- 
tives are all really in the dative — the locative or where case. — usui . . . 
populoy Gr. 227. — vos ducereni, " I should regard you." — -fecissem^ Gr. 

266, R. 4, <fe 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 2. agitarem, "was following," 

Gr. 263, 5, R. %—jam ex stirpe, " by my very descent." — regno for- 

iunisque, Gr. 251. 3* eo miseriarum, "to that degree of misery," 

Gr. 212, R. 4, note Z.^vellem, Gr. 261, 1 ; Z. 528, "I could wish;" 
more polite than the simple volo^ and corresponding precisely to our 
English use of could and should, as in the translation given of it. The 
Greek optative is habitually used in the same way and for the same 
reason ; see Crosby's Greek Grammar, Sec. 595. Volo is generally 
followed by the accusative with the infinitive ; sometimes by the sub- 
junctive ; here by both, after Sallust's fashion. — beneficia, i. e., done 
to the Roman people. — deberi has benejlcia understood for its subject 
and the antecedent of quibus. — quibus, Gr. 250, R. 1, (2.) — egerem, Gr. 
266, 1. — maxime . . . secundum, " in the first place ... in the second 
place." — ea refers to beneficia. — uti . . . uterer depend on vellern, Gr. 

273, 4. 4. neque . . . fuit, Gr. 211, R. 5, "nor did it depend on 

me ; " literally, " nor was it in my hand."— /ore^, Gr. 265. — quibus . . . 

oneri . . . usui, Gr. 227. 5. bello victi, "after being conquered in 

war." — dubiis rebus, "difficulties." — bello Carthaginiensi. The Car- 
thaginians being next neighbors to the Numidians, and the Romans 
far distant, this argument of Adherbal is a very forcible one. — quo 
tempore . . . petenda erat, " at which time its fidelity was better worth 
seeking than its fortune." The idea is that, at that time, fidelity 



JUGURTHINE AVAR. 287 

might be expected from the Romans, but no selfish advantnge. 

6* Quorum relates to familia, Gr. 206, (11.) T. ad impetrandum^ 

Gr. 275, R. 2, (3.) — qfiod paulo . . . expecto ; all this clause is explana- 
tory oi miser andam foi'tuna^n. — defonnatuSy "brought low." — exspedo 
= "I am dependent on." — tamen erat, Gr. 259, R. 4. — majestatis, Gr. 

211, R. 8, (3.) 8. mild erepta smit, Gr. 224, R. 2.—vos ... estis, 

Gr. 211, R. 3, last clause: "in injuring me, contempt is thrown on 

you." 9t Eheu me miserum ! Gr. 238,2. — evasere^ "have come out 

so = have ended in this." — uti quern ... is ... extinctor sit i This 
position of the relative before the antecedent renders it much more 
emphatic ; it is the usual arrangement when the relative clause is the 
more important. — parem cum liberis, Gr. 222, R. 6. Par usually is 
followed by the dative, sometimes also by the genitive.— /<?rro = 

prcelio ; compare Suetonius, Nero, 12. 10* jure, "as a matter of 

course^' — quippe queis = quippe homines essemus quihus. — quern vos 
jussissetis ; supply haberi hostem. The Roman senate and people 
had the right of involving all their allies and dependent nations in 

any war they engaged in themselves. 11. efferens, "swelling." — 

intoleranda audacia, Gr. 211, R. 6; some connect it with scelere and 
superbia, as ablative of cause. — eodem, Gr. 207, R. 27. — regnum ejus 
sceleris sui prcedam. Observe the distinction between ejus and sui, 
the former referring to 7neo patre, the latter to Jugurtha, the leading 
subject, Gr. 208, R. 37. — in vestro imperio^ is explanatory of me ex- 
spectantem, "under your sway." — patria^ domo, Gr. 242, last clause; 
Z. 468. — extorrem is predicate ace. after esse understood, agreeing with 
me also understood : so Andrews ; and this is the simplest explana- 
tion. Merivale thinks extorrem is by attraction for extorris, agreeing 
with ego, the subject oi essem, ("has effected that I, an exile," <fec.) — 
essem denotes result, " so that I should be," Gr. 262 ; it is equivalent 
to habitarem, and hence is qualified by the adverb tutius, Of. Z. 365. 

12. 2it . .. meimi, "as I had heard my father declare." — suscipere 

depends on existimarem. This sentence contains the reason for Ad- 

herbal's security, expiessed above, {nihil minus . . . expectantem.) 

13. Quod . .. adessetj " what was in the power of our family it per- 
formed, so that it aided you," &c. — in mami vestra est, " depends on 
you," =^ potestis ejfficereut, (fee, and hence followed by subjunctive, Gr. 

273, 1, {b.) 14. tertium Jugurtham . . . fore, "that Jugurtha would 

be a third ; " or, " that Jugurtha, the third, would be," <fec., which is 
perhaps better. In that case the idea of the whole sentence is, "my 
father left three of us his heirs ; two of us bound by the ties of 



288 NOTES ON THE 

brotherhood, and he thought that Jugurtha would be bound with us 

by his kindnesses." 15. Generis prcesidia, "defences "which were 

mine by birth." — quern minime decuit refers to propinquus. — -fratri, 
Gr. 224, R. 2. — capti^ " those taken." — acti . . . objecti, Gr. 205, R. 3. — 
quibus . . . anima, " who were allowed to live." — tenebris, " dungeons." 

— cxiguntj " drag out." — cum . . . htctu, Gr. 24Y, R. 3. 16. uecessa- 

riiSj "favorable." Supply quce with, facta sunty Gr. 209, R. 2, (1.) (6.) 
— maiierent . . . accidissejit . . . implorarem^ Gr. 261, 1. — pro magnitu- 
dhie, " as befits the greatness." — jus et injurias omneSy " (to defend) 

the right and (punish) every act of injustice." 17. quo accedam ; 

some editors give accidam, i. e., accidam ad genua^ (" at whose knees 
shall I throw myself?") contrary to all manuscripts, and certainly 
without necessity. Translate, "whither shall I have recourse?" — 
an quoquam . .. licet, "can I go to any place?" — hostilia momimentay 
"marks of the hostility;" hostility in behalf of the Romans. — aut . . . 
fuity " or can any one pity me, who ever was an enemy to you." 
Adherbal's ancestors had been at war, he sajs, with all their neigh- 
bors, for the sake of the Romans. 18. huic, "this of yours." — 

una,., esse, "we must perish with it," Gr. 225, III. 19. secunda 

et obedientia, "prosperous and favorable." 20. illud vereor ; illud 

often refers, like the Greek roSe, to something following, Gr. 207, R. 
22. — privata . . . cognitay " the private friendship of Jugurtha (for 
them), too little understood." Adherbal intimates that Jugurtha's 
friendship was merely selfish. — transversoSy *' from the right ptith." — 

de absente, sc. Jugurtha. — licuerity Gr. 266, 1. 21. Quod utinam ; 

more animated than utinam alone ; quod may be explained as a lim- 
iting accusative, Gr. 234:, XL, & 206, (14.) — eadem hac simulantem, 
" making the same pretences of misfortune (and with the same rea- 
son)." — apud vos . . . immortales. A high compliment is delicately ex- 
pressed by the junction of vos and dios : so Livy speaks of Rome as 
being the "greatest power, next to that of the Gods." The remark 
also implies that neither the Gods nor the Romans had cared for the 
rest of the world, or such crimes as those of Jugurtha could not have 
happened. — ISfce is the Greek vat. — -ferox atque prceclarus est, " exults 

and glories." 22. iinmaturo, "at an unripe age." — unde=^ab eo a 

quOy with fieri understood. — non regnum . . . amisisti ; non = non 
solum; a7nisisti {" jon have lost") is used with fugam, <fc:c., only by 

zeug7na= effugistiy Gr. 323, 1, (2); Z. 775. 23. ex patrio regnOy 

" from my father's throne." — rerum hwnanarumy i. e., of their mutabil- 
ity. — persequar, "avenge." — aganiy Gr. 265. — cujus relates to ego un- 



JUGUBTHINE WAR. 289 

derstood, the subject of consulam ; it may either limit vitoe necisquc 
(**of whose life and death)," or potestas^ as Dietsch construes it 

("whose power over life and death == whose regal authority)." 

alienis = Romanis ; but Zumpt refers it to Jugurtha. Dietsch under- 
stands regno of Hierapsars kingdom, and that Adherbal represents 
Hiempsal as requesting of him two things, to avenge his wrongs and 
to take care of his kingdom. It seems more natural to understand it 
of Adherbal's kingdom. In either case, Adherbal speaks of himself 
as in doubt as to both (not as to which he should do) ; as to aveng- 
ing his brother's wrongs, and as to seeking farther to protect the 
kingdom ; the latter idea is illustrated by the adjuration n^r the 
end : nolite pati . . . regnum Is^umidiae tabescere. — consulam, "consult^ 

for == seek the interest of." 24. emori, "to die at once," i. e., by 

suicide. — neu . . . viderer, " and that I might not seem justly contempt- 
ible." — injur ice ... concessiseniy i. e., by suicide. But Dietsch, Zumpt, 
and Andrews read vivere for jure, Zumpt says, " Adherbal wishes 
one of two things : first, for a speedy death to terminate his misfor- 
tunes ; or, second, not to be obliged to live in contempt, if he should 
yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these things, he says, can be done. 
These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts of senators, 

expressed as they are by a king. 25. per scdus, i. e., of Jugurtha. 

—sangiiinem, " slaughter." " This oration is a splendid specimen of 
the admirable talent and exquisite art of Sallust. The art is seen in 
the fact, that the oration frequently returns to the same point, the 
necessary characteristic of all orations, whose object is to move the 
hearers to a particular course of conduct; and farther, that nothing 
is omitted by Adherbal which could move the minds of the Romans 
to pity, whilst, to excite their anger, tlie greatest pains are taken to 
show them that they themselves had been injured by Jugurtha. 
Again, there is the most skilful arrangement of topics, and the un- 
pleasantness of complaints is relieved by the interposition of suppli- 
cations ; lastly, Adherbal's weakness and imbecility are admirably 
shown, in that, unable to resist injury, he had nothing but complaints, 
and timidly awaited the aid of others." Gerlach in Dietsch. 

CHAR XV. Fostquam .., fecit, Gr. 259, 1. {2.)^largitione . , . 
causa freii, Gr. 24=4.— paucis, sc. verbis. — superatus sit... nequivissent 
... putarent ... cognitu7n esset ... ponerent, Gr. 266, 2; putarent 
agrees with illi understood, referring to senatu, Gr. 209, K 11, (1.) — 
alium ... acy " other than." — ante . . . ponerent ; in Cicero these words 
are alwavs written as one, and always followed by the dative. 
! 13 



290 NOTES ON THE 

2* gratia^ " personal partiality " to Jugurtha, who had made many 
warm friends at Numantia, and was known to many only by his 
great qualities and his exploits ; see Chap. '7, last sentence, and 
Chap. 8. — contemnerey "express their contempt for." — gratia^ voce^ 

"by personal influence, by speeches." 3* suhvenienduin^ Gr. 225, 

III. R. 1. 4. Scaurus. Cicero gives a very different account of 

Scaurus from that of Sallust, extolling him in the highest terms, as he 
generally does the leaders of the aristocratic party. In ability, learn- 
ing, and eloquence, he was one of the very first men in Rome ; and 
possessing withal great natural gravity and dignity, with the art of 
concealing his vices, he managed to be always rather popular with 
the people, and so to escape when his less guilty accomplices were 
punished. For an example of this, see Chap. 40, near the end ; and 

for a good account of Scaurus, Smith's Dictionaryy vol. 3. 5* famo- 

suirif " notorious." — polluta, " shameless." — cons^ueta lihidine^ " his 
habitual greediness." " When it is recollected that Scaurus was a 
poor man when he commenced public life, it is evident that the im- 
mense wealth that he left to his son could not have been acquired by 
honest means." Smith's Diet. 

CHAP. XVI. 2* Decretwnfit. This decision, as well as many 
subsequent events detailed in this histoiy, shows the scandalous 
corruption, at this period, of the Roman aristocracy, and how lit- 
tle they merited the extravagant eulogies Cicero lavishes on them. 
— dividerent, Gr. 273, 2. — L. Opimius, a champion of the nobles, and 
a vehement opponent of the Agrarian laws of the Gracchi. He was 
consul B. c. 121, and was the chief agent in the outrageous murder 
of Caius Gracchus, He was eventually condemned and driven into 
exile for taking bribes of Jugurtha. Cicero extols him as the savior 
of the commonwealth. His activity-, boldness, and unscrupulousness, 
made him very popular with the nobility; such men are always 
popular with their parties. 3. accuratissiyne, " with studied atten- 
tion," though he might have presumed on his friendship. — Manreta- 

nia, modern Morocco and Fez. 5. agris viris opuleiitior^ " superior 

in extent and population." — illarn = " that well-known part ; " well- 
known, because next the Roman province. — specie ... potiorem, i. e., 
richer, but not so populous or warlike.— possedit, from possido (not 
possideo), " took possession." 

CHAP. XVII. exponere for ut exponam, Gr. 273, 2.—Afric(f. 
Egypt was not reckoned a part of Africa. The Romans commonly 
used the terms Asia and Africa to denote merely their own provinces 



JUGURTHINE WAK. 291 

in them ; so Asia is used in the Acts of the Apostles, in many places, 

for example, chap. xix. 31. 3. quce loca ... de his, Gr. 206, 3. (a.) — 

frequentata, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2). — haud . , . narraverim, Gr. 260, 11, 
R. 4. So we say " I should think," instead of the blunter " I think." 
Translate, " I could not easily narrate (any thing) as certainly known." 

— absolvam, "I will despatch." 3« pauci . . . esse ; supply dixerunt 

or voluerunt. 4* Ea, i. e., Africa. — -f return, i. e., the Straits of 

Gibraltar. — nostri maris et Oceani, terms always applied to the Medi- 
terranean and the Atlantic. — declivein latitudinevi, " broad slope." lu 
lay between Cyrenaica and Egypt. — Catahathmon is merely the Greek 
Kara^a^fioi', "a descent." 5* arhore, Gr. 250, R. 1. — c€elo ... aqua- 
rum, " a scarcity of rain; and of springs and streams." 6« saluhri, 

" robust." — dissolvit, " gradually wears away." — nisi qui ; qui is a 
relative. — super at is an unusual word in this connection, but very 
forcible, as expressive of a continual struggle with old age, and its 

final victory. 7. hahuerint . . . accesscrint . . . permixti sint, Gr. 265. 

Observe the position of the dependent clause qui ... permixti sint; 

first in the sentence, as the more important clause. — diversum . . . fama, 

it is different (what I am about to relate) from that report. — ohtinet, 

"gets possession of;" in this sense generally intransitive, = prevails. 

Translate the whole, *' Although my account is different from that 

which generally prevails, yet I will narrate as briefly as possible, 

what men possessed Africa in the beginning, and who afterwards 

joined them, or in what way they were mingled, as it was translated 

to me from Punic books, said to have been king Hiempsal's (that is, 

I written by him), and as the inhabitants of the land believe the 'case 

to be." Sallust here refers to the time when he was proconsul of 

Nimiidia. The following account, though drawn from Punic authori- 

j ties, is not worth a farthing. Hiempsal is not the one slain by Jugur- 

I tha, but the son of Gauda, mentioned below (Chap. 65), and conse- 

j quently great-grandson of Masinissa. He was certainly alive when 

I Sallust was 24 years old. — inierpretatum est ; this verb is generally 

1 deponent, here passive ; so enisum, Chap, 25. For a list of deponent 

I verbs whose participles are thus used, see Zumpt, 632, note 2, 2d 

j clause. 

I CHAP. XYin. pabulum, i. e., herbs and roots. — uti pecorihus re- 
fers only to humi pabulum, not to caroferina.^-^2, vagi . . . palantes, 
''^ Err are is to stray from the right way ignorantly; vagari, to roam 
about purposely ; palari, to roam apart from one's companions. 
Erramus incerti, vagamur soluti, palamur dispergi. Dodeet-ein*s Syno' 



292 NOTES ON THE 

nymSy i. B9.-^coefferat, supply habere. The indicative is used by Sal- 
lust, as by Cicero and Csesar, when an action is spoken of that was 
frequently performed, Z. 569 <fe 570. 3. Hercules. *'The Phoeni- 
cian Hercules (or Melcarth) is the hero of Syrian or Punic legends. 
His conquests represent the spread of civilization by the commercial 
establishment of the Phoenician race." Merivale. Cf. Smith's Diet., 
and Anthon's Class. Diet, article Hercules. — in Hispania . . . interiit. 
The Greek Hercules was represented as d^'ing in Greece. From the 
tradition here given came the name " Pillars of Hercules," applied to 
the Straits of Gibraltar. — sihi quisque, Gr. 328, 3, (5.) Qicoque would 
have been used, but, if used, it would have been taken for an adverb ; 
hence there is an anacoluthon, arising from the fact that multis peten- 
tibus=^cum multi peterent. In Justin, 29, 1, we find a sentence pre- 
cisely parallel : regibus ... in suorum quisque majorum vestigia niten- 

tibus; see Z. 710. i% intra . .. magis, "more within the ocean = 

farther out into the ocean ; " referring to the part of Africa west of 

the Straits of Gibraltar. Merivale makes intra mean nearer. 

5. materia^ "timber." — mutandi copia, "opportunity of bartering." 

6. mare magnum^ "extent of sea," not "the Mediterranean," 

which this phrase often means. — ignara is used passively for incog- 
nita, ; so in Chap. 52, regio hostibus ignara. 7. tentantes agroSy 

"whether they Avere fit foi* dwelling and cultivation." — Nomadas, Gr. 
85. Ex. 2. Z. 74 ; hence Nnmidas^ from the Greek NoyuaSoy, " wander- 
ing in search of pasture." " These are the words by which the Sicil- 
ian Greeks and the Romans respectively represented the native 

appellation, Nemoudim (Phoen.) " wanderers." Merivale. 8. ad- 

hue, "to this day." — mapalia ; also called magalia. 9. Libyes^ 

Z. 386, note. " As the PerssB mingled with the Gaetuli in the west, 
BO the Medes and Armenians coalesced with the Libyans in the east, 
on the bordei*s of the Mediterranean." Merivale. — agitabanf, supply 
vita7n ; hiquCy i. e., Medi et Armenii. — -fretOj " by a strait (only)." — 

inter se, i. e., with the Spanish. 10. Mauros . . . appellantes. The 

classic writers show a singular inaptitude for etymology; this, like 
most others found in them, is worthless. Bochart plausibly derives 
it from the Phoenician Mauharim, "the forthest people," i. e., farthest 
from Phoenicia. 11. res Persarum = ^^ih.Q Pei*sian colony." — no- 
mine NumidcBy "under the name of Numidians." — proxime Carthagi- 

nem, Gr. 235, R. 6. — Numidia appellatur, Gr. 209, R. 9. 12. alteris 

freti, Gr. 244.— joars inferior ^=^ "nearer the sea." — gentenn . . . conces- 
sere^ "were blended in nation and name with the conquerors." 




JUatTRTHINE WAR. 293 

CHAP. XIX. originibm suis, "their mother country." 2. Nam 

. . puto. Like the Greek yap, nam often refers, as here, to some- 
thing implied. Translate (I do not mention Carthage), for I tliink, 
(fee. — quoniam refers to something implied in parum dicere "(and 
that, i. e., speaking too little, would be unavoidable), since," cfec. ; or 
it may be rendered, " inasmuch as," which would give nearly the 

proper force. 3. Igitur, "well then," or "I say then," a frequent 

meaning. — ad Catabaihinon ... prima, "next to Catabathmon." — se- 
cundo mari. Secundo flumme literally means "the river (or current) 
being favorable," = " down the river ; " so secundo mari means " down 
along the sea-shore." — Titer eon . . . Philcenon are Greek genitives, of 
the second declension. — Syrtes ; for a description of these, see Chap. 

78. PhilcEnon, see Chap. '79. 5. Super, " above ^ more inland," 

as a country rises from the coast towards tlie interior.— par^im . . . 

alios, for parHm . . . partim, or alios ... alios. 6« uEthiopas, Gr. 

80, I. <fe 85. Ex. 2. 7. Igitur, " well, then." — pleraque . . . oppida 

^pleraque ex Punicis oppidis. "The Carthaginians were called 
Poeni (of which Punicus is the adjective), because they were a 
colony from Phoenicia ;" Greek, (poevi^, " a palm tree." — bello Jugur- 
thino, " at the time of the Jugurthine war." — quos novissime habuerant, 
"which they had last held," i. e., when the last Punic war began; 
habuerant has reference to Carthaginiensium. — ccetera, Gr. 234. II. 

CHAP. XX. Africa, Gr. 251.— r^^no diviso, Gr. 257, R. 5. — cer- 
turn agrees with id understood, referring to omnia . . . esse ; in full it 
"Would be, certum id esse ratus, &c. 3* opportunus injurice, "suita- 
ble to be injured ;" i. e., " who might be injured with impunity." 

4« convertit, sc. c^irsum. — dolore permotum, "stung with indignation ;" 
per is intensive ; permotum, " thoroughly moved." Jugurtha's plan 
is very evident ; believing, as just said, that all things could be bought 
at Rome, he designed to crush Adherbal before he could receive as- 
sistance, and then buy off the Romans from punishing his crime. 
How truly he judged is shown by all the subsequent narrative, yet 
the wisdom of Scipio's warning (see Chap. 8), was ultimately verified 
by his miserable fate. He, who might have reigned peacefully and 
prosperously, was hunted like a wild beast, tormented by all the hor- 
rors of a guilty conscience, without a friend whom he could trust, 
betrayed by his ally, led captive to grace the triumph of his con- 
queror, and finally strangled in prison ; a most instructive example 

of the rewards of ambition! 5. question misit, Gr. 2*76. IL — tenta- 

tum . . . cesserat, " when tried before it had turned ou* otherwise 



294 NOTES ON THE 

(than he hoped"), that is, unfavorably. 6. animo invaserat, "had 

grasped in thought," S. qua, supply via. — suis . . . axigere, "in- 
creased the courage of his own men, and the terror of the enemy." 
Gr. 211, R. 5, 1. — prcedas agere, "di-ive off booty," i. e., flocks and 
herds. • 

CHAP. XXL processus, supply negotium esse, Gr. 239, R. 3. 

2* Interim, not "in the mean time," but "during the course of these 
events." — Hand longe. This is a singular remark, when the distance 
was 40 miles ; it has reference to the vast extent of territory inland, 
in comparison with which it was " not far." — Cirta, Greek, Kipra, 
apparently the same as the Phoenician Kartha, "a city." — obscuro . . . 
lum'ine, \. e., day having hardly dawned. — togatarum, "Roman citi- 
zens," so called from their national dress, the toga ; so the north of 
Italy was Gallia logata, because the Gauls who had settled there 
had assumed the toga. These here mentioned are elsewhere spoken 
of as Italici and negotiatores. — patraium ("accomplished") is more 

emphatic, because more formal, than per/ectum. 3« vineii, properly 

an adjective with porticibus understood, as is shown by Cesar, Bell. 
Civil. iL 2 : porticibus integebantur. — vinea turribus et machinis. These 
terms are so frequent in the Latin writers, and so important to be 
understood, that a clear account is here subjoined, from Smith's excel- 
lent Dictionary of Antiquities. Vinea is properly an adjective with 
portictis understood : " literally it is a bower formed of the branches 
of vines ; the name was applied by the Romans to a roof under 
which the besiegers of a town protected themselves against darts, 
stones, fire, and the like, which were thrown by the besieged upon 
the assailants. The whole machine formed a roof, resting upon posts 
eight feet in height The roof itself was generally sixteen feet long 
and seven broad. The wooden frame was in most cases light, so that 
it could be carried by the soldiers ; sometimes, however, when the 
purpose it was to serve required great strength, it was heavy, and 
then probably the whole fabric was moved by wheels attached to the 
posts. The roof was formed of planks and wicker-work, and the 
uppermost layer or layers consisted of raw hides, or wet cloth, as a 
protection against fire, by which the besieged frequently destroyed 
the viiiece. The sides were likewise protected by wicker-work. Such 
machines were constructed at a safe distance, and then carried or 
wheeled close to the walls. Here several were frequently joined 
together, so that a great number of soldiers might be employed under 
them. The soldiers then began their operations, either by under- 



JUGUKTHINE WAE. 295 

mining the walls, or by employing the battering-ram to beat them 

down." "The Turris was among the most important engines used 

in storming a fortified place. Some were made so that they could be 
taken to pieces and carried to the scene of operation. The other 
sort were constructed on wheels, so as to be driven up to the walls. 
They were generally made of beams and planks, and covered, at least 
on the three exposed sides, with iron, both for protection, and to 
make them steadier. They were also covered with raw hides and 
quilts moistened, to protect them from fire. Their height was such 
as to overtop the walls, towers, and all other fortifications of the be- 
seiged place. The larger sort were 120 cubits high by 23-| wide. 
They were divided into stories, from 10 to 20, decreasing in height 
from the bottom. The sides were pierced with windows, several to 
each story. The towers contained the engines of war, the ballistae 
and catapults ; and slingers and archers were stationed in them and 
on top of the towers. In the lowest story was a battering-ram, and 
in the middle one or more bridges, and also scaling-ladders ; when 
the missiles had cleared the walls, these bridges and ladders enabled 
the besiegers within the tower, to rush upon them. They were 
placed upon wheels, which, for security, were within the tower. 
The besieged opposed them by fire, undermining, pushing them off 
by iron-shod beams, breaking or overturning them by stones and 

rams, or by raising the height of the city walls." The Machinal 

were ballistce and catapidtce, for throwing stones and darts respectively. 
Some of them could throw stones of three hundredweight, and small 
stones the distance of a quarter of a mile. — tempus legatorwn, sup- 
ply reditus. — prcelhon factum ; so urhem conditam^ and many other 

phrases, Gr. 274, 2. R. 5, and especially Z. 637. 4. senatus.., ac- 

cepit, sc. nuntium^ Gr. 229, R. 4, 2. — qui . . . adeant . . . nuncient^ Gr. 
264, 5. — velle et censere ; velle is used of a decree of the people, ceii- 
sere of one of the donate ; hence both are appropriately used here ; 
" the people and senate (just mentioned) will and decree." — de contro- 
versiis ... disceptare, "prosecute their disputes." — ita . . . esse ; esse 
depends on dicere, implied in velle et censere : " that such a course 
was most respectful to the Romans (as their masters and patrons)^ 
and most worthy of Adherbal and Jngurtha (as under their guard- 
ianship, and subject to their will)." 

CHAP. XXII. eo magis refers to maturantes. — audiebaturj sc. 

fama. — clemenSy "softened == not so bad as the truth." 2* ob easdem 

artes refers to virtiitem, the general term which included all bonce 



296 NOTES ON THE 

artes. — penuria Uherorum, i. e., Micipsa's children. 3t qv^ ... eo .,, 

tolerare, " the more deeds he had done, the less," <fec. ; for quo and eo, 

see Gr. 256, R. 16. — pro bono = bene. 4. ab jure ... prohibuerit^ 

"shall restrain him from (exercising) aright (belonging to all) na- 
tions," viz., that of self-defence. 5. copiay " opportunity." They 

were prevented from approaching by Jugurtha, who was blockading 
the city in which he was shut up. 

CHAP. XXIII. Africa, Gr. 242, 261.— ratus est ... potest . . . cir- 
cumdat . . . tentare, &q. Three different constructions, all allowable 
and equivalent, are here used together, Sallust-fashion ; so below, 
aut per vim, aut dolis. Both Sallust and Tacitus carry this mixture 
ofconstructions to excess. — tentare, sc. Cirtam. — -formidijiem, "threats.'* 

— prorsus intentus, " wholly bent upon (his object)." 2. inextrerno 

sitas, "reduced to extremity." — miserando, "by bewailing." — perge- 
rent, Gr. 258, 2, R. 1. — proximmn mare, "the nearest (part of the) 
sea;'* Cf. Gr. 206, R. 17. 

CHAP. XXIV. in anirno habeat, *•' regards." — omnia, sa. alia. 

2* urgear, Gr. 265. — fortuna mea, "my (previous ill) success," i. e., 
in his previous appeals to the senate, in which he had found Ju- 
gurtha's gold and influence more powerful than simple truth and 
justice; or it may well be translated, "my misfortunes," which 
agrees well with the next clause. — parum . . . esse, " too little credit 
is given to the (complaints of the) unfortunate." — nisi tamen, " but 

yet." 4. nisi implies an ellipsis, which may be supplied from the 

first clause of the sentence, thus : " unless (I shall say this much) 
nevertheless; I am well aware, tfec." — supra = superiorem, "he aims 
at a higher than I," i. e., the Roman authority. — gravius, " more im- 
portant." 5. QucB sane . . . vos, " well, grant that these were merely 

injuries to me, and nothing to you," Gr. 260, R. 3. 6« posuistis for 

prceposiiisiis ; so Cicero, pro Flacco, 19: custos frumento positus. — 
clausum obsidet === clausit and obsidet. — quanti, Gr. 214. — -fecerit, Gr. 

265. 8. antea . . . qucestus sum ; see Chap. 14. — -forent . . . faceret, 

with w^ omitted, after vellem, Gr. 262, R. 4. 9. ut . . . ostentui essejn, 

"that I might serve to exhibit the crimes of Jugurtha." — non jam, 
"no longer." — cruciatus corporis; the dreadful fate which Adherbal 
here so humbly deprecates actually befel him ; see Chap. 26, last sen- 
tence. 10. per majestatcm, supply obsecro ; this verb and the cor- 
responding ones in Greek are often omitted in adjurations. — per ami- 
citioefidem, "by the fidelity due to the friendship (of my grandfather 
Masinissae)." 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 297 

CHAP. XXV. faere qui . . . censer ent, Gr. 264, 6. — subveniendzcm 
is used impersonally, Gr. 209, R. 3, (3) ; 239, R. 3; ceiiserent is here fol- 
lowed by two constructions, the ace. with the infinitive, and the sub- 
junctive with w^; see Z. 617, at the end. — consuleretur^ impersonal = 

i-enatusi consuleretur. — pamissety Gr. 266, 3. S« enisum summa ope, 

"the greatest exertion was made ; " enmimh impersonal. 3. de- 

victum; the cZe is intensive, and expresses completeuess. 4. majores 

naiUj " persons of greater age (i. e., of higher distinction) than on the 
foi-mer occasion, when only adolescentes had been sent." Merivale. — 
honorihus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — M. Scaurus ; see note to Chap. 15. — hisenatu 
princeps. The office of princeps senatus was one of no power, but of 
the highest honor. "It was given by the censors, at first always to 
the eldest among the ex-censors ; afterwards to any other senator 
whom they thought most worthy, and, unless there was any charge 
to be made against him, he wos re-elected at the next lustrum. This 
distinction, however, great as it was, afforded neither power nor ad- 
vantages, and it did not even confer the privilege of presiding at the 
meetings of the senate." Smith's Diet, of Antiq. ; see Livy, xxvii. 11. 

5* in invidia, i. e., was exciting great odium among the people. — 

Kumidis, those who had brought Adherbal's letters. — accedat depends 
on Utteras mittunt, which implies command ; nt is omitted, Gr. 262, 

R. 4. 6. diversas agitahatur, "he was distracted." 7t ad,,, 

scelus, " to (complete) the crime he had begun." 9. diducta, "being 

divided," because the city was attacked on all sides, which is implied 

in exercitu circumdato. 10« AdherbaliSy Gr. 245, R. 1, last clause. 

It. desisteret, Gr. 266, 3. — mult a ... consumpta, "after much 

talking to no purpose ; " this is the force of consumere in such 
phrases." Merivale.— yVws^ra =frustrati. 

CHAP. XXYI. Italiciy mentioned in Chap. 21 as togatorum. — 
defensahantur = defendehantur ; Sallust is fond of using frequentatives 
instead of their primitives. — de ceteris . , . forCy " the senate would take 

care of the rest." 2. omnia potiora, i. e., "that nothing could be 

less reliable." — eosdem = Italicos. 3« necat ... interfecit Interfi- 

cere is simply " to put to death ; " necare, " to kill in a shocking man- 
ner," generally used in connection with tormentiSy cruciatibus, <fec. 
Doderlein's SynonymSy iii. 86. 

CHAP. XXVn. interpellandoy gratiay and jurgiis, are ablatives 
of means depending on trahendo ; they may be taken with trahendoy 
as depending on leniebant. All these devices of unprincipled politi- 
cians to obstruct public business and prevent justice, find many par- 
13* 



298 NOTES ON THE 

allels every year, in our own legislative halls. — leniebanty " strove to 
extenuate," a meaning of the imperfect not uncommon in Latin and 

Greek; Cf Kuhner's School Greek Gram. 256, 4. 2. vir acer, "a 

man of spirit." — id agi^ "that the plan was." — condonaretur^ Gr. 273, 
1. — omnis . . . dilapsa erat^ Gr. 259, R. 4, and compare our expression, 
"I had perished," for "I would have perished." Translate, "By pro- 
tracting the deliberations, all the odium would have passed away 
(before the decision)." The sagacity of this course is daily seen in 
the case of our wholesale railroad and steamboat murders ; odium 
prolatando dilabitur. 3. lege Sempronia. All laws were desig- 
nated by the name of the proposer; this law, proposed by C. Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, b. c. 124, provided that the future provinces of the 
consuls should be fixed before the election ; the choice of the two, 

the consuls determined by agreement or lot. 4* L. Bestia Calpur- 

nius for L. Calp. Bestia ; such transpositions are not uncommon in 
the other historians. — Italia ohvenity " fell to the lot." " Whenever 
Italy is called a province, it is implied that the consul to whom it 
fell was to remain at Rome, and be ready for any other war that 
might break out. There were now no wars in Ital}', and Italy was 
not a province in the usual sense of the term. These consuls entered 

upon office Jan. 1, 111 B.C." Zumpt. 5. portaretur^ Gi\ 264, 5. 

CHAP. XXVIII. cuij relative for demonstrative, and dative for 
genitive, Gr. 211, R. 5. 1. — venum ire = venalia esse ; vendo is not used 
in the passive, Z. 187. — cwi ... in aiiimo= "he had been firmly per- 
suaded." — IIie7npsale interfecto. The varied meanings of the ablative 
absolute as denoting tiine^ cause, concomitant or condition, should be 
carefully noted by the pupil and discriminated in translating ; here 
it denotes both time and cause^ Gr. 257 & R. 1. — aggrediantur^ Gr. 

262, R. 4. 2* adventahat is followed by the dat. and by the accus. 

with and without the preposition ad, Z. 489. — contra spem explains 
nuntio. Translate, "intelligence contrary to what he had hoped." — 
Romce is gen. of place, limiting omnia. — placeret, Gr. 265. — ii refer- 
ring to senatuSy Gr. 206, 11. (a.) — deditum, Gr. 276, 1 <fe 11. — in diebus, 

Z. 479. 3« infectis rebus, "without accomplishing their business." 

4* legal sibi ; legare is to appoint some one to act as deputy, and 

so represent another, either as ambassador, or lieutenant. The legates 
were appointed by the senate, but usually at the consul's instance 
hence here, legat sibi, "appoints as his legate." — gu(E deligidssset, 
"the faults he might be guilty of," Gr. 266. 5* xVa7?i has refer- 
ence to legat sibi . . . factiosos, and introduces the reason for it. — acri 



JUaURTHINE WAR. 299 

ingenioy "of a penetrating mind," Gr. 211, R. 6. 6. Sidliam^ Gr. 

237, R. 5. Z. 398, note 1. 

CHAP. XXIX. cBger, "corrupted." 2. a principio ; see Chap. 

15. — plerisque . . . corruptis, " while many of his party were bribed." 

3. redimehaty "endeavored to buy;" see Chap. 27, note on lenie- 

bant. — cum eis, i. e., Bestia and Scaurus. — proeseiis^ "at once." 

4* fidei causuy "as a pledge of good faith (to Jugurtha)." Sextius was 
thus sent into a town of Jugurtha, as a pledge of the latter's safe re- 
tura from the Roman camp. — palam^ " publicly, in the hearing of 

others." — mora, i. e., during the protraction of these negotiations. 

5. eo7icilio, the military council of the commander, consisting of the 
legates, military tribunes, and the oldest centurion of each legion. — 
uti acciperetur depends on precatus, implied in locutus. — secreta for 
secreto, Gr. 205, R. 15. — quasi per saturam, "as it were in the lump," 
i. e., the different points not being presented separately, discussed 
and decided, but all at once ; a sort of Roman "omnibus bill." Sa- 
tura is explained b}' the ancient grammarians to have been a dish of 

various ingredients, like the Spanish olla podrida. 6« uti,,, im- 

peratum, " as had been commanded (to Jugurtha) in presence of the 
council." — pecus for perudes, as iniles often for milites. — cum . . . pon- 
dere, to be put into the public treasury — the small amount showed 
the fraudulent character of the transaction. — Calpurnius . . . proficis- 
citur, his colleague Scipio being dead. — ad magistratus rogandos, to 
preside at the election of magistrates. "He who proposed a law was 
said rogare legem, i. e., to ask the people's decision about a law; 
hence, rogare magistratwn is to propose the election of a magis- 
trate." Merivale. 

CHAP. XXX. forent, Gr. 265. — agitari, " there was discussion." 
— parum constahat, " it was not clear (to the Fathers.)" — decretmn con- 

sulis, "the action (i. e., the treaty) of the consul." 3* C, Mem- 

mills ; see Chap. 27. 4* perscribere. The style of this speech is 

60 entirely Sallustian, that we cannot suppose it Memmius's in any 
thing but the ideas, which are undoubtedly those Memmius would 
present under the circumstances ; theg are true to nature and to the 
occasion. Dietsch well remarks that Sallust would not have employed 
the word dicam of a genuine speech : verbis hujuscemodi implies the 
same. Cicero (Brutus, Chap. 35) calls Memmius, orator mediocris, 
accusator acris atque acerbus. He had the surname Mordax, the rea- 
sons for which are easily seen in the speech. 

CHAP. XXXI. dehor tantur . . . superet ; dehortantur fov dehorta- 



SOO NOTES ON THE 

rentur. This substitution is veiy common in the preterite tenses, Gr. 
260, R. 4 ; the use of superet for snperaret indicates that the supposi- 
tion is a fact. — a vobis, L e., "from advocating your interests." Trans- 
late, "many things dissuade me from advocating your interests (and 
would prevent me), did not my zeal for the republic overcome all 
(other considerations)." — Multa refers to the things immediately fol- 
lowing, opes factionis, ifec, including the clause qrwd . . . honori% est. 
This exordium is imitated from a speech of Cato the Censor. — patten- 
iia^ "submissiveness." — -jus nullum, = quod jus nullum esty "the im- 
possibility of obtaining justice." — e/, maxime^ quod, "and especially 

the fact, that." — innocentice is dative after ^5^ "innocence has." 

2* ilia, "the following things." — annisxY. "The number xv., whicli 
is found in all good manuscripts, points to the yeaf b. c. 125, in which 
the aristocrac}' gained a decisive victory, through the praetor, L. Opi- 
mius, who destroyed the town of Fregilla?, and thereby crushed the 
first attempts of the Italian allies to obtain the Roman franchise. It 
may be supposed that even then this attempt of the allies was sup- 
ported by the Roman plebs, as was the case afterwards, in the time 
of Marius." Zumpt. Dietsch thinks the murder of Tiberius Gracchus 
(b. c. 133) is undoubtedly referred to, and that if Sallust wrote xv., it 
was by mistake, of which there are several instances in him and other 
writers. — ludibrio . . . superbiie^ Gr. 221 .—fuerint . . . perierint . . . cor- 
ruptus sity Gr. 265. — intUti defensores perierint refers to the atrocious 
murders of the Gracchi, those clciir-sighted and patriotic reformerf, 
who would have saved their country, had it been permitted, by tlie 
only means possible. That the illustrious Cicero speaks of them as 
he always does, is a melancholy instance of the depraving influence 
of party spirit. Indeed, Cicero's accounts of the men and measures 
of both parties, and even of his own acts, are often as little reliable as 

those of our American *^ organ-grinders,'' 3. vobis anitnt^s, dat for 

gen. — ab ... socordia, Gr. 248, II., 2d clause. — obnoxiis inijuicis, "when 
your foes have fallen into your hand," i. e., "their guilt is detected, 
and they are unable to palliate it" Merfvalk. — decet ; supply vos as 

object. 4f animus subigity "ray feelings compel (me)." 5. ex- 

periar, "will exercise." — ob rem, "to the purpose —successfully." 

6* quod relates, not to ego hortor, but to the last clause, uii . . . eati*. 
— vi ... seces.sio7i€ opuSj Gr. 243. — suomet more, "their own wicked- 
ness." — necesse est . . . prcecipites eatit, Gr. 262, R, 4, "the}' will inevi- 
tably go to destruction." 7. Tiberio Graecho. No names in his- 
tory have suffered greater injustice than those of the Gracchi ; but 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 301 

modern research is at last doing them justice. Their biographies, by 
Dr. L. Schmitz, in Smith's Dictionary of Class. Biog^ are worthy of a 
careful reading : the following extract gives a just summary of their 
character. " Both brothers had staked their lives for the noblest ob- 
ject that a statesman can propose to himself — the rights of the people ; 
and so long as these rights are preferred to the privileges of a few, 
whom birth or wealth enables to oppress and tyrannize over the 
man}", so long will the names of the Gracchi be hallowed in history. 
There are, as we have already observed, one or two points in their 
conduct and legislation, in which we might wish they had acted with 
more wisdom and circumspection, but errare humanum esty and the 
blame falls not so much on the Gracchi, as upon those who irritated 
and provoked them with a bitterness and an insolence, in the face of 
which it would have required an angel's forbearance to remain calm 
and prudent." — qucBStioiies, i. e^ qucestiones capitis, prosecutions for a 
capital offence. — multi mortales ; 3,000 were butchered without trial 

by the consul Opimius. — libido eonn/iy '* their own good pleasure." 

8. Sed . . . restituere. '* But grant that restoring the people their 
rights was an attempt at regal usurpation." — sanguine civiuin^ " with- 
out bloodshed of citizens;" i. e., "without putting to death the 
criminals." — ulcisci has here a passive sense, of which there are four 
known examples only : there is 07ie example of the active /onw, in an 
old writer, Ennius. — nequititr ; a very uncommon form, probably used 
by Sallust to give an antique coloring to the oration, Z. 216, last remark. 
The moderation of this remark agrees with the character of Mem- 
mius, who, though a man of ardent temperament, was also a man of 
signal moderation, fidelity, and justice, and most observant of law 
and equity, as is strikingly shown below. Chap. ZZ.—jure factum sit, 

"giant that was done rightfully." 9« Superiorihus annis. 

The speaker now proceeds to fresh grievances, from injuries to the 
plebs to crimes against the state. — taciti indipiabainini '= '' ye were 
indignant, but durst not speak." — pai-um habicere, " they thought it 

not enough." — tradita sunt, "have been betrayed." 10. pudet aut 

poenitet, sc. facti, Gr. 215, (1.) <fe 229, R. ^.^incedunt magnifici, "they 
strut haughtily." — ostentantes, " parading." — perinde . . . habeant, 
"just as if they have gained them honorably and not by violence;" 

Iiabeant does not here mean "consider or esteem." 11* cBquo, lit., 

"even, unruffled," hence ''patient" 12. occupavere, "have seized 

upon." — manibusy Gr. 211, R. 6. — iidemque, "and yet." 13. occi- 

disse . . . qucEStioneSy Gr. 229, R. 6, 2d part— ;)ro . . . habent, i. e., these 



302 NOTES ON THE 

things make them more andaciouSj the natural effect of impunity in 

crime. 14. pessime ... maxhne, "the worse ... the more;" the 

superlative where we use the comparative degree. — metum transtu- 
lere, i. e., "they have made you fear them, on account of your cow- 
ardice, when they ought to fear you on account of their crimes." — 
eadem . .. inetuere^ " a unity of desires, hatreds, and fears." 15* in- 
ter bonos, " among the good (only)." — hcec refers to eadem . . . metuere, 
and so would be neuter, (Gr. 205, R. 8.) but agrees with the predi- 
cate arnicitia^ Gr. 206, (10.) 16. Quod si . , , accensi sunt; the 

regular construction would require either ad lihertatis curam^ omitting 
haheretis ; or dominationiSy depending on curam, with accensi sunt 
omitted : it is an anacoluthon. — heneficia vestra^ " your favors," i. e., 

"the public offices which you have to bestow." 17. majestatis 

constituendce^ "establishing their majesty." "The plehs are rightly 
said to have acquired their rights by secession, since before, the patri- 
cians had treated them as they pleased (see Livy, 2d &, 3d Books). 
For the rights conceded them by King Servius, and those received 
by the Valerian law de provocatione, availed nothing against the 
power of the patricians. Wherefore tribunes of the jo^eJs were ap- 
pointed, to give aid against the consuls and protect their rights. 
Majestas, Cicero says, is in the power and dignity of the people ; and 
certainly, by secession the first beginnings were made, and the foun- 
dations laid, of the popular power." Dietsch. — his per secessionem. 
"The people seceded from the city in all three times: first, b. c. 494 ; 
the second, b. c. 449, was made against the tyranny of the decemvirs; 
third and last, b. c. 286, which is not referred to by the orator ; it 
was merely for an abolition of debts." Dietsch. See Livy, 2, 32. <fe 

3, 50. — parta = **what we possess." 18. Editions vary as to the 

punctuation after rernpublicam, some giving an interrogation point, 
others a period. As the manuscripts give no points, it is a matter for 
the judgment of the editor. I have given, with Dietsch, Zumpt, and 
Merivale, the interrogation point, which assigns the sentence to the 
imaginary inquirer (Dicet aliquis) as more spirited than the period, 
which would make it the opinion of Memmius. Supply censesne esse 
with vindicandum, and translate, " Do you think punishment should 
be inflicted," <fec. — non ... vi ; supply censeo vindicandum esse from 
the preceding, which are omitted just as in English; "not by force, 
nor violence." — quod magis . . . fecisse ; the subject of /<?mse is vos un- 
derstood ; the sense is, " which they deserve, but which it would not 
become you to inflict." — quoistionibus, "prosecutions." 1^. dediti- 



JUaUETHINE WAR. 303 

tius est = " has (really) surrendered himself," implying that it was 

doubtful. — ea refers to jussis vestris. — pervenerint, Gr. 266, 1. 

20. Nisi forte is strongly ironical, Z. 526; nisi depends on an ellipsis. 
"(And this you will do) unless perhaps." — nondum . . . tenet = "you 
have not even yet had enough of their tyranny." — ilia refers to the 
following description of the "good old times," looked back to by the 
Roman aristocracy with infinite longing, when the plehs had no 
rights and were completely at their mercy. — satis habebatiSy " were 
satisfied." 21. impune is here active in meaning; "without tak- 
ing veugeance." — viro . . . accepisse. The most exalted heathen moral- 
ity never dreamed of rising to the height of the divine precept 
"Love your enemies." So Xenophon, the worthy pupil of Socrates, 
yet speaks of it, as an honorable trait of character in Cyrus the 
Younger, that "he strove to surpass his enemies in doing injuries." 
Anabasis^ B. I. Ch. 9. 11 — hominibus sceleratissimis, supply his; i. e., 
" the men who have committed all the crimes I have named." — quo' 
niam cives sunt, "since they are our fellow-citizens." "This passage 
illustrates the feelings and ideas of the ancients. So far is Memmius 
from inculcating forgiveness of injuries, or the punishment of tliem 
only because they are against the divine law, that he declares nothing 
more unworthy of a man than not to take vengeance. Yet he will 
allow the nobility to be forgiven only because they are fellow-citi- 
zens; which harmonizes with the opinion of the ancients, that those 
who were not fellow-citizens had no rights, and were not bound to 
them by any tie of afifection or humanity." Dietsch. Contrast this 
with the all-embracing humanity of the Gospel, or even with the ten- 
der humanity of the Mosaic laws in favor of strangers ! — in perniciem 

casura esset, "would result in (your) destruction." 22. quantwii 

importunitatis habent for pro tanta importunitate quantain habent, Gr. 
206, (3,) 3d clause ; Z. 705 : "so great is their insolence." — parum est, 
"it is not enough." — deinde, "henceforth." — deinde ... eripitur, "a 
license to do them henceforth is forcibly obtained." The course of 
thought is this : " You cannot have peace ; you must fight sometime ; 
though you shouldioYgiYQ their past misdeeds, they will not be satisfied 
without repeating them ; one day you will be made to feel that you 
must either defend yourselves or be slaves, and you had better defend 

yourselves now, for you may never have so good an opportunity." 

25. Nonpeculatus . . . habentur. There is great tact in thus mentioning 

such grievous crimes as too common to deserve notice. 26. obedien- 

tes vivamus "expresses more than obedientes simus, and denotes perpe- 



304 NOTES ON THE 

tuity." CoRTius. — id est regem esse; id is used for emphasis, Gr. 207, 
K. 22: the subject of esse is hominem understood, Gr. 239, R. 5, <fe 
209, R. 3. (5.) Translate, "for, to do with impunity what one 
pleases; that is, to be a king, (i. e., tyrant)." The name of king was 
extremely offensive to the Roman people, and hence is artfully em- 
ployed by the orator to excite their indignation. 27t uti ... 

fecisse, i. e., "to prefer to find them guilty, rather than innocent." — 

ne ... perditum eatis = ne perdatis, Gr. 216, 11. R. 2 ; Z. 669. 

28. heneficii ... immemoreni, "unmindful of (rewarding) well-doing, 
and (punishing) ill-doing." — bo7iiis . . . improhioty " the good man 
merely becomes less active, when you neglect (to reward him), but 
the wicked more audacious, when you neglect (to punish him)." — 

auxilii, sc. honorum. 29. Ad hoc ... egeas, "if you can prevent 

crimes by the fear of punishment, you will seldom need the aid of 
the good for defence." This is a ver}^ effective popular harangue, 
and though not genuine, gives a much more lively idea of the feel- 
ings and views of the popular party, than the historian could have 
furnished in any other way: the same is true of the oration of Ma- 
rius, Chap. 85 ; of the admirable harangue of Canuleius, in Livy's 4th 
Book, and of the speeches generally, which the ancient historians put 
into the mouths of leading personages on momentous occasions. An 
illustrious instance in modern times, familiar to every American 
school-bo}^, is the famous harangue, beginning "Sink or swim, live or 
die," which Mr. "Webster imagines to have been spoken by John 
Adams. The slight sacrifice of historical verity, by which no one 
was deceived, was more than compensated by the additional spirit 
and vigor. We subjoin the excellent criticism of Dietsch. " This ora- 
tion is a remarkable exhibition of Sallust's genius, sense, and skill. He 
has admirably exhibited the talent of Memmius, whose fervent tem- 
per is shown by the impetuous rush of the style ; the thoughts not 
closely linked together, nor fully developed, but uttered with the 
greatest force and brevity ; words weighty and keen, which Cicero 
shows to have been the virtues not of Memmius onlj^, but of his con- 
temporaries. The whole is marked by a rude and unpolished style, 
and a simplicity, which show the anxiet}^ of the writer to give it an 
antique coloring. Sallust's design, in writing history, was to hold 
up to his contemporaries a mirror in which they might behold their 
vices and the remedies of them ; for which reason he has often re- 
peated the same ideas. In this history he seems to have wished to 
stigmatize the character of those who ruled the state in his times ; 



JUGURTHINE WAK. 6{)0 

hence, lie has given no speech from any of the nobles, but only from 
their bitterest enemies, Memmius and Marius. By understanding the 
condition of the state at the time of writing (after the formation of 
the triumvirate of Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus), we shall better 
understand the design of this whole oration, and the application of 
each of its parts. Who of his contemporaries, reading it, would fail 
to perceive that affairs were come to such a point, that resistance or 
servitude was the only alternative ? "Who, reading of the times of 
Gracchus, would not be reminded of the most atrocious proscriptions 
of his own day?" 

CHAP. XXXII. mitteretur, Gr. 273, 2. — interposita fide jjuhlica^ 
''having pledged the faith of the government" ==" having given him 
a safe conduct." — quo, usually considered an adverb, and translated 
"in order that," in which connection, always an ablative of means, 
" by which," Gr. 247. — pecwiice captcB, Gr. 274, R. 5. — patefierent, Gr. 

262. — arcessebant, "they summoned (to trial) = accused." 2t re- 

licti a Besticiy Chap. 27, fit the end. 3* elepjhantos ; Jugurtha had 

delivered up thirt}', Chap. 29, at the end. — traderent, Gr. 264, 6. — 
perfugas, i. e., from Jugurtha, whom he naturally was most eager to 
get hold of, and punish, as a terror to his other subjects. — vendere . . . 
agehant ; another mixture of constructions, Gr. 209, R. 5 <fe 11. 

4. tanta vis avaritice = tarn violenter avaritia. — tahes^ "a plague." 

5. perlata, "carried through." — perculsay "struck with consterna- 
tion," at the investigation, and from dread of what Jugurtha could 
reveal. — co7iscieniia, sc. delicti. — diffidenti. This verb usually governs 
the dat., rarely the abl., like^c?o and confido. — dedidisset, Gr. 266, 3. — 
71071 minoriSj Gr. 214 =pluris, Gr. 324, 9. — -fama de Cassio =fama 
Cassii^ " the reputation of Cassius." 

CHAP. XXXni. contra dectis regium, " in a manner unworthy 

of a king." 2. tametsi ... confirmatus ... parat. The connection 

is obscure. " Being encouraged by all, by whose power or wicked- 
Bess he had performed those things which we have already nar- 
rated, though (he had no need of this encouragement, for) he was 

naturally very resolute, he gains over." — -foret, Gr. 264, 5. 3. more 

majorum explains suppllcium sitmi. — hoste = rege ut haste. — sirmi, Gr. 
268, R. 3. — dignitati .. . consulen.% "regarding the dignity rather than 
the passion (of the people)," l e., what became them, more than what 
they wished. — confirinarey "declares." — per se, " so far as he was con- 
cerned." 4. Numidice^ gen. for abl., apparently by attraction, Gr. 

221, R. 1 ; and especially Z. 398, note 1, for a full discussion of these 



306 NOTES ON THE 

irregularities. — Quibus juvantibus, Gr. 229, R. ^.-—egerit, Gr. 265, de- 
pends on intelligat — Quamquam . . . intelligat, Gr. 266,3, "though 
the Roman people is aware by whose assistance, and by what tools 
he accomplished those things. — velle^ sc. populum Romanum, — mani- 
festa agrees with ea understood, referring to quibus . . . egerit — 7nag- 
na7n . . . sitam^ " there was great hope for him." — non sociis . . . cor- 
rupturum, "he would not save his allies (thereby), and would ruin 
himself and his hopes." Memmius implies thatj even if Jugurtha re- 
fused to testify, or testified falsely, they would get at his guilty 
allies in some other way (this is clearly intimated in intelligat popur 
lus Ro7nanu,% just above) ; hence it was not worth his while to injure 
himself, in the vain hope of screening them. Dietsch explains non 
. . . sed as = non tantum . . . sed etiayn, " he would not save his friends 
only, but destroy himself." The other seems much better. 

CHAP. XXXIV. corncptum, sc. esse. A proper understanding 
of the tribuneship is indispensable for reading Roman history: there 
is a good summary in Bojesen's and Anthon's Manuals of Roman 
Antiquities, and Smith's Abridgment ; and a full and excellent ac- 
count in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities. The veto power was its 
peculiar characteristic, a source of great power, and often of great 
mischief. A good example of its gross abuses is here exhibited. The 
power here exercised by a single tribune, of nullifying the acts of all 
his colleagues, had been established about 394 b. c. — terrebat^ "strove 
to terrify." — impetu^ " by making a rush at him." — quce . , . amat ; 
quce is the subject oi fieri, " which anger loves to do." Compare the 
Greek phrase (piXei yiypca^ai. S» animi, "the spirits." 

CHAP. XXXV. Gulussce . . . nepos ; hence nephew of Micipsa, 

and cousin to Jugurtha, Hiempsal and AdherbaL 2* quoniam . . . 

sit ,,, urgeatj Gr. 266, 3. — i?ividia aim metu, "public odium with his 
own personal fear ;" so Anthon, Andrews, and Merivale ; but Dietsch 
and Zumpt much more reasonably explain it, " the hatred and fear 
(of the Romans) was hard pressing Jugurtha." The fear felt by Ju- 
gurtha would have been no argument to Massiva that the Roman 
people would be likely to give him the kingdom ; but the feaVy as 
well as h:ite, felt by the people, towards a man so able, active, and 
unscrupulous as Jugurtha, who had already given them so much 
trouble, and might do so again, and whose tact and impudence had 
just foiled them in their own midst, was certainly a most powerful 
argument to convince Massiva that the Roman people would be dis- 
posed to depose Jugurtha, and give himself the throne. — petaty Gr. 



JUaURTHINE WAK. 307 

262, R. 4, & 21 Sf 2. 3* Avidus ... gerendi, i. e., that he might 

have an opportunity of distinguishing himself. — moveri . . . senescere^ 

" to be disturbed ... to be settled." — evenerat, that is, by lot. 

4. agitare, " to prosecute." — alium ... alium = alios ... alios; so in 
English, "one . . . another " = "some .. . otners." — coriscientia, so. de- 
licti^ malafama et timor, "the infamy (of such a deed as killing Mas- 
siva) and fear (of the consequences) : " or it may mean, " their gene- 
ral bad repute and fear of getting into trouble." — maxime =potissi- 
mtcm, "if possible;" maxime occulte connects not with parety but 
interjiciat. — id partem procedat, " that should not succeed," i. e., killing 

secretly. 5. artijices = peritif "skilled in such business, making 

it their trade." — egressus, "movements." — res postidabat, "occasion 

required." G* eo numero qui for e&rum numero qui, Gr. 207, R. 20, 

<fe 206. (11.) — indicium profitetury "voluntarily makes a confession." 
7. Fit reus, "is put on trial." — magis .. . gentium^ "more equita- 
bly than legally;" why not legally is explained in the next clause, 

because he had come in Jugurtha's train, nnder a safe conduct. 

8. supra^ "too strong for." 9. prior e actione, "in the first pro- 
ceedings." " In the first actio or pleading, the charges were re- 
hearsed, and the witnesses were examined. The defendant was then 
called upon to give bail for his appearance on a future day, when the 
accuser should proceed to comment on the charges." Merivale. — 
quinquaginta vades ; these sureties for Bomilcar's appearance to stand 
trial were, of course, Roman citizens. The money which they had to 
pay for his non-appearance, was no doubt furnished by Jugurtha. — 
regno . . . considens^ " having regard to his royal authority,** which 
of course would have been greatly impaired among his subjects, if 
he had allowed one of them to be punished for obeying his ordei*?. 

— de illo su?npiu7ii, " punishment should be inflicted on him." 

10. urhein . . . invenerit^ Gr. 238, 2, last clause. This remark is to be 
translated as the exclamation of Jugurtha. It was signally verified 
not many years afterwards. 

CHAP. XXXYI. quod tempus, Gr. 206. (8) ; usually in the mid- 
dle of the 3^ear, but sometimes in the autumn. 2* instanti^ sc. 

Albino. — sui diffiderent, sc. sids rebus, "his men should be discour- 
aged." — pacis7nora alludes to deditionem polliceri. 3. existhnarenty 

Gr. 264, 6. — ex tanta properantia, "after so much haste," i. e., in getting 

ready and beginning the war. 4« pro prcetore. The prcetors were 

appointed to the government of provinces, after the expiration of 
their term of prsetorship, with the title of proprcetory just as the con- 



308 NOTES ON THE 

Buls were similarly appointed, with the title of proconsul. But those 
who commanded an army in the absence of the general were also, as 
in this instance, called proprcetor ; see Bojesen's Manual of Roman 
Antiquities, 206, 207. 

CHAP. XXXVII. 2. continuare magistratum, "to prolong their 
term of service," i. e., to be re-elected. " Though the bill of Carbo, 
B. c. 131, permitting this, had not been passed, owing to the opposi- 
tion of Scipio and Lselius, yet it was sometimes done, as is shown by 
the case of Caius Gracchus, who not only held the office two succes- 
sive years, but was candidate for a third year, and being forbidden by 
his colleagues, hindered the elections of all the magistrates, by his 
Veto ; as Lucullus and Annius are here said to have done." Dietsch. — 
totius anni ; these words show that a whole year elapsed before these 

disturbances were quieted. 4« opportunitate lociy "advantage of 

position." — i7i extremo, "at the foot," Z. 435. 

CHAP. XXXVIII. oppidi potiundi, Gr. 162, 20. — vitahundus, 

Gr. 3 29, 1; Z. 248. — ahditas, "unknown." 2. ita,..fore; supply 

putantem, or some such word. — delicta, sc. Auli, or sua ; it has refer- 
ence to pactionis, the corrupt bargain which Aulus hoped to make, 

as Bestia and Scaurus had done. 3* corrumperey being hist, inf, 

for corrumpebat, is followed by the imperfect of the subjunctive. — 

partim for alii. 4. ex sententia, "to4iis mind." 5* trepidare, 

" they run about in terror and confusion." — anceps, "twofold," from 

the darkness and the enemy, whether they fled or not. C. ex 7iu- 

mero qiios ; see note. Chap. 35. — Ligunim; the Ligurians, a warlike 
race, and inhabiting a rugged country, were subdued, after a warfare 
of 84 years, in the year b. c. 154 ; they became Socii, and of course, 
had to furnish quotas of troops for the Roman armies. The Thracians 
were in the same condition. — cokors, the tenth part of a legion, hence 
varying, at different times, from 300 to 600 men. — iurmis, " squad- 
rons of horse," consisting of 30 or 82 men each ; ten turmce constituted 
the ala which was attached to each legion. Sometimes an ala of the 
allies contained 400 men. — primi pili. "The Roman legion before 
the time of Marius was arranged in three lines, called hastatiy prin- 
cipes, and triarii or pilani. In each of these lines were ten ranks 
{ordines\ and ten centurions. The centurion of the first rank of 
hastati was called primus hastatus ; of the first of the principes, pri- 
7nus princeps ; and of the first of the pilani, who ranked above all the 
rest, centurio primi pili, or primus pilus. See a remarkable passage in 
Livy, xlii. 84, about the rise of a common soldier through these stages of 



JCGURTHINE WAR. 309 

promotion." Mehivale. — eaque ; supply ^;^«. 8» quominus . , , ute- 

reiur, "from using." Gr. 262. — remorata sunt, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2.) 

9» fame ferro, clau^um ; clausum properly applies, and that by a very 
harsh use of the word, to ferro only, and is used vf ii\\ fame only by a 
very bold zeugma, Z. 775. — teytet ; according to the rule for the oratio 
ohligua (Gr. 266, 2 ; Z. 603), this should be teneat. But Dietsch, 
who discusses the point fully, says that the one form is as com.mon in 
Sail ust as the other. Andre v/s says : " In the ora^/o o6/^gwa the indi- 
cative is used to denote the certainty of the thing in the mind of 
the author, in distinction from a fact resting upon the assertion or 
opinion of another." — memorem ... rerumy "mindful of (the uncer- 
tainty of) human affairs," how soon his prosperity might be changed, 
and he himself need the mercy he was now willing to show. — sub 
jugum ; thejugum was made by planting two spears in the ground, 
and laying p, third across them, forming assort of yoke, through which 
the conquered army marched in token of subjection, without their 
weapons. — decederet depends on a verb of commanding, implied in 

verba facit, Gr. 273, 2. lOt mortis ... mutabantur, "they were 

received in exchange for the fear of death." Muto has here just the 
opposite meaning to the corresponding English word; it means "to 
receive in exchange;" and our to exchange signifies "to ^iv^ in ex- 
change." The Latin usage is imitated in a celebrated song by Ben 
Jonson : 

But might I of Jove's nectar sip, 
I would not change for thine. 

CHAP. XXXIX. gloria imperii, " which had been so disgraced." 
— prceclari fuerant, "had gained distinction." — armatus, "though 

armed." 2. timens, i. e., for himself. — interim, while the senate 

was deliberating. — nomine Latino. " The cities which enjoyed the 
Latin franchise {jus Latii, or Latinitas), a certain portion of the 
rights of Roman citizenship. This franchise was first imparted to 
the cities of Latium ; afterwards it was extended to many communi- 
ties throughout the dominions of the republic. It consisted in the 
jus connubii et commercii. The jus suffragii was not conceded until 
the year b. c. 90. In return the Latins were bound to serve as aux- 
iliaries by the side of the Roman legions." Merivale. The Socii are 
so often mentioned by Sallust, and their relationship to Rome so 
necessary to be understood (see, for example. Chap. 69, last sentence), 
that the following account of their position will be found very useful 



310 NOTES ON THE 

to the student; (Cf. also Bojesen's Manual^ 65-69.) ** Among the 
duties which the Italian socii had to perform towards Rome, the fol- 
lowing are the principal ones: they had to send subsidies of troops, 
money, corn, ships, and other things, whenever Rome demanded 
them. The number of troops requisite for completing or increasing 
the Roman armies, was decreed every year by the senate, and the 
consuls fixed the amount which each allied nation had to send, in 
proportion to its population capable of bearing arms. The infantry 
of the allies in a consular army was usually equal in numbers to that 
of the Romans; the cavalry wa,3 generally three times the number 
of the Romans. The consuls appointed twelve prsefects as command- 
ers of the socii, and their power answered to that of the twelve mili- 
tary tribunes in the consular legions. The main body of the socii 
was divided into right and left wings ; the infantry in cohorts and the 
cavalry in turmse. Pay and clothing were furnished by the states or 
towns to which they belonged ; but Rome furnished them provisions. 
In the distribution of spoil and conquered lands they frequently re- 
ceived the same as the Romans, and were sometimes sent out as colo- 
nists with them. They were never allowed to take up arms of their 
own accord; and disputes among them were settled by the senate. 
They gradually fell under the arbitrary rule of the senate and magis- 
trates of Rome; and after B.C. 173, it became customary for magis- 
trates, when they travelled through Italy, to demand of the authori- 
ties of the allied towns to pay homage to them, to provide them with 
a residence, and furnish tfiem with beasts of burden. The only way 
to obtain protection was to enter into a kind of clientship with some 
powerful Roman. All foreign socii were obliged to send subsidies of 
troops, when Rome demanded them ; they, unlike the Italian socii, 
did not serve in the line, but as light-armed soldiers." Smith's Diet. 

of Antiq. 3. fuerat denotes that it not only was right, but always 

had been, under such circumstances. " It was the custom of the Ro- 
mans, when they were unwilling to ratify such a treaty, to deliver 
those who made it to the enemy, that they themselves might not be 
bound by it. So, after the Caudine defeat, they had delivered Yetu- 
rius and Portumius bound to the Samnites, and in the Numantine 
war, Mancinus. According to this usage, then, it might have been 
enacted that Aulus should be delivered to Jugurtha; of which no 
mention is made." Dietsch. In disavowing these treaties, for exam- 
ple that after the Caudine defeat, the Romans often manifested that 
"Punic faith," with which they were so fond of reproaching the Car- 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 311 

thaginians. When they disavowed a treaty, they surrendered, to be 
sure, the general that made it, to the enemy, but were very careful 
not to surrender the armies that had thus been saved from destruc- 
tion ; this is forcibly put by Pontius the Samnite, and is evidently 
felt by Livy: see Livy, J3. 9, Chap. 11, especially the last remark. 

4* conveneraty i. e., by Aulus. 5* soluto imperio, "in the 

relaxation of discipline." — ex copia rerum == ** under the circum- 
stances." 

CHAP. XL. queer eretur, " a prosecution should be instituted." — 
in legationihus aut imperiis^ " whilst holding embassies or commands." 
— neglexissent . . . accepissent . . . tradidissent . . . fecissent, Gr. 266, 1. 
This law was aimed at Aulus, Scaurus, Bestia, and others, their 

accomplices. 2* partim ... metuentes; this clause contains the 

reason oiimpedimenta parahant. — conscii, sc. scelevis. — quoniam refers 
to occulte. — quin faterentur, "without confessing," Z. 539. — ilia etalia 
talia, sc. scelera. — per hmnines . . . Italicos. In what way they were 
gained over by the nobles, or how they impedlmeyita parahanty is 
not clear. That the Italian allies sometimes crowded into the city, 
raised disturbances, and interfered with public affairs, even to the 
extent of attempting to vote as citizens, is certain. — parahanty " en- 
deavored to prepare." 3. vi, "ardor." — ilia mala, i. e., the penal- 
ties that would be inflicted on those found guilty : those aimed at 

were all nobles. 4. ceteris^ " the other (guilty ones)." — metu per- 

culsis = too much frightened to exert themselves. — -fugam, "dismay." 
— trepida^ " excited." It was this excitement and general confusion 
that enabled Scaurus to secure his end of being elected one of the 

qucesitores. 5t aspere violenterque^ "mercilessly and precipitately." 

— ex rumore ... plehis ; plebis limits both nouns; ex rumore plebis^ 
i. e., those whom the talk of the plebs charged with crime, without 
investigation ; ex lihidine plehis, in obedience to the passions of the 
populace, w^hom the commissioners feared to oppose. Hence men 
were condemned without a fair trial, and without regard to justice. 
ex secundis . . . ceperat. "The passage of the Mamilian bill was the 
first victory gained by the popular party, since it had been pros- 
trated by the slaughter of C. Gracchus and his friends ; by this it 
seemed to have regained power. Cicero names C. Galba, a priest, 
and four consulars, Bestia, C. Cato, Albinus, and 'that most excellent 
citizen, L. Opimius the slayer of Gracchus,' as having been punished 
under this law. The impartiality of Sallust is seen in his censuring 
with equal severity the crimes of the nobles and the insolence of the 



312 KOTES ON THE 

plebs, while Cicero, blinded by party feeling, dares to call L. Opimius 
a most excellent citizen." Djetsch. 

CHAP. XLI. mos . . . factionum, i. e., of the state being divided 
into the two parties, that of the senate, and that of the people ; factio 
is applied to the party of the few. — deinde . . . artium, *' and thence 

(the practice) of all bad arts." — quce prima, Gr. 206. (11). 2. metus 

hostilis = metus hof>tium, Gr. 211, 11.4. 3t scilicet^ "naturally'." 

This account of the origin of Roman degeneracy is given elsewhere 
by Sallust in one of the fragments that have reached us of his other 
works. " After the Punic war was ended, and there was room for 
the exercise of enmities, very many disturbances, seditions, and finally 
civil wars, arose ; whilst a few powerful men, to whose parties most 
persons attached themselves, under the mask of zeal for the senate 
or the people, aimed at the possession of power ; and men were called 
good or bad citizens, without regard to their public conduct, but ac- 
cording to their wealth and power. From which time national mor- 
als were corrupted, not by degrees, as formerly, but as with the 
violence of a torrent ; and the youth were so corrupted by luxury 
and avarice, that it was truly said they could neither keep their own 
property, nor allow others to keep theirs." Fragmenta, 183, 18. 
From a dread of this result, Scipio Nasica always opposed the de- 
struction of Carthage. 4* asperius acerbiusque^ sc. ipsis rebus ad- 

versis. Dietsch explains it by supplying quam quo gauderent, "too 

rough and bitter to enjoy." 5. in libidinem vertere, "to abuse." — 

sibi . . . rapere, " to cheat, to rob, to plunder, each for himself." 

6* fadione, "party discipline," contrasted with plebis vis soluta. 

7. popidus . . . diripicbant. The people were poor, and being con- 
stantly engaged in war, were obliged to neglect their farms and were 
plunged into debt ; the booty obtained by their victories was seized 
by a few nobles, who also gradually monopolized the land, and got 
possession of their little farms, taking advantage of their absence, to 
expel their families by every species of knavery and oppression. " In 
the course of time, their rich neighbors contrived to transfer their 
holdings to themselves, in the names of other persons, and at last 
openly got possession of the greater part of the public lands in their 
own names, and the poor, being expelled, were not willing to take 
military service, and were careless about bringing up families ; in 
consequence of which there was speedily a diminution of freeman all 
through Italy, and the country was filled with ergastula of barbarian 
slaves, with whom the rich cultivated the lands, from which they 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 313 

liad expelled the citizens." Plutarch's Life of T. Gracchics, Chap. 8 
(Long's Translation). Of all the causes that led to the downfall 
of Rome, probably no one had as much influence as this land- 
monopoly above described. 9. nihil pensiy Sanctis Gr. 214, "to 

hold nothing dear or sacred." — quoad se prcecipitavit, "until it 

ruined itself." 10. qui . . . anteponerent^ i. e., the Gracchi and Ful- 

vius Flaccus. — permixtio terrce, "an earthquake;" Zumpt says, "a 
chaos." 

CHAP. XLII. maojres, their father and their maternal grand- 
father Scipio Africanus the Elder. — vindicare . . . lihertateiny " to claim 
freedom for the people." — noxia^ atque eo perculsa^ "guilty and there- 
fore terror-stricken." — spes societatiSy the hope of an equality of privi- 
leges with the senate : they were thus bribed to desert the popular 
party, to which they naturally belonged. — modo . . . interdum = modo 
. . . modo. — Tiberiicm . . . Caium. Plutarch's Lives of these noble broth- 
ers is well worth reading ; as also those by Dr. Schmidt in Smith's 
Diet, of Classical Biog.- — eadem ingredientenif "entering upon the 
same course (of public policy)." " Cicero says that Caius declined all 
offices, and had determined to live in retirement^ but that his brother 
appeared to him in a dream, and said, 'Caius, why do you linger? 
There is no escape ; one life for both of us, and one death in defence 
of the people is our fate.' " Plutarch's C. Gracchus^ Chap. 1. — tri- 
mnvirum . . . deducendi.% " one of three commissioners for planting col- 
onies of Roman citizens on the public domain." — coloniis deducendis, 
Gr. 2*75, R. 2, (2.); Z. eQo.—Fuhio Flacco, "a noble, but always of 
the popular party. Such was the cruelty of the nobility, that even 
his children were slain, his house was razed, and the ground confis- 
cated." DiETscH. 2, JSt sancy *'It must be allowed indeed." — 

GracchiSy Gr. 211, R. 6, 1. 3* bono ... esty "a good man should 

prefer." This is a censure on the nobles for their violence towards 

the Gracchi. i« ex libidiiie suay i. e., without regard to justice 

or mercy.— /<?rro . . . exstinxity " put to death or banished." " The 
zeugma of exstinxit with faga, would be very harsh, but for the fact 
that the Romans considered exile equal to death : hence C. Cotta 
called himself bis genitumy when restored to his country after exile." 
DiETSCH. — plusque ... addidity "made themselves more feared, but 
not really more powerful." Others understand timoris of fear felt 
by the nobility (lest their cruelty should one day be avenged) ; the 
former is better. — duiriy "when." — ulcisciy "avenge themselves on ; " 
an example of the middle voice in Latin.— oc^riiw^, Gr. 256, K. 9*««^*-*- 
14 



314 NOTES ON THE 

5. stvdiis partiumy " party conflicts." — parem discerere, Gr. 261, R. 3. — 
res, "matter, materials," 

CHAP. XLIII. partiverant. The deponent form is more com- 
mon. — adverso is used as a noun, and hence is followed by the gen. 
fama . .. inviolata, Gr. 211, R. 6. Sallust's whole account of Metel- 
lus, a zealous member of the aristocratic party, is marked by great 

candor and fairness. 2* alia ... ratus, i. e., taking his share of the 

ordinary duties, he yet did not give them his chief attention, but, <fec. 

3* prcesidia = auxilia. — bello ... cgenti, "a war which would 

require a variety of action" (such as sieges, battles, foraging, <fec.); 
"and for which," therefore, "resources of many kinds would be 
necessary." Merivale. 

CHAP. XLIV. prcedator ex sociis == prcsdator sociorum, but more 
distinct. — imperio et modestia ; imperio refers to the officers, modesiia 

to the soldiers ; " authority . . . obedience." 3* cestivorum, sc. cas- 

ironunj " the summer campaigns." — comitiorwn ^nora, see Chap. 3Y. — 
eventuSy i. e., some decisive stroke. — laborare, "to endure toil and 
hardship, digging, bearing burdens, marching, fortifying camps," <fec. 

4t stativis, sc. castris, "permanent camps," as in winter, opposed 

to cBstivis, temporary ones, as in summer. 5f certantes agere, 

" rival each other in driving." — vino, Z. 456. — frumentum . . . datum, 
" the ration of grain ; " rather more than a bushel each month, to be 
cooked by themselves. — prohra, " disgraceful acts." This strong lan- 
guage serves to exalt the merit of Metellus, by showing the difficul- 
ties he had to encounter. 

CHAP. XLY. tanta . . . moderaiam ; tanta refers to the epithets 
magnum et sapientem, "so great" (that he may be justly called great 
and wise) : translate, " with so greiit discretion did he guide himself 
between," <fec. — amhitionem, "popularity-seeking;" properly it 
means "going round, i. e., canvassing for votes:" here "indulgence 
of the soldiers for the sake of popularity." — sa^vitiam, "too great se- 
verity." 2. sitstulisse depends on comperior above. — ne quisqnam, 

<fec., depends on edicens, implied in edicto, Gr. 2Y3, 2, Sd paragraph. — 
venderet, Gr. 273, 2. — ceteris, i. e., things that needed not to be wholly 
abolished, as those just named, but to be strictly regulated. — arte ; 
some take this as the abl. of ars, " by tact and management, not 
(edicto) by positive orders ; " it is better to take it as an adverb =» 
arete : some things he abolished, others he set bounds to, strictly. — 
statuisse depends on coniperior.—juxta ac si, "just as if." — adessent, 
Gr> 268, 2. — circumire, "goes the rounds (of the sentinels)."— /rej««»- 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 315 

tes, "in close array." — miles ... portaret. "How great the labor of 
warfare ; how great of marching ! to carry food for more than half 
a month ; to carry whatever else is needed ; to carry the rampart 
(i. e., the stakes to form it). I do not mention shield, sword, helmet ; 
for soldiers no more reckon these among their burden than they do 
their shoulders, arms, and hands." Cicero, Tusc. Disp, ii. 16. Some- 
times the soldiers carried a month's provision (Livy, xliv. 2); it con- 
sisted of wheat or barley unground. The ordinary burden is usually 
estimated at 60 pounds, exclusive of armor ! 3* confirmavit, "ren- 
dered efficient." Compare the conduct of Julius Agricola in Britain, 
under similar circumstances. Tacitus, Vita Agricolce. 

CHAP. XLVI. Roma, Gr. 255, "from Rome." All the manu- 
scripts have Romce, but I have followed Dietsch and Andrews in giv- 
ing Roma, on the authority of Xonius, who so quotes it, and because 
required by the sense. Merivale explains certior Romoe f actus, "hav- 
ing ascertained during his residence at Rome." — diffidere suis rebus, 
"is discouraged." 2, suppliciis, "earnest entreaties;" some ex- 
plain it, " ensigns of supplication." — qui , . . petereiit, Gr. 264, 5. — 

ipsi for sibi, Gr. 208. (4.) 3, experimentis, sc. aliorum, "by the 

experience of others " (his predecessors). 4« alium ab alio diversos, 

"separately." — maxime, " if possible." — tentando depends on cognovit^ 
not on persuadet. — ex voluntate, sc. Jugurthce, "according to the wish 

(of Jugurtha)." — forent, Gr. 266, 1. — nuntiari, sc. ab legatis. 

5* iniento atque infesto, " ready for fight, and in hostile array," as 
when passing through a hostile country. — contra ... faciem, "with 
an appearance the reverse of warlike." — commeatum portare, i. e., for 

the Romans. 6. ostentui, " a blind." — tentari, sc. ab Jugurtha. 

1. curubat, "commanded." — C. Marius. The student should 

read carefully Plutarch's Lives of Marius and Sulla, a work in the 
reach of almost every one. A much improved version of these and 
most of the other Roman lives, by that eminent scholar. Prof Long, 
has been published in a very cheap form in London (5 vols., 18mo.), 
under the title. Civil "Wars in Rome ; from this our quotations are 
made. "Marius was of an obscure family at Aspinum; he grew up 
with the distinguishing virtues and vices of the old Sabine character. 
He was characterized at first by great integrity and industry ; he had 
a perfect command over his passions and desires, and was moderate 
in all his expenses ; he possessed the stern and severe virtues of an 
ancient Roman, and had he lived in earlier times, would have re- 
fused, like Fabricius, the gold of Pyrrhus, or have sacrificed his life, 



316 NOTES ON THE 

like Deciiis, to save his country. But cast as he was in an age of 
growing licentiousness and corruption, the old Roman virtues degen- 
erated into vices; love of country became love of self; patriotism, 
ambition ; sternness of character produced cruelty ; and personal in- 
tegrity, unmitigated contempt for the corruption of his contempora- 
ries. The character of Marius needed, above that of most men, the 
humanizing influences of literature and art; and there is much truth 
in the remark of Plutarch (Chap. 2), that 'if Marius could have been 
persuaded to sacrifice to the Grecian muses and graces, he would 
never have terminated a most illustrious career in an old age of cru- 
elty and ferocity.'" Smith's jDic^. of Class. Biog. — propulsarent, sc. 

equitatum hostium. 8f militicCy "the art of war." — in incerto'^^ 

incertum. — pacem gerens^ a zeugma. 

CHAP. XLVII. forum rerumvenalium, "a mart of commerce." — 
celehratum^ "frequented," the primary meaning of this word; "cele- 
brated" is a secondary one. 2. teiitandi. "Metellus places a gar- 
rison in Vaga on two accounts; first, in order to try and seduce the 
inhabitants from their fidelity to Jugartha ; secondly, because of the 
eligibility of the position for a Roman station, if they should consent 
to be seduced." Merivale. — ratus^ id quod, Gr. 207, R. 22; 206, (13.) 
—frequentiam ... fore; a very vexed passage, both as to the true 
text, and the meaning. Translated, " he believed that the gieat 
number of merchants (in the town) would aid the army (by the sup- 
plies they would furnish), and serve to protect what were already 

provided." 3. impensius modo, " now more eagerly = more eagerly 

than ever:" ov modo may be taken as an ablative, and impensius 
97iodo = supra modum, "beyond measure." — dedere, "he surrenders, 
i. e., offers to surrender." 4« dlmittehat ; the imp. denotes fre- 
quency, Gr. 145, II. 1. — proinissa legatorum exspectare, "awaits (the 
fulfilment of) the promises of the ambassadors;" those whom he had 
bribed to betray Jugurtha. 

CHAP. XL VIII. tentari, "was tried," i. e., " attacked."— r^, "in 

fact." — urbs, i. e., Vaga. 2. iramites, "by-paths, short cuts." — 

antevenit, Z. 386, note. 3t possederat ; see Chap. 16. — tractu pari, 

" of similar course," i. e., parallel to the river. — vastus . . . cultu, " des- 
olate naturally, and destitute of human culture." — quasi collis, "a 
sort of hill." — immensurn, " to an immense distance." — humi . . . are- 
noso «=— humo . . . arenoso, Gr. 205, R. 9 ; so in Tacitus, humido palu- 
dum, andsecreto loci. 4t pecore atque cultoribus, Gr. 249, I. 

CHAP. XLIX. transverso itinere, "at right angles (with the 



JUaUETHINE WAK. 317 

monntaiji)." — extenuata acie^ " drawn out into a thin line," with the 
front much extended, but not deep ; the opposite of a column. — 
agerety Gr. 265. — propior montem, Gr. 222, R. 5, and 235, R. 5. — suos^ 

i, e., the division under his own immediate command. 2. turmas 

atque inanipulos, squadrons of horse and lines of infantry ; see Chap. 
12, note on lictor. — nionet atque ohtestatur ; monere may be followed 
by either a subjunctive, or an ace. with inf. ; ohtestari only by the 
former: hence in the following sentence the infinitive clauses depend 
on monet, and only the others on ohtestatur, as also appears from the 
sense : ohtestatur . . . uti . . . defendant . . . proinde . . . essent ; monet . . . 
fore . . . provisa . . . initium fore. — miserint . , . decuerint, Gr. 266, 2 ; 
see Chap. 38 ; decuerint, sc. provideri ; for decuerit. — locum super iore7n 
is the subject ace. of provisian esse, understood. — uti . . . consererent 
depends on provisum est undei-stood — prudentes . . . imperiti are both 

limited by helli understood. 4« pecunia aut honore extulerat ; ex- 

tnlerat is joined with pecunia by zeugma = pecunia locupletaverat, <fec. 
— euin . . . ostentare, as an example of what they might attain by good 

conduct. — conspicatur, sc. hostis. 5« incerti . . . esset ; esset agrees 

with quidnam, Gr. 209, R. 9, "they were not clearly distinguished, 

what it was they were." — ohscurati, Gr. 205, R. 2. (3.) 6. commu- 

talis ordinihics, " facing right about" Jugurtha occupied the hill on 
the right of the Roman army as it descended the mountain. The 
right wing, which, as Metellus was descending the mountain towards 
the river, was next the hill occupied by Jugurtha, now became the 
rear. — triplicihus subsidiis : "In three lines supporting each other," 
the usual Roman order of battle. — pro tempore, "suitable to the occa- 
sion." — transversis principiis, " with the front at right angles to its 
previgus position." The army having wheeled right about, continues 
to descend, in three columns, instead of three lines, as before. What 
had been the left wing in descending, had, by this wheeling to the 
right, become the front. 

CHAP. L. ne .. . exercitus, L e., during the battle and afterwards. 
'—€xpeditis==impedimentis relictis. — crehro ... prceliis, "by frequent 
attacks, and skirmishes on the flank." — d'ffiderent, Gr. 266, 3. — las- 

situdineni ... militum = lassatos et sitientes milites. 2$ pro re 

et loco, "suitably to the circumstances and the place." — principia, 
"the fii-st rank," "which, in the movement which Metellus was exe- 
cuting, became the right wing of the army, and was immediately 
opposed to the flank attacks of the Xumidians. On the other hand, 
the left wing had become the first rank of the advancing columns. 



318 NOTES ON THE 

who are here called principes." Merivale. 3« primos, those to 

whom the Romans first came. — quasi =^cii'citer. — Duuniy Gr. 118, 1. 

4. animis, Gr. 211, R. 6. — incerto proelioy "a desultory mode of 

fighting." — ipsi modo = ipsi soli, — numero priores, i. e., the Nnmidians. 

5. uhicunque . . . diversi ; the object was to scatter the Romans as 

much as possible in pursuit of them, and then, return to attack 

them thus scattered (disjectos) either on the flank op rear. 6* ea, 

sc. via^ " in that direction." — consueti, " accustomed (to the hills and 
bushes)." — evadere, " to ascend." 

CHAP. LI. varia; the Numidians here flying, there pursuing. 
— incerta, that is, as to the result. — dispersi, sc. Romani. — ohservare^ 

*' regard" 2* Itaque=^que ita, "and so." 3. quum ... erat. 

"The imp. and pKip. indicative after quum are rare in Sallust." An- 
drews' lociSy Gr. 254, R. 3, 2d clause. — eorum, sc. Romanorum. 

4* ne deficerenty Gr. 273, 2. — illisi, sc. Romanis. 5* dubiis, "wherever 

they wavered." — retinere, "detains." 

CHAP. LH. opibus, Gr. 211. R. 6. 3. die, Gr. 90, Exc— aJ- 

verso colle . . . evadunt, " charge up the opposite hill," Gr. 254, R. 3. 

2d clause. 4* hostibus =Romanis. — tutata sunt, neuter, though 

both subjects are feminine, Gr. 205, R. 2,(2.) note; Z. 377. 

5* prcefectum ; supply esse. — quietus = quiete. — uti . . . postulabat re- 
fers to quietus. — iibique, " every where," Z. 110; or "and where," 

{queubi). 6. aniino, Gr. 250. — vacuum, "free (of care)." — Jugtirthce 

pra^lio, = " the battle which Jugurtha was fighting." — quo . . . objice- 
ret depends on porrigit. 

CHAP. LIII. pvlveris vim, "a power of dust." It is amusing to 
find in this Latin expression the exact equivalent of a familiar Amer- 
icanism. — nam refers to ex improviso, and introduces an explanation 
of it: "they saw it suddenly, for," <fcc. — prospectum, "a distant 
view." — cequabilem, sc. pulverem, " steady," not irregular and tempo- 
rary, as a dust-cloud would have been. — sicuti . . . movebatur, " as the 
army moved ; " another example of the middle voice in Latin ; see 

Z. 146. 3. auxilium, sc. esse sibi, "that they had assistance." — 

fugam'facer€=fugere ; it is generally =/M^ar5. 5* opinimie, 

"their expectation." 6t nihil . . . remissi, Gr. 212, R. 3, with note 3. 

T. admissum, sc. erat, Gr. 259, R. 4. Translate, "was almost 

committed, (and would have been) unless," <fec. 

CHAP. LIV. quatriduo ; the abl. for duration of time is rare, 
Gr. 236 ; Z. 396. — cum cura, Gr. 247, R. 3. — meritos, sc. dona. — moi-e, 
Gr. 249, 11. — levia sunt. Andrews says sunt is used, because the 



JUGURTHIISrE WAR. 319 

writer adopts the idea of the speaker as his own, Gr. 266, 3, 2d clause, 
Dietsch says it is merely a neglect of the general rule, of which he 
adduces many examples from other authors ; with this view Zumpt (in 
his note on the passage) seems to agree. It seems to be the correct 
one, as the rest of the history shows that the cetera were not levia. 
— gerant, Gr. 262, E. 4. — pngiiatwn esf^ sc. ab illis. — pi'o prceda=^ 

caitsa prcedce faciendce. 2. Tamen^ "nevertheless," although Metel- 

lus had spoken of the war as virtually finished. — uhinam gentium^ 
sc. essetj " where in the world Jugurtha was." — uti . . . gereret ; uti == 

quomodo.- 3* hebetem infirmum^ " dull (i. e., raw), and weak." — 

cultorein =peritum. • 4t Id refers to cogebat exercitum^ and assigns 

the reason ; ea gratia, " for the following reason." — ex fitga, in his 
flight; so ex itinere frequently = on his journey: or it may mean, 

"after the rout." — -flagitium militice, "a military offence." 5i ex 

illius libidlne, i. e., Jugurtha's. He fought only when he chose, and 
could never be forced to an engagement. — posset^ Gr. 266, 3. — ini- 
quum sibiy " unfavorable to himself = not on equal terms," — acie^ 

•* regular warfare." 6« Ba fonnidine ; ea = ejus rei. 8. quippe 

cui spes ; cui relates to is understood, the subject of cogebatur. — sua 

loco, " places of his own choosing." 9. nocturnis . . . ignoratus, 

"eluding observation by marches," &c. 

CHAP. LV. rebus, "the deeds;" the following clauses are in 
apposition with rebus. — ut . . . gereret, " how he bore himself." — niag^ 
nificum, " exulting." 2. supplicia = supplicationes, " a thanksgiv- 
ing ; " called lectisternium. The ceremony was continued several days, 
sometimes as many as fifty, according to the importance of the occa- 
sion. The images of the gods were laid on couches, and a banquet 
served up to them suitable to their dignity ; an inexpressibly ludi- 
crous ceremony, recalling the apocryphal story of Bel and his priests. 
What was left by the gods, of course fell to the share of the priests. 
This public thanksinving, as well as the words immediately follow- 
ing {trepida . . . evcntu), shows the importance, disproportionate it 
would appear to us, which was attached to this war. — agere Iceta ; 
80 Livy's agere joca atque seria. — Iceta, ace. plural neuter. Kritz makes 
it agree with clvitas, like trepida and sollicita, which gives a good 

sense. 3« opportuuus, "exposed." 4. quo ... eo, Gr. 256, R. 16. 

0* prcedx=prcedatio7ie. 6. locis, Gr. 254, R. 3, last clause. 

8. otiu7n pati, i. e., on the part of the Romans. 

CHAR LVI. arce?n . . . Zamam, " the citadel of the realm (in that 
part)." It is not the Zama at which Scipio conquered Hannibal ; that 



320 KOTES ON THE 

was farther west. — id quod, Gr. 206, (13), 2d clause. 2. mcenia 

defendant, Gr. 262, R. 4:.—fallere^ i. e., "desert;" they could not join 
the Romans, by whom they would have been put to death as desert- 
ers. — in temporej "in time," i. e., "the proper time," Z. 4*75, note. 

3* ex itinere, see Chap. 54, note on ex fuga, — malam pugnam, 

at the river Muthul, Chap. 49. i» fortunam ... dare, "that for- 
tune was giving them the chance of (performing) a noble deed." — 
regno, " kingly authority." 

CHAP. LVII. ad Zamam, Gr. 237, R. 2. 2. cuncta moBnia; 

cuncta is pleonastic, being implied in circumvenit. 4* manibus, 

"hand to hand." 5* tcedam, like glande above, sing, for plur. — 

mixtam= "smeared with." 6* pericuJo .. . fama, Gr. 245, III. 

CHAP. LYHI. remissis, sc. militibus. — poriam irrmnpit, a poetic 

usage employed by Sallust and Tacitus for iii portam ir. 2. pro 

morihus, "according to his character." — vulnerati ... occisiy Gr. 205, 

R. 8. 3* quadraginta memores, Gr. 256, R. 6. — pauci . . . frustrati, 

"being few (and therefore sparsely arrayed), among (the enemy) 
being more numerous (and therefore more thickly arrayed) they 
missed their aim the seldomer." 4* rem gereret, i. e., " the siege." 

CHAP. LIX. proxima, "next (the gates)." Z% facerent, "had 

made and continued to make." — quibus illi freti ; quibus refers to 
pedites, illi to equitibus. — adversis . . . concurrere, " charge straight for- 
ward." — peditibus is a dat. depending on dare. — Iiostes dare vicios, 
"hand over the enemy (i. e., the Romans), almost conquered." 
Merivale and Andrews explain dare victos = vincere ; then peditibus 
is abl. of means, Gr. 247, R. 4. 

CHAP. LX. niti, i. e., Romani militcs. — oppugnare, aut parare ; 
scholars differ greatly as to these words ; some refer the former to the 
besiegers and the latter to the besieged ; some, as Merivale and Kritz, 
refer both to the besieged ; others, among them Dietsch, refer both 
to each, as the following verbs sauciare and tegere are undoubtedly 

applied to each. 3f hostes. sc. Romani. — proelium equestre, i. e., 

the attack of Jugurtha on the Roman camp, narrated above. 

4. uti . . . erant = according to the success of Jugurtha. — animadver- 
teres, Gr. 260, H. ; Z. 528, note 2. — sicuti = velut, "just as if " — 7iiti 
corporibus, "make motions with their bodies "from sympathv, as 
they saw their friends doing ; it is explained by what follows. — ea 
refers to corporibus. — vitabundl, Gr. 233, note ; Z. 248, note. 

5. Quod ... cognitum est, i. e., how intent the townsmen were in 
watching Jugurtha's battle at the camp. 6* studio . . . adstrictis. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 321 

*' engrossed with anxiety for their friends," Gr. 211, R. 12. 7, tmce 

atque alter ce scalce^ Gr. 118, 2, 2d clause ; Z. 115, note. 

CHAP. LXI. suo loco, " a place of his own (choosing)." — ab Zama, 
the preposition is used because he withdrew, not out of, but from the 

neighborhood of the town. — ad se, Gr. 208, (6) ; Z. 550. 2. cete- 

rum exercitum, "the rest of the army." — in provinciam, "into (that 
part of) the (Roman) province: " the ace. is required bj the idea of 

motion implied in collocat = ducit et collocat. 4t maximam amici- 

tiam, i, e., with Jugurtha. 5« cuyn . . . metuenti ; ingenio is abl., 

Gr. 211, R. 6. Translate, "who was both naturally of a treacherous 
disposition, and in particular was afraid." — per conditiones, sc. feeder is, 

CHAP. LXII. opportunum, sc. tempus. — mo7iet atque ohtestatur ; 
see note on these words. Chap. 49 ; the infinitive clauses following 
therefore depend on monet ; the sense requires that the others de- 
pend on ohtestatur, except the last, which may depend on either and 
make a good sense. — optime merenti, " best deserving = having served 
him most faithfully." — sese vicfos, the party of Jugurtha, including the 
speaker; in the oratio recta it would be nos. — caveat in the oratio 
ohliqua for the imperative cave, Gr. 266, R. 1. — illo, sc. Jugurtha. — 
sihi consulant, "take care of themselves," an expression implying that 

affairs are desperate. 3* qui . . . dicerent, Gr. 264, 5. — irnperata 

facturum, sc. Romanorum, the regular formula of surrender = " would 
be an obedient subject." — in illius jidem, " the language of one who 
voluntarily submits, and therefore hopes to be safe." Dietsch. — tra- 

dere, "hereby surrenders." 4* arcessiri, Gr. 172. 5* wiore 

majorum refers to Metellus making his decision ex consilii decreto. 
This military council of the general consisted of the legates, military 
tribunes, quaestor, the centurions primi pili, and the praefects of the 
allies. 8. armis . . . pecunia, Gr. 251. — ad imperandurn, " for com- 
manding," i. e., for Metellus to give him his orders : the gerund is not 

passive here, and probably never is. — digna, "his deserts." 0. mul- 

Us magisque prcesidiis, i. e., the money, elephants, deserters, <fee., just 

surrendered. 10. Numidiam Metello deer ever at. This was at the 

beginning of the year 108 b. c. Metellus' consulship had expired, but 
he was to govern the province and conduct the war 2A proconsul ; see 
Bojesen's Roman Antiq., sec. 206, 207. 

CHAP. LXIII. Per ... supplicanti, "seeking to learn the mind 
of the Gods towards him by sacrificing victims, and inspecting their 
entrails." Corteus. — agitahat would regularly be agitaret, Gr. 266; 

but see 266, R. 5, last part. 2, alia omnia ahunde erant. Marius 

14* 



322 NOTES ON THE 

was of an equestrian family of the country town of Arpinum, of the 
same rank and town as the illustrious Cicero. A Roman eques an- 
swers pretty nearly to an (English) country gentleman ; see Bojesen, 
Sec. 63-57, for a good condensed account of this important order, and 
of the constitution of the nobility as then existing. — belli . . . domi^ 
Gr. 221, R. 3. 3. altus for alitus, from alo. i, a populo ; un- 
til 362 B. c. the military tribunes were appointed by the commander, 
afterwards, by the people, at least in part ; see Livy, vii. b.— facile 
notus, since it was only necessary to make known his name ; his fame 
was already familiar. — per omnes . . . dcclaraiur, sc. tribunus, "he has 

a majority in every tribe." 6. ad id locorum, "up to that time" 

(Gr. 217, R. 3 ; Z. 434), in opposition to postea ; locoi-um in this phrase 
means literally, "circumstances." — prceceps datus est, "he was carried 
headlong." — Etiam turn . . . tradcbat, " even then, though the plebs 
controlled the other magistracies, the nobility kept the consulship in 
their own hands, and passed it from one to another ; " gerebat is im- 
plied in tradebatf which is used with magistratua by zeugma. 

T. novus, one whose family did not belong to the official nobility, by 
having held any of the great offices, which gave admission ex officio 
to the aemxte.—factis, Gr. 211, R. 6. — quasi poUutus ; the same feel- 
ing was exhibited in later times towards Cicero, and is manifested in 
aristocratic countries at the present day by those 



■ whose ancient but ignoble blood 



Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood ; 

in England, for example, towards such a man as Sir Robert Peel, 
" the son of a cotton-spinner." The ludicrous absurdity of it is keenly 
exposed in the speech of Marius, Chap. So. 

CHAR LXIV. eodem ititendere, " pointed the same way." — horta- 
batiir, sc. ewn ire. — petendi, sc. co7isidatwn, " of canvassing for the con- 
sulship," which required the pei'sonal presence and active exertions of 
the candidate, more especially in the case of a 7iovus hoyno. — mis$io7ie?n, 
" dismissal " from his office of legate ; not " leave of absence," which 
would have been "commeatum." He was confident of success. — 
bonis, Gr. 225, III. — contemptor is used as an adj., Gr. 205, R. 11, 

"a disdainful spirit." 2. insolita re, "the novelty of the thing." 

— prava, "monstrous." — fortunam, "condition, rank in life." — omni- 
bus, Gr. 225, III. — res suas, " his present circumstances." — caveret^ Gv. 
266, 2, R. 1, last clause; caveret petere, for caveret ne peter et, the usual 
construction, Z. 534, — negaretur, Gr. 266, 2.— jure negarctur=contra 



f 



JUGURTHIKE WAR. 323 

jus esset ; not " what might be," but " what must be denied him ac- 
cording to law." The aristocracy dignified by the name of law what 
was simply their own usurpation, as in the case also of the monopoly 
of the public lands (see Smith's Diet of Antiq., art. Novi Homines), 

3« dixit . . . flectitur ; the present here being used for the inde£ 

perfect, is joined with it.— potidsset, Gr. 266, R. 4:,—uhi . , . publica, 

•'as soon as public business would permit." i» postulanti, sc. 

Mario.— ne festinaret . . . peteret, Gr. 266, 2, R. l.—suo refers to Me- 
tellus, Gr. 208, (1). — contuhernio is governed by in understood ; see 
Zurapt, 481 & 482, on the omission of prepositions. The young men 
who made their first campaign in the immediate service of the com- 
mander were called his contuhernales ("occupying the same tent"), 
as if they dwelt in the same taberna with him. — natus , , . xx. A man 
could not be a candidate for the consulship until he was 43 years old ; 
hence it would be 23 years before Metellus' son would be old enough. 
Marius was born b. c. 157, and was now 48 years of age. — accenderet 

for the perf. is used with reference to grassari = grassabatur. 

5. cupidine atque ira^ ablatives of cause. — grassari^ "goes forward 
violently."— -/ac^o . . . dido, Gr. 'Ibl.—foret after modo, Gr. 263, 2. — 
ambitiositniy "popular," from the original meaning of aw6e7eo, "going 
lound to solicit votes." — criminose et magnificej i. e., criininose contra 
Metdlum, et magnifice de se. — peniiitteretur depends on si omitted ; as 
we say in English, "were I permitted." — habiturum, sc. se esse. — trahi, 
BC. bellum. — homo . . . superbics, " being a vain man, and of royal 
haughtiness." — imperio^ Gr. 245, II. — gauderet, Gr. 266, 8. 

CHAP. LXV. secundum heredem, i. e., heir in case the first 
legatee died or refused the inheritance ; see Smith's Diet of Antiq. 

art. Jleres (Roman). — mente, Gr. 211, R. 6. 2. juxta^ sc. Metellum, 

— turmam^ ace. after petentL— eorum, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3). — foret^ Gr. 
266, 3. — appellavissety Gr. 266, 1. — in eos is retained by Zumpt, Meri- 
vale, and others, referring to equites Romani ; it is better to omit it, 

in which case the sentence has a general meaning. 3. anxium^ 

"vexed." — secunda, "following his own views = flattering." 

4. equites ... negotiatores, "knights, both those who were soldiers 

and those who were traders," Gr. 204, R. 10. 5. ilU, i. e., Mario. 

— Mamiliarn ; see Chap. 40. — extollebat, " was raising to ofiice." — pro- 
cedere, " were favorable." 

CHAP. LXYI. cum magna cura, Gr. 247, E. Z.—affectare, " tries 
to gain over." — eos ipsos, sc. Rmnanos. — voluntate, "of their own 
^vill." 2, Vacceiises ... civitatis =^ principes civitatis Vaccensium 



324 NOTES ON THE 

Vaccenses is nom. absolute, by anacoluthon. — quo . . . initio: quo ==* qui* 
hu8y Gr. 224; 323, 3, (5), — co7istituunt, "make an appointment." — lasci- 
vianif " recreation." This word is far from meaning as mucb as the 

English " lasciviousnes?," derived from it. 3* domos^ Gr. 23Y, R. 4, 

2d clause. 4. tumultus ipse^ i. e., ** disturbance for its own sake." 

acta . . . ignorantibuSj " though ignorant of what had been done ; and 
of the plan." 

CHAP. LXVII. improviso metu^ "the suddenness of the fear." 

— prcesidium, sc. erat. — pro tectis, " from the edge of the roof." 

S« anceps malum, i. e., from these women and children on the roofs, 
and from the Numidian soldiery. — resisti posse is used impersonally 

'^^ nequ£ fortes resistere poterant, Gr. 209, R. 3, (6.) 3t scevissimis 

NumidiSj Gr. 257, R. 7. — profugit, not merely " survived," but " got 
away from the city." — misera^ordiane . . . an pactione, Gr. 265, K 2. — 
nis% "except that" = "I only know that" — intestabilis, "one who 
cannot by law make or witness a will = accursed." 

CHAP. LXVin. e conspectu ahit, i. e., into the privacy of his 
tent. — uhi . . . perinixta sunt, " when wrath became mingled with his 

distress." 2* Legionem . . . hiemabat ; the legions were distributed 

among different winter-quarters, and but one was with Metellus. 

3« abnuentes omnia = "refusing to obey orders" from exhaustion. — 
mille passuum ; " mille is ace, Gr. 236 «fe 256, R. 6." Andrews. SoAe 

supply intervallo, making mille an adj. — ostentat = " promises." 

4f in primo, sc. loco, "in front." — late, "spread out." 

CHAP. LXIX. 2« amplius posse, sc. facere »— " are more power- 
ful" 3« ex perfidia, "after their perfidy." — pounce fuit; urbs pceius 

fuit could not be said alone, but is allowable, by a sort of attraction, 

in connection with the common expression prcedce fuit. 4« parum 

expurgat, "fails to clear himself." — capite ... solvit, literally, "pays 
the penalty with his head = is executed." — civis . . . erat ; had he been 
a Roman citizen, the scourging would have been unlawful, by tha 
Lex Porcia; the Roman franchise, with all its privileges, was subse- 
quently given to the Latin towns, b. c. 91. 

CHAP. LXX. suspectus regi, Gr. 222. — suspiciens, by a sort of 
attraction from suspectus, is used with the same meaning, instead of 

SHspectans, the proper word. 2. opibus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — fnajoribus 

adstricto, " occupied with (lit, fastened to) more important matters.** 
— siiperaverant, "had remained over = had been left undone (by Ju- 

gurtha)." 3. utriusque, i. e., Bomilcar and Xabdalsa. — posceret, Gr. 

266, 2. 4* inultis hostibus, Gr. 257, R. 7. 5« tiynore socii, "his 



JUGUBTHINE WAE. 325 

associate's fear ; " socii is the subjective genitive. — juravisset, Gr. 
266, 2. — ne . . . converteret, i. e., lest he should be punished instead of 
rewarded by Metellus. — adesse depends on dicere understood. — sua, 
"their;" so Dietsch and Zumpt; Andrews and others refer it to 
Nabdalsa only. — reputaret, Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. 

LXXI. allatcBj sc. essenty an unusual ellipsis after a conjunction 
that governs the subjunctive. — exercito corpore = exercitatione corpo- 
ris ; like ab urhe condlta. 2« cegrumy " ill at ease." — cepit, sc. eiim. 

5« paravisset, Gr. 266, 2. — super . . . scelere = de scelere, ** very rare 

use of super in writers of the golden age ; found twice only in Cicero, 
once in Sallust, once in Nepos." Dietsch, 

CHAP. LXXII. aliter atque (" otherwise than") refers to placide 

respondit 2« id locorum, Gr. 212, R. 3. Here follows a most vivid 

and powerful description of a man tormented by suspicion and con- 
scious guilt, and who feels that he can trust no one: it compares 
favorably with the many similar ones in Tacitus. — contra decus re- 
giurrif " unworthy of the dignity of a king." — iumultam facere^ as if 
fighting with enemies. 

CHAP. LXXIII. indicio patefacto ; patefacto = facto^ by a sort 
of pleonasm. 2, et invitum et offensum sibij "both because (he re- 
mained) against his will and because he was disagreeable to him ; " 
the legate necessarily was intimately associated with the commander, 
and needed to be one who possessed his confidence and good-will. — 

parum idoneitm, for the reason contained in the preceding words. 

3* litteris ; see Chap. 65. — volenti . . . acceperant^ " had received with 
willing belief (what was written) concerning each," i. e., the praise 
of Marius and abuse of Metellus. Metellus was a haughty noble, and 
Marius one of themselves, by whom they hoped to humble the pride 

of the nobility; acceperant, Gr. 209, R. 11. 4* in utroque, "with 

respect to each." — studia . . . moderata sunt, " party-spirit more influ- 
enced (the people) than their own merits or demerits." — sua refers 
not to the leading subject plehes, but to Marius and Metellus ; see 

Z. 550. 5* seditiosi magislratus^ i. e., the tribunes. — arcessere capi- 

tiSy "accuse of a capital offence." — in majus, "far greater (than the 

truth)." 6f res Jldesqice, " cash and credit." — inmanihus, i. e., "their 

daily labor." — post^ "less important than." 7« perculsa^ i. e., com- 
pelled to bow and submit, too much frightened to make any opposi- 
tion. — post ... tempestatesque, "after many seasons," referring to the 
elections annually recurring : there had been no law against it since 
B. c. 866, but the aristocracy had, by combination, monopolized the 



326 NOTES ON THE 

consulship. — ea res refers to the preceding part of the sentence.— /n««- 
trafuity " was done in vain." "The assignment of the provinces be- 
longed of right to the people, but the senate generally recommended, 
and gradually usurped the prerogative, in ordinary cases." Merivale. 

CHAP. LXXIV. This chapter is a continuation of Chap. 72, and 
forces us to pity Jugurtha in spite of his crimes : he had sowed the 
wind and was beginning to reap the whirlwind, — Bocchum, king of 
Mauretania, now Morocco and Fez, bordering on Jugurtha's kingdom 
on the west. — in tanta ... veterum, "when the old ones had proved 
so perfidious." — agitahat^ sc. vitam. — varius incertusque^ as to his 
plans. — neqice ... placehat, "neither did any result or plan or man 
satisfy him."— ^c?(?, Gr. 90, Exc. — intenderaty sc. anirnuniy " whatever 

he had thought of (or resolved upon)." %, numero . . , paucorumy 

Gr. 245, I. ; Z. 465 & 466. — tuta sunt, perf. from tueor, 

CHAP. LXXV. Eafuga is abl. of cause ; the flight of his army 
just mentioned. — impensitis modo ; see note on this phrase, Chap. 47. 
— -filiorwnque ... eraty "much provision for bringing up his children," 

i. e., women, slaves, attendants, <fcc. Merivale. i. eoquey adv. for 

Usque. 7. quo ... prceceperaty sc. convenire. 8. cwmneatus, 

what was brought by the Numidians. — in nova dedlHoTie ^= '* ^ho 
have recently surrendered." — ojicia intenderanty " had stretched their 

duties," i. e., had done more than was required. 9. religioney 

" from a superetitious feeling." 

CHAP. LXXVI. infeciuSy literally, "not done "=-= not possible 
to be done ; just as invictus means " unconquerable," and many others, 
the perfect part having the force of the verbal in bilis. — locos 
" places," in which sense loca is almost always used. — ceteruniy " but 

(in reality)." 3. ex copiay "out of the abundance (of those that 

ofifered)." 4« reliquum fieriy " is left undone." 5t corruptd, 

"destroyed." 6. arietibics ; these were large beams, with metal 

heads resembling that of a ram ; they derived their name from the 
similarity of the mode of using them to the butting of a ram. They 
were either pushed by men's hands directly, or swung from a beam 
above. They were extremely powerful, and no wall could resist 
them, if applied long enough ; see Smith's Diet, of Antiq.y art Aries. 
— oneratiy " gorged." — semet is used by zeugma with corrumpunt in- 
stead oi interficiunt. — victiy "if conquered." 

CHAP. LXXVII. capta Thaloy Gr. 274, R. 5.—Ramilcarem quern- 
dam; for the transition here from the subjunctive construction, see 
Gr. 273, 3, last clause. — novis reh^iSy "a revolt" — valerenfy Gr. 266, 2. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 327 

— suam, i. e., Leptitanorum. — illorum refers to the Romans, Gr. 323, 
o, (4) ; " the meaning is : their own safety, and the advantages which 

the Romans derived from their alliance." Dietsch. 3» ea, "those 

things," viz., alliance and friendship, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2). 

CHAP. LXXVIIL Syrtes, " The greater and the lesser Syrtes, 
now the gulf of Sidra and that of Khabs ; deep bays in the northern 
coast of Africa, in which the tide has some influence. They are ob- 
structed by shifting sand-banks, accumulated by the currents of the 
outer sea, some of which are uncovered at low water. Sallust de- 
scribes them as having deep water near the land, but shallow farther 

out, from the sand-banks." Merivale. 2* extrema Africa, Gr. 205, 

R. Vly "the extreme part of Africa" eastward towards Egypt, which 
was not included in Africa, but in Asia. — pari natura, Gr. 211, R. 6. 
— alta . . . vadosa, "at one time deep, at another time shallow." — alia 
in tempestate refers to both clauses, and is supplied in the first from 

the second. 3* magnum, "swollen." — ah tractu, i. e., from the 

Greek trvpoo, "to drag;" others derive it from the Arabic sert, "a 
desert." 5* frequentem, "thickly settled.". 

CHAP. LXXIX. in has regiones ... i;^nimws= "we have been 
led to speak of these regions." — earn rent, Gr. 218, R. 1, last clause, and 

231, R. 5. 3. una specie, "of a uniform appearance." — discerneret, 

Gr. 264,7. — habicity "kept." 5* Carthagine missi = Carthaginien' 

ses merely. — PhilceniSy Gr. 204, R. 8. — iter is governed by pergere, 

an intrans. verb, Z. 384. 6* retinere, " detain, delay," sc. viatores. 

This sentence is added to explain how the Cyreneans may have been 
delayed. — 7iuda, generally followed by abl. Gr. 213, R. 5, (4), takes 
the gen. sometimes according to poetic usage ; so frugmn vacuus. — 
gignentium, "those things which have the power to reproduce them- 
selves, which bear seeds;" translate, "devoid of vegetable life." — 

humo excitavit, Gr. 251. — morari depends on solet. T. aliquanto 

posteriores, Gr. 256, R. 16. — ob rem corruptam, "for ruining the busi- 
ness." — domiy " when they returned home." — criimnari . . . digresses : 
the clause ante . . . digresses is the genitive of the crime (Gr. 217, R. 
2, last clause) ; eos, the subject of digressos, is omitted because the 
same as the object of criminari, Gr. 239, R. 1, 2d clause. — coniurbare 
retn, i. e., "by accusations and denials, make it impossible to discern 
what is right and just." Dietsch. The infinitive being used for the 
injiperf indie, has the tentative meaning which that tense sometimes 
has (see note on leniebant, Chap. 27), "strove to throw the thing into 
confusion." 8« aliam . . . cequam, " any other proposition, if only a 



328 NOTES ON THE 

fair one." — Grceci; Cyrene was a Greek colony. — optionem . . . faciwU, 
" make it the choice of the Carthaginians = allow the Carthaginians" 

to choose." — illiy sc. Carthaginienses. — ihi = in Us finihus. 10. in 

eo loco. "As this place, now called Ericab, is at least eight days' 
journey from Carthage, it is clear that each party commenced their 
day's journey from the border of their dominion ; the Cyrenians from 
Hesperides, the Carthaginians from Leptis Magna." Dietsch. 

CHAP. LXXX. Gcetulos, the wandering tribes of the Sahara. 

5» cceci avaritia ; they had demanded money of Bocchus for granting 
his request, "though it would have been very advantageous for the 

war already begun." 6* eo amplius^ "by so much the more (as 

they exceeded other men in wealth and power)." 

CHAP. LXXXI. adversa is used passively = " an object of hos- 
tility ; " so hostem below = " treated as an enemy." — sint^ Gr. 266. — 

ita refers to what follows. 3t capta urbe denotes the condition on 

which the following clause depends; "if the city should be taken, it 

would reward his labor." — Homanus, sc. imperator. 4« id modo ; 

id refers to the followiijg clause. — Bocchi . . . imminuerey i. e., "to in- 
volve Bocchus in hostilities with the Romans.'* 

CHAP, LXXXn. copiam facit^ sc. regibus. — omnibus locis^ " any 
where," whether favorable or not ; so much did he despise the de- 
feated Numidians. — cognitis Mauris^ " after becoming acquainted with 
the Moors," i. e., their mode of figliting, valor, (fee. So in Chap. 7, 
moremhostium cognovit. — ex coDunodo, "at an advantage, on a favor- 
able occasion." 2t provinciam is predicate ace. Although Metel- 

lus had known before of Marius's election as consul, yet it had not 
been certain that he would have Numidia assigned him : Metellus 
might have continued there as proconsul, which was the appointment 
of the Senate, but annulled by the people; see Chap. 73. — moderari 

lingtiain; Cicero would have used linguce, Z. 414. 3* vertebanfy 

" attributed," literally " transformed " (from what it really was). — 
accensum esse depends on dicebant implied in vertebant. — multiy supply 
dicebant accensum esse. — eriperetuVy Gr. 266, 3. — laturumy sc. injuriam 
suamy Gr. 268, R. 5. — traderetur for traditum essety Gr. 260, II. R, 2. 

CHAP. LXXXIII. impeditus = quia impedlebatur. — eo dolore im- 
pedltus, "both because he was prevented by this indignation" (from 
vigorously prosecuting the war). — stultitice, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3). — alienam 
remy another's interest, i. e., Marius's. As he could not hope to end 
the war before Marius would arrive and take the command, all he could 
do towards ending it would go to increase the glory of the other. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 329 

The cases of Pompey superseding Lucullus in the Mithradatic war, 
and of General Gates succeeding General Schuyler in our own Revo- 
lutionary war, are in point. — populo Romano^ Gr. 211, R. 5. — magnam 
eopiarriy "a great opportunity." — opibus, Gr. 245, 11. — mutare^ "to 
take in exchange." — incipere is the subject of licere, and has for its 
object helium understood, which is also the subject of deponi. — consu- 
lerat with ut understood, depends on monet implied in postulatu7n, Gr. 

262, R. 4. 2. copitty sc. societatis amiciticeque conjungeiidcB. 

%* contra, " in reply to." — ille,, sc. Bocchus. — partim is to be supplied 
also with the preceding clause. — helium, " the state of war," the nomi- 
nal war. — intactum = without doing any thing. 

CHAP. LXXXIV. cupientissima = maxime cupiente. — jussit=' 
decrevity and so takes the same construction after it. — antea jam. . . . 
turn vera, " though previously . . . now more than ever." — multus atqite 
ferox = multum atque ferociter, Gr. 205, R. 15. — spolia = quasi spo- 

lia, sc. victoricB. 2. opus, Gr. 243, R. 2. — prima habere, "considers 

of the fii'st importance." — a populis et regihus, sc. externis, not Italian. 
— sociiSy i. e., the Italian states ; see Chap. 39, note from Smithes Diet. 
Antiq. ; also Bojesen's Manual, Sec. 65-69. — 7nilitice, i. e., by having 
served with him, Gr. 221, I. R. S.—famay "by report merely," not 
personally. — amhiendo cogere, " constrains by personal solicitation ; " 
cogere is expressively used of that solicitation which will take no de- 
nial. — emeritis siipendiis, Gr. 211, R. 6, "having served their full 
time," i. e., 20 years for infantry, or 10 for cavalry. The Roman sol- 
dier first received pay 405 b. c. (Livy, iv. 59.) Xiebuhr, however, 

thinks it must have been earlier. 3* Icetits for Icete, Gr. 205, R. 15. — 

plebi volenti = accepta plehi ; an imitation of a very common Greek 
idiom. — Marius, sc. pictahatiir. — belli usum, " the requisites of war," 
i. e., a numerous army. The senate believed that Marius would be 
obliged either to go without a sufficient army, and thereby fail, or 

offend the plebs by making a large levy. 4« animis trahebant, 

"they continually thought." — non paulum, i. e., plurimum. 

CHAP. LXXXV. non ... gerere, "do not manifest the same 
character after they have obtained office, as when they were seek- 
ing it ; " a characteristic of politicians not unknown even in this 

country. 2» mild ... videtury "the contrary course seems to me 

proper." — quo ... eo, "in proportion as ... with so much," Gr. 
256, R. 16. — pluriSy sc. pretii, Gr. 214, n. 4. — debere depends on 

videtur. 3* Neque me fallif, "nor does it escape me = I am well 

aware." — cum ... benejicli, "in connection with the highest office 



330 NOTES ON THE 

in your gift" — sustineam, Gr. 265. — nolis, Gr. 264, 1. — et . . . agere, 
" and to do these too." — domi forisque ; these words, as Kritz re- 
marks, are opposed to each other in three different ways ; they de- 
note either our own private affairs, and those of others ; or city 
affairs, and those in the provinces; or lastly, peace and war. — 

opinione^ "than is commonly supposed." 4. multce clientelce== 

multi clientes. — omnia hcec is given for emphasis. — alia, sc. tutamina 

mea, 5. ^/^^/</ refers to what follows, Gr. 207, R. 22. 6. capia- 

mi7ii, sc. ah illis. — ■fru8tra sint =frustrati sint, 7. ad hoc cetatiSy 

Gr. 212, R. 3. — -fuij sc. talis. — consueta habearriy "Ihave familiar to 
me = I am familiar with." — 8t heneficiay the honors bestowed on Ma- 
rius. — gratuito, i. e., before receiving any reward. — deseram, Gr. 273, 

2. 9t in potestatibu.% "in office," i. e., after they have obtained 

their object. — temperare, sc. sibi. — vertity sc. se, "has changed to a 

second nature." 10. gloho, "that faction;" globus is a military 

term denoting a small number in dense array. — mittatiSj "you can. 
send." — prosapice ; Cicero calls this an old word, and in QuintiHan's 
time (about a. d. 90) it was obsolete. — stipendii, "military experience." 

— sui is emphatic. 11. imperatorem, sc. esse. 12. coeperint, Gr. 

264, 1, last clause. — prceposteri ; Marius rightly calls those who began 
to study military science after they were appointed consuls, pra:pos- 
teriy men who reversed the natural order of things, which requires 
that a man should be qualified for an office before he is appointed to 
it. Some have charged Marius with speaking slanderously, because 
no such case is on record. But only a part of Roman history is mi- 
nutely known by us, and modern historj', even the most recent, affords 
numberless parallels. — 7ia7n . . . prius est, a difficult passage to express 
clearly ; " the meaning is : with reference to time, no one can per- 
form the duties of a magistrate before he has been appointed, but as 
far as a knowledge of the subject itself, and practical experience in 
it are concerned, they must exist before appointment. In the first 
part of the sentence gerere {magistratuni) signifies the discharge of an 
office ; in the last part gerere {rem) signifies a knowledge of its duties 
and ability to discharge them." Dietsch. Compare Andrews' note. 

13. Comparate nunc. The paragraphs that follow are full of 

spirit and point, in the best style of effective popular eloquence ; 
every stroke tells. It will interest and profit the student to compare 
this whole address minutely with the noble one of Canuleius the tri- 
bune on a kindred occasion ; Livy, B. 4, Chaps. 3-5. 14. Nunc vos 

existimate, "Now judge for yourselves." — nieam novitateniy "me as a 



JUGUETHINE WAR. 331 

new man, L e., not of a noble family." The readers of **My Novel" 
will remember that this phrase is applied there in a similar manner, 
by some of the British aristocracy, and they will recall the indignant 
comments of "the new man" thereon. — -fortuna, *'the rank in which 

I was born, my low birtli." 15. Quamquam . . . generoaissiynum. 

The connection indicated by quanqicam seems to be this : " on their 
own principles I can be reproached only with my low birth, and on 
those principles I am not afraid of a comparison ; although for my 
part I consider that no reproach at all, but believe that the nature of 

all men is one and the same, and that the bravest is the noblest." 

19. quasi ... contemnant^ i, e., in such a way as to forbid your elect- 
ing them. 20. NcB = vai in Greek. — -falsi has its regular passive 

meaning, "deceived." 23. neque ... 7nala^ sc. posterorum. 

24. hujusce reiy i. e., majorum glorice,-r—id quod, Gr. 206, (13), 2d clause. 

— multo is really an abl. (Gr. 256, 16), and not an adverb. 25. pepe- 

risse, i. e., by my own virtue, as their ancestors did. — acceptarriy "re- 
ceived (from one's ancestors)" = "inherited." 26. ahunde . . .fore ; 

compare Antony's remark, made from the same motive : 

" I am no orator as Brutv^ is. 
But as yoQ know me all, a plain, blunt man." 

— Sed, " but yet (though they are eloquent and I am not)." — in maximo 
. . . beneficio, " when you have bestowed upon me your highest honor." 
— modestiam . . . duceret, should impute my modesty (i. e., what arose 

from modesty) to a consciousness (of incapacity)." 27. Nam has 

reference to maximo vestro benefcio ; (I speak only out of regard to 
you, and to justify your choice) for, <fec. — ex .. . sententia, "it is my 
solemn belief;" a solemn formula in bearing witness. — prcedicet with 

w^ omitted, Gr. 262, R. 4. — superant, "refute." 28. vestra... qui: 

qui relates to the genitive implied in the possessive vestra, Gr. 207, 

(12). — eorum refers to consilia. 29« causa fdei, "for the purpose 

of (gaining your) confidence." — alia . . . dono ; this hasta was called 
pura, as having no iron head ; the alia dona were chains, bracelets, 
clasps, and chaplets of various kinds, according to the nature of the 

deed done. 30. Hce ... imagines, haec nobilitas, Gr. 206, (10). — 

ilia, i. e., images, statues, the glory of ancestors. 31. parum id 

facio, " I make that of small account." Zumpt says pai'U7n here is an 

indecl. noun, but Andrews' Lexicon makes it always an adverb. 

32. Neque . . . didici. As has been observed (see note. Chap. 46), 
Marius belonged to the old Roman party, who looked with suspicion 



332 NOTES ON THE 

and dislike on the Greek language and literature then becoming fash- 
ionable at Rome. — quippe . . . profueruiiL This sneer expressed the 
feeling of this old Roman party, who were as bitterly opposed to 
learning Greek as the monks in Reuchlin's time. " Marius said it was 
ridiculous to learn a language whose teachers were slaves to others ; " 
(Plutarch's Marius^ Chap. 2.) Cicero testifies that his father, a con- 
temporary and townsman of Marius, had the same feelings. Marius 
and his party were strong advocates of "the wisdom of our ances- 
tors,'' and had the same contempt for the refined and polished Greek 
that a genuine John Bull has for a " frog-eating Frenchman." Like 
Goldsmith's Dutch professor, they did not know Greek themselves, 
and did not see any use in it. But their opposition, fortunately, 
availed little. " Conquered Greece took captive her savage conquer- 
ors, and introduced the arts into rude Latium." (Horace, Epist. 2 : 1, 

156.) 33* illOy Gr. 234, I. 31« meain gloriam ... faciam, i. e., 

"take all the credit of it;" meam gloriam is predicate ace, but placed 
first for emphasis. — lahorem eorum, L e., labor which I have not 
shared. Marius declares he will share their labor and danger, and 

make them share his glory. — civile, "befitting citizens." 35* cogere, 

"to compel (to the performance of duty)." — id est, Gr. 209, R. 3, (5\ 

last clause. — dominum ... esse, sc. te. 37. quis and illommhoih 

refer to majores. — repetit is the proper word for demanding a debt^ 

38* procul errant, sc. a vero, — quce licehat, se. relinqttere. 

39, coquum, . . . villicum ; as the villicus was the principal servant^ 
and one of great trust, the luxury of the nobles is stigmatized by 
the intimation that they paid more for a cook than for a steward. 
DiETSCH. On the contrary, Merivale makes pluris pretii quatn villi" 
cum = " of much value ; " inasmuch, he says, as the villicus was usu- 
ally rough and uneducated, and hence of low price. — haheo, "I pos- 
sess." 41* Quin ergo, "Why not, then ? = truly, then;" quinis 

qui (old ablative), and nc, " why not," and this is its regular mean- 
ing when used interrogatively. — sudorem . . . sunt, " the Romans, liv- 
ing in a warm climate, generally describe active endurance as the 
power of bearing heat and dust ; a lazy drone they described as wm- 

bratilis (* one who seeks the shade')." Merivale. 42. ereptum eunt, 

" the}^ endeavor to snatch." — ^ — 45. avaritiam, imperitiam, superhiam 
= avaros, imperitos, superhos imperatores, i. e., Bestia, Albinus, and 

Metellus respectively. 47. 7)iilitaris cetas, i. e., from 17 to 46 years. 

•—ceperit, Gr. 260, R. 6, 2d & 3d clauses ; Z. 527 ; idem, Z. 697. 

48. qucs si '^ quodsi luxe. — decehat fov deceret, Gr. 259, R. 4; Z. 518. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 333 

» 49. magis, sc. optavit. "This speech is another signal instance 

of Sallust's skill as a historian. In no other way could he better have 
portrayed Marius as he was, than by such a speech. We see the man 
before us, not trained in Grecian eloquence, but of a penetrating in- 
tellect and natural acuteness. The sentences are unpolished and in- 
harmonious ; no long and swelling periods, but a succession of short 
sentences. In the words neither is elegance sought, nor is there an 
affectation of negligence and obsolete diction. Ail are such as a right 
thinker would choose, clear, apt, and weighty. The sentences are 
not artificially arranged, but have an internal order and connection. 
We see a man who has gained glory by military success, urging others 
to obtain honors in the same way ; free from vice, and therefore not 
only sharply reproaching the vices of others, but fiercely reprehend- 
ing all who delight in elegance and refinement ; boastful of his own 
deeds almost to excess ; inflamed with the greatest hatred to the un- 
just domination of the nobility, but abusing his victory by reproach- 
ing and reviling them when conquered ; dexterously using that very 
ancestral glory which was really an honor, to censure and revile 
them ; and seeking every way the favor of the people. It is the 
speech of a man, ambitious, but honest ; a violent party man, rough 
and uncultivated, but of great abilities. And remembering that Sal- 
lust was induced to write this history, chiefly by the fact that then 
was the first successful opposition made to the tyranny of the nobil- 
ity, and that from that dissension afterwards arose the bloodiest civil 
wars, you will perceive how admirable a picture of that contest, of 
the impotent haughtiness of the nobles, and, provoked by it, the im- 
moderate license of the plebs, is expressed in the orations of Mem- 
mius and Marius. And as he wrote to instruct his own age, and teach 
the remedy for present intolerable evils, he undeniably meant to show 
that such men were needed then, men of simplicity, purity, and vir- 
tue, who preferred the good of their country to all things else, and 
dared to speak the truth and oppose unjust authorit}^" Dietsch. 

CHAP. LXXXVI. 2. non more majorum. Marius introduced 
Iwo important innovations ; he made up his army of volunteers only, 
instead of selecting from a general muster ; and he enrolled the low- 
est class of citizens (the proletarii), who had been carefully kept out 
of the army hitherto, except in the greatest emergencies. This was 
the first great step to the mobocracy which soon ensued, for the Ro- 
man rabble were utterly unfit to be trusted, and being thus trained 
to arms, and familiarized with the license and excitement of camps, 



334 NOTES ON THE 

became the ready instruments of Sulla and Caesar. 3« et homini 

. . . videniur is a farther explanation of memoraha^it, — (nii . . . curce, sc. 
sunt, Gr. 227. — cu7n pretio, " well paid." 

CHAP. LXXXYII. expletis , . . auxiliariis, i. e., by the reinforce- 
ments he had brought. 2. Interim . . . quceri ; these words convey 

a covert reproach to the writer's own age. 4i reges, Jugurtha and 

Bocchus. — laxiufi for laxiores ; compave friistr a erat and other similar 
uses of the adverb for the adj. 

CHAP. LXXXVIII. Icetissimis = amicissitnis. The people had 
triumphed and could afford to be generous. "Metellus received the 
honor of a triumph and the surname of Xumidicus. At a later period 
he was driven into exile by the influence of the tribune Saturninus, 
and once more restored to his country, notwithstanding the opposi- 
tion of Marius." MERn^\LE. 3. in itinere, " on their way." — armi& 

exuerat (Gr. 251), i e., had compelled him to fly, leaving his arms be- 
hind him. 4. belli patrandi, Gr. 275, IH. K. 1, (5); Z. 662. — nuda- 

tum, sc. iri ov fore, 5. Nam introduces the reason why only Jugur- 
tha is mentioned in the preceding sentence; "For, as to Bocchus, he had 

sent," <fec. — timeret ; for the change of mood here, see Gr. 273, 3. 

6* solitus, supply est, or, as some do, fecerit, making solitus a participle. 

CHAP. LXXXIX. 2. iyi manus, " to a battle." 3* aggredi 

tempus, Gr. 270, R. 1. 4. Capsa ; Strabo says this was a treasure 

city of Jugurtha. It appears to be the same with the modern Kafsa. 
— habebantur is connected with immunes and levi imperio, as well as 
with Jidelissimi^ but with a diff'erent meaning ; with the last it means 

"were considered." 6t potiundi, Gr. 162, 20. — cetera may be abl., 

agreeing with aqua, or ace. of definition, Gr. 234, H. T« Id refers 

to the want of water. — agebat agrees with Africa, but refers to the 
inhabitants of it. — irritamenta gulce, " seasonings and sauces." 

CHAP. XC. consulis nom. to exornat. — arvo, i. e., "agriculture." 

2* prcedcefuerat = caption fuerat. — prcedabundum = in the course 

of a predatory expedition. 

CHAP. XCI. cequaliter = pro rata, "in proportion to numbers." 
-^distribuerat . . . curabat : the plup. is used because he had distrib- 
uted the skins before the making of the bags began. — sexto die . . 

ventum est, "by the sixth day, on which they arrived," &c. 

3* proxima . . . tertia, sc. node. — tumulosum ; the onl^^ passage of any 
author where this word is found. — amplius intervallo, Gr. 256, R. 6, 

last clause. 5* res trepidoi, "the confusion of affairs." 7. faci- 

mis , . . belli. It was contrary to the law of war to kill or enslave 



JUGUIiTIlINE WAR. 335 

those who Yoluntarily surrendered. Sallnst does not defend the 
bloody butcher}-, but simply states that it was not done from crueUy, 
but necessity; "the t3-rant's plea." Bad as it is, it has often been 
paralleled in recent Christian warfare. — aditu difficilis, Gr. 276, III. 
— coercitum == qitod coerceri potest. 

CHAP. XCII. 2. in virtutem trahebantur, " were perverted into 
merit" — locupleies, i. e., by booty. — socii has not its political sense 
here, but means all who were not hostes. — divinain^ '* inspired." — por- 
tendi, "revealed," so that he knew what would be the result of every 

undertaking. 1, exercitu incnientOy "without losing a man." — 

non eadem asperitate, Gr. 211, R. 6, '^ not of equal perils — qua Capsen- 
sium, " as (the affair) of the Capsians ; " qua is governed like asperi- 

tate. — haicd secus difficilein, "equally difficult (to accomplish)." 

5. inter . . . planitiemj " in the midst of the surrounding plain ; " cete- 
ram implies that all else was level, but the 7nons saxeus. — castello, dat. 

after patens. Ot surmna vi explains intendit. — ea res . . . gesta ; this 

statement implies that it was an ill-advised attempt ; and the reason 

is given in the following sentences. 7. Nam refers to non bene 

gesta consilio, implied above. — castello, dat. after erat understood — 
iter castellanorum^ i. e., "the path used by the people of the place." 

9* pro opere^ i. e., vineis. — inter = intraj "inside of;" butDietsch 

says, " between or among." 

CHAP. XCIII. qua . . . fiierat, " which had often favored him." 

2* Ligus. The Ligurians inhabited a rugged mountain region 

(now Sardinia and Piedmont), and were therefore familiar with such 
feats as this. — aversum prcelimUy "on the opposite side from where 

they were fighting." 3. solitudinem intellexit^ " he perceived he 

was alone." — animum vertit, "turns his mind" from gathering snails 

to capturing the fortress. 4. paululum ... fei't^ "now a little 

downwards, then bending and growing upwards, whither nature cai'- 
ries all plants." — ramis . . . saxis nisus, Gr. 245, II. — in castelli . . . 
pervenit, " he arrives upon the level of the castle." I give the read- 
ing of Kritz and Andrews, supported by a few manuscripts, which 
makes a perfect sense and accords well with the context. The read- 
ing of most manuscripts and editions is Ligus castelli planitiem per- 
scribitf which last word some translate "reconnoitres" (for which 
meaning there is no authority), and others, "makes a sketch of," 

which seems ridiculous. Dietsch conjectures joerscrw^a^. 5. eadein^ 

80. via. 7» ex prcesentibuSy sc. quosdam. — quorum ... erat'^qui 

uti cujusquej &c. 8« eenturioneSy with their companies. 



336 NOTKS ON THE 

CHAP. XCIV. ex prcecepto, sc. Marii. — pergit agrees with Ligus 
understood.— /aciVews for facilior ; adverb for adjective in the predi 
cate with svjn^ of which we have had many examples. — ea, sc. scuta 
eranl ; "these latter (the shields) were Numidian." — ex coriis, sc 

facta. — ponderiSj sc. minoris = levitatis. 3* vinciehat^ sc. radices^ 

Gv. 206, (6), (6.) — potissimus, "first of all." The skill of a moun- 
taineer is visible throughout. — digrediens, " stepping aside." 3* toto 

die, Gr. 236; Z. 896. — sagittariisque et funditoribus, Gr. 247, R. 4, last 

sentence. 5« signa canere, sc. cornicines. 7. ex culpa, i. e., from 

his rash undertaking. — invfiiit, sc. Marius. 

CHAP. XCY. quos, Gr. 206, R. W.—ex Latio, i. e., sociis Latinis, 

3* alio loco; Sallust subsequently wrote Uistoi'iarmn Quinque 

Zibri, in the first of which he treated of Sulla at length ; of this woik 
we have only fragments. — L. Sisenna, " of the Cornelian gens, and 
therefore, perhaps, partial to Sulla, wrote a history of the Social 
War, and of the civil wars of Sulla and Marius. He was born about 
118 b. c, and was praetor b. c. 18, when Sulla died. About 150 frag- 
ments of his great work are preserved, but very short and unconnect- 
ed." Merivale. — omnium, Gr. 212, R. 4, n. 7. — persecutus, sc. resSullce, 
"having fully treated." — parum ... lihero ore, "with too little inde- 
pendence." 3. Igitur Sulla, " Well, then, Sulla ; " L. Cornelius 

Sulla was of the Cornelia gens^ a very distinguished one, divided into 
manj fainilice, of which that of Sulla was one. Sulla introduced, in 
the height of his subsequent power as Dictator, a vast number of his 
clients and dependants into th\5 gens, so that it became the most exten- 
sive of all. The founder of thefamilia was P. Cornelius Rufinus, who 
held the dictatorship in the 333d year of the city ; the cognomen Sulla 
was first assumed by P. Rufinus, who was praetor 121 years after. — 
gentis patricice, nohilis ; nohilis is to be undei'stood of the official 
nobility, as it existed in Sulla's day ; in this sense many patrician 
familice, and even gentes, were not nohiles ; i. e., none of their mem- 
bers had gained the senate by having held any of the great offices of 
state.— /ami^za, Gr. 211, R. 6. — prope extincta, " almost wholly ob- 
scured;" it had lost its influence and fame; none of its members 
having distinguished themselves for a long time, and the father of 
Sulla being sunk in poverty. "Like most other great men, Sulla 
was the architect of his own fortunes. He possessed neither of the 
two great advantages, which secured for the Roman nobles easy access 
to the honora of the commonwealth, an illustrious ancestry and hered- 
itary wealth. His father had left him so small a property, that he 



JUGURTHINE WAE. 837 

paid for his lodgings Tery little more than a freedman who lived in 
the same house with him. But still his means were sufficient to 
secure for him a good education. He studied the Greek and Roman 
literature with diligence and success, and appears to have imbibed 
early that love for literature and art by which he was distinguished 
throughout his life." Smith's Diet. Biog. — animo ingenli, "of vast 
ambition."— o^io luxurioso esse, Gv. 211, R. 6, "debauched in his in- 
tervals of leisure ; " see Plutarch's Life of Sulla. *' He possessed all 
the accomplishments and all the vices which the old Cato (and Ma- 
rins) had been accustomed to denounce, and was one of those pat- 
terns of Greek literature, and of Greek profligacy, who had begun to 
make their appearance at Rome, in Cato's time, and had since be- 
come more and more common among the Roman nobles." — tamen . , . 
remorata. "But Sulla's love of pleasure did not absorb all his time, 
nor did it enervate his mind, for no Roman, during the latter days 
of the republic, with the exception of Julius Csesar, had a clearer 
judgment, a keener discrimination of character, or a firmer will." 
Smith's Diet. — nisi quod refer, not to the preceding clause, tamen . . . 
remorata, but to what is implied in it ; ("for he regarded reputation 
more than pleasure,) except that," <fec. — de uxore, sing, for plural, 
" his (treatment of his) wife for the time being," for he married five, 
and was faithful to none ; see Plutarch's Sulla, Chap. 35. — potuit . . . 
consuli, " he might have behaved more honorably," a very soft ex- 
pression for such profligacy; potuit is impers. and = potuisset, Gr. 
259, R. Z.—faeundus, this talent was shown in all his intercourse with 
Bocchus; so also in Chap. 102, it is said of him eujus faeundice . .. 
coneessnm, <fec. — amieitia facilis, " ready in (forming) friendships." — 
ad . . . negotia, i. e., " lor appearing other than he was." — altitudo, 

"unfathomableness." 4. illi depends on fuit, Gr. 22Q.—felicissimo 

. . . vietoriam, " though most fortunate of all men before his victory 
over his fellow-citizens" (i. e., Marius and his party in the civil war), 
which, the author implies, should be considered a misfortune. But 
Bietsch punctuates differently, connecting ayite civilem vietoriam with 
the following clause, so that the meaning would be, " though the 
most fortunate of all men, his activity was never inferior to his good 
fortune before his victory, (fee. — nam refers to ante . . . vietoriam, "(I 
say, 'before his victory,' etc.) for as to what he did afterwards," <fec. 
— ^MOB refers to ea understood, the object of disserere^-fecerit, Gr 266. 
—pudeat . . . pigeat, Gr. 265 ; supply me, Gr. 229, R. 6 ; disserere 
postea qucefecerit is instead of the gen. of the object, Gr, 216, (1), Re- 
15 • 



338 NOTES ON THE 

mark, 2d sentence. There is a full account of what Sallust here 
passes over, in Plltarch's L'^fe. The life in Smith's Bid. is very full 
and valuable, especially as to Sulla's legislation. 

CHAP. XCVI. Igitur^ " well, then," or, " to return to our narra- 
tive," == the Greek /if i/ ow. — ut . . . dictum depends on the following 
clause, postquam . . . venit. — ricdis . . . belli, " though unskilled," <tc. — 
in paucis tempestatihus, " in a short time ; " tempestas properly means 
*'a point or period of time;" it may be days, weeks, months, or 

years. 2* multis . . . benejicia, " he confers favors on many at 

their request, to others of his own accord." — aliis=^alii» non rogan- 
tibus. — eay i. e., benejicia accepta, implied in beneficia accipere. — c€9 
mutuuiit, " borrowed money : translate, "he repays them more quickly 
than he does borrowed money — = he repays them quickl}', except bor- 
rowed money." — repetere, "demands repayment of," sc cbs mutuum. — 
id laborarCy "he strives after this;" id refers to what follows, Gr. 207, 
R. 22 ; Z. SS5.—ilii for sibi, Gr. 208, 7 ; Z. bbO.-^deberent, "should be 
in debt."— ;;oca . . . agere^ " he converses seriously and sportively with 
the humblest." — Joca ; after Cicero, the Latin writers prefer the regu- 
lar masculine plural, jocos, 3* rnultus for multum. — tolet, sc facere. 

CHAP. XCVIL magnafn pecuniain, i. e., in the fortress taken 
by Marius, Chap. 92. — adduceret ; for the use of the imperfect, see 
Gr. 258, R. 1 ; for the omission of ut, Gr. 262, R. 4 ; for the mood, Gr. 

273, 2. 2* rationes trahere, "was deliberating on the arguments." 

— integris . . . finibus, " without sacrificing any of his territory." 

3* victiSj " if conquered." — sibi munimento ... impedimento, Gr. 227. 
— nullo, old dat for nulli, Gr. 107, R. 2 ; Z. 1-40; but Dietsch makes 
it ablative, citing two apt examples as authorit}'. — uirumque casum, 

i. e., defeat or victory. 4. simul ... aderanty "at the same time 

the consul heard, <fec., and they themselves arrived." — aut tarcinas 
colligerCy as was usual before fighting. — signutn, both the watchword 

and the signal by trumpet for the onset. — acie, " battle array." 

5* capientea alios, "others who were taking arms." — c(mere ... ob- 
truncare, " cut down . . . maim." — veteres, " being veterans." — si — 
" wherever." 

CHAP. XCVni. demisso anitno, Gr. 211, R. 6. — )nanH==^pug- 

nando. 2« nihil reinittere, "do not slacken (their attack)," 

3* quctrebat = egebat. !• neque minus ^= etiam non minus; an 

absolute clause is sometimes connected to another by a conjunction 
(LrvY, XXX. 35); with qnamquain and qnamvis it is frequent in the 
later writers, e. g., Tacitus. 5. effusi, i. e., r^nfi 6. tWru^^t 



f 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 339 

fugerent, "exulting because they were not fugitives;" so an English 
traveller tells us of a great rejoicing at the Persian court over a de- 
feat bv the Pwussians, in which they had lost several hundreds ; *' be- 
cause their men had never before stood their ground long enough 
for any to be killed."— joro . . . agere, "act the victor." 

CHAP. XCIX. cancre is intrans.— p^r vigilias is usually ex- 
plained " on account of the watches, referring to the changes of the 
watches, indicated by a horn." Dietsch translates it " by the senti- 
nels," making vigilias = vigiles, for which there is abundant author- 
ity : this would refer it to the signals given from post to post by the 
sentinels to keep them awake, and show that they were awake, and 
appears to be the better explanation. The night was divided into 
four watches, measured by a water-clock. — portis erumpere. The 
Romans never spent the night near an enemy without fortifying their 

camp. 2. providere = cavere. 3* nullo subveniente, nostris in- 

stantibus ; these ablatives absolute denote cause, like the nouns with 
which they are joined ; " the want of any aid and the fierce attack 
of our men." 

CHAP. C. uti coeperat ; he had been attacked on his way to 
winter-quarters. — propter commeaturrij "for (convenience of) sup- 
plies." — quadrato agmine, "in a hollow square," the baggage being in 

the middle. 2. dextimoSy "the extreme right." — c?ira6a^ is intrans. 

except with cohortes Ligurum^ where cohortes is the ace. after it. — 

primos et extremos^ "in the front and rear." 3* Qninime cari^ 

" least valued." — quasi nullo imposito^ sc. exercitni, "as if no other 

(officer) was placed over the (army)," Gr. 257, R. 10. 4. Hem ... 

cogebat, sc. armatos intentosque esse. — neque secus atque, "not other- 
wise than "= just as, i. e., with the same care. — in porta ; "the sing. 
is used, because the author is speaking especially of that gate which 
faced the enemy {porta prcetoria). At this gate a strong body of out- 
posts was stationed, consisting of the most trusty soldiers." Zumpt. — 
futurum is used indeclinably, Gr. 162, 13, last clause; supply ea esse ; 
" not so much from doubt that those things would be done, which he 
liad commanded." — imperavisset^ Gr. 266, 1. — volentibus ; see note on 
plebi volenti^ Chap. 84. — uti . . . essent = itti milites excequatum cum 

imperatore labor ein f err e vellent. 5* pudore, i. e., by shaming them 

into imitation by his example. — malo=pcena — consuetam, sc. sibi. — 
hnbuisset, Gr. 266, 3: translate, "because he had counted as pleasure 
hardship, familiar to him from boyhood, and other things," (fee. — nisi ta- 
men, "but yet" (whatever his motive). — respnblica, " public businesB." 



340 NOTES ON THE 

CHAP. CI. citij "at full speed." 2» adversum ... paratus, 

because he was marching quadrato agmine, presenting a front in every 
direction against attack. 3* ceque^ "having an equal chance," lim- 
iting omnibus. 4. in manuSy "to close quarters." 5* Bocchus 

cwn peditihus . . . invadunt, Gr. 209, R. 12, (6). — neque ... adfuerant 
= et qui non adfuerant, Gr. 206, (5), last clause, Z. 806. — priore pugna ; 

see Chap. 97-99. 6t ad pedites; " Jugurtha turns to the troops 

which Volux had just brought up. He addresses them in Latin, in 
order that the Romans with whom they were engaged might hear 
what he said ; for it was the Romans rather than his own men that 

he wished to deceive." Merivale. — convertit, sc. se. 7# magis ... 

terrentur ; "not because they thought Jugurtha worthy of credit, 
but the thing was so terrible, and they were so much shocked by 
it, that they did not think who it was that announced it." Dietsch. — 
barbari iollere animos, " regain courage," not because they under- 
stood what Jugurtha said in Latin, but because they saw the Romans 
struck with consternation." Kritz. — tollere animos is used here in 
rather an antiquated fashion, not sanctioned by the later writers ; 
see Andrews' Lexicon : it is often used of that which raises the cour- 
age of others. 8. paulwn ab fuga aberant, sc. Romania " were not 

far from flight, i. e., were almost ready to flee." — profligatis^ sc. iis. 

— quos adversum, a very unusual transposition, Z. 324. 9. equiti- 

bus, sc. Romanis. — omnibus, sc. militibus. — vitabundus, "dodging." 

10. auxilio suis, Gr. 227. — qu^s . . . acceperat, "of whose route he 

had just heard." II* niti, sc. surgere. — qua visus erat, "us far as 

one could see." 

CHAP. Cn. Poslea loci=postea, Gr. 212, R. 4, n. A.—intende- 

rat, sc. curs^im. 2* diem quintum, Gr. 253, R. l.= qiiinto die post- 

quam. — mitteret, Gr. 262, R. 4, — velle, Gr. 273, 3, last paragraph. 

3* placuit, sc. iis. The sentence might have been, Quibus quamquam 

... placuit. — aversum ... cupidam, "if averse ... if desirous." 

4. cujus . . . concessum, Manlius being the elder ; concessum refers to 

verba ... facere. 5. Rex Bocche. "This commencement of a 

speech with the name of the person addressed, and the prefix of 
*king,' neither of which is usual, implies peculiar respectfulness." 
Merivale. — nobis ... Icetitia, Gr. 227, with R. 3 cfe 4. — quwn, "ever 

since." — persequl == persequendi, Gr. 270, R. 1. 6. rati^ sc. sunt ; 

rati refers to popido Romano, Gr. 209, R. 11. 7. offensoe ... ades- 

semus, " little opportunity for quarelling, and as much favor and esti- 
mation as if we were your near neighbors." — parenteit, part, from 



JUGURTHESrE WAR. 341 

pareo, " subjects."— /wiV, " there has been (and is) ; " the ideli of con- 
tinuance to the present time is often contained in the perfect, e. g., 

novi, "I know." 9. scilicet = scire licet, "whom we may know it 

has pleased." — per illam licet, "she permits." 10. 7)uclfa . . . oppor- 

tuna, "many opportunities." — quo... superes, "for surpassing (i. e., 
atoning for)." 11, nam refers to something implied ; " (I say ' sur- 
passed in kindness') for, d'c." 12. pro, "in excuse of." 13. ?:c- 

pulerit, Gr. 266, 3. — missis legatis ; see Chap. 80. — repuhum, sc. se 

esse. 14, omittere and missurum depend on verba facit. 15. co- 

pia facta, "permission being given (to send ambassadors)."— ;/?ca:i«, 
from the intention to send ambassadors. 

CHAP. cm. perfugas omnes prcesidium, " a garrison consisting 

wholly of desertei-s." It does not mean "all the deserters." 

2. sibi for ipsi, Z. 725. — venerant = evenerant. 3. si placeat, sc. 

Mario. — licentiam, "full power." 4, sine decore, "without any 

badge of office." — proprcetore, "as proprcetor," i. e., "commander in 

the general's absence," one of the uses of the word. 5. vanis, 

"pretending to be what they were not" (i. e., ambassadors). — meriti 
sunt, i. e. apparently ; being sine decore. — habuit is used with a double 
meaning, of which we have already had an example : with the former 
clause, it means " considered ; " with the latter, " treated."— /<27/ia7n 
. . . avaritice, a double gen. both depending on faniam, "the reputation 

of the Romans for avarice." 6. volens = benevolens ; in benig7iitat€ 

habebantur, sc. esse donata, "were considered (to be given) in kind- 
ness," and not from any ulterior motives. 7. utilia, sc. Momanis, 

— benevolentice esse, " tend to produce good will (on the part of the 
Romans)." 

CHAP. CIV. quo intenderat, sc. cursum, "in the place to which 
he had gone." — illosque . . . ordinis. The readings here vary greatly, 
and of course the interpretation ; we give Zumpt's reading, and his 
note on the passage. " Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the 
Mauretanian frontier (that is, in the extreme west), as the am- 
bassadors of Bocchus fled to him. Marius summoned him to his 
headquarters, Cirta, whither he also summoned the praetor Bellienus 
from Utica. This man was no doubt proprcetor of the province of 
Africa, sent thither from Rome to undertake the regular administra- 
tion, but placed at the disposal of the consul Marius ; as the pro- 
prcetor had the jus prcctorium in his province, he was sometimes 
called prcetor simply. All the other military commanders who hap- 
pened to be in the province, and were of senatorial rank, were like- 



342 NOTES ON THE 

wise summoned, to give weight and dignity to the negotiations." 

2* quis . . . postulahantur. There is the same perplexing variety of 
readings and interpretations here. We have given the reading 
adopted by Andrews, which (omitting fit after Roinam) gives an 
easy and good sense, and is the only one that does so; quis is abl. 
limiting postulahantur. — legatis, dat. after postulahantur^ " for the 
ambassadors." — Ea refers to legatis ... inducice. — ferociuSy "for se- 
verer measures," i. e., refusing the requests. — decernuntj "give their 

opinion." 3« omnihus rehus, i. e., "all they asked for." 4« de- 

precati sunt = deprecantes dixerunt^ "had said in apology." 5* de- 
licti . . .facitf "grants pardon of his fault." 

CHAP. CV. consuleretur, " a decision might be made." 3. £a- 

learum ; the Balearic isles are the present Majorca, Minorca and 
Ivica, off the eastern coast of Spain. The inhabitants were renowned 
slingers, and the name Baleares comes from the Greek /8aAAa', " to 
throw." — Peligna. "This people, sprung from the Samnites, and 
dwelling in Samnium, after fighting most bravely against the Romans 
for their liberty, at length made peace, b. c. 311, and subsequently 
(b. c. 304) an alliance. Their valor is often extolled subsequently 
(LivY, XXV. 14 • xliv. 40)." Dietsch. — velitarihus armis, " the arms of 
the velites" i. e., a buckler, seven javelins and a Spanish sword. — 

secus atque = minus quam. 3* Sullce ... efficiehant, "caused their 

number (to appear) greater than it really was, to Sulla and to all 

the rest, and produced a fear of them as enemies." 4, intendere^ 

"present," i. e., "hold in readiness." — timor ... amplior, so. est illis ; 
with illis agrees victor ibus. — adversum eos, sc. pugnaturi sunt. 

CHAP. CVI. ohviam illis, i. e., "to be their guides." 2. in- 

ccrto vultu, " with a troubled countenance," seeming at a loss what 

to do. 3f negat = dicit non, and hence is followed by mansurum 

and credere, depending on dicit. — proditis, so. militibus. 4« eodeni^ 

Voluce. — ccenatos esse depends on jubet, "to have done supper," that 
is, " to eat it immediately," which is the force of the perfect here ; see 

Z. 590 & 611. 6t /were qui dicereiit, Gr. 264, 6. — maitu vindican- 

dum, i. e., in Yolux. — apicd ilium = in illo, 

CHAP. CVII. eadem existimahat, i. e., that they were betrayed 
by Volux. — hortatur being used for the perf. indef. is therefore fol- 
lowed by the imperfect subjunctive. — paucis strenuis, Gr. 225, II. — 
pepercissety Gr. 266, 2, R. 4, middle clause. — amaverit, Gr. 266, 2. — 
nudum et ccecum corpus, " an undefended and blind (part of the) body," 
i. e., the back ; nudus in Latin, and yvjj.vof in Greek are often used to 



JUGIJRTHINE WAR. 343 

mean "unarmed," and also, "without the usual clothing," i. e., with- 
out the upper garment : the word naked in our English Bible very 
often means only this latter. — ad hostes vertere, i. e., by running away. 

^* facerety Gr. 266,3. 3. videlicet speculayitiy "doubtless on 

the watch." — cogniticm esset, "had become known," Gr. 266, 2. 

4. quoniam . . . adesset . . . haberet . . . ejiis and ilhtm all refer to Jugur- 
tha. — ipse Jiliics is used with reference to suo patre, and == " Bocchus* 

own son." — suo refers to Volux the speaker. 5« optimum factum, 

"the best coui^e." — cum Sulla, "with Sulla (and his guards)." 

6. ut hi tali 7iegotiOy "under such circumstances," i. e., "since there 
was no better plan." — acciderent, sa. illi, i. e., Jugurthce, " they had 
come upon him : " it was impossible for Jugurtha to anticipate such 
a course. 

CHAP. CVIII. multum ... agehaty "had much intercourse and 
was on familiar terms." — orator = legatus ; a frequent usage. — orator 
et speculatum ; both denote the purpose of proemissuSy Gr. 204, R. 1, 
& 276, II., and hence are connected by ety Gr. 278." Andrews. — 
Dabar ; probably Dabar had fled to Bocchus and Massiva to Rome 
for the same reason, that they had been opposed to Jugurtha in his 
contest with Adherbal, (see Chap. 35) : with Dabar supply multum 

. . . agebat from the preceding sentence. 2* ipsCy sc. Sulla. — dilige- 

rety Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. — tempicSy "the time (of day) = the hour." — con- 
sulia cmnia cum illoy " all things determined upon (in consultation) 
with him," i. e., at Sulla's previous visit; see Chap. 102. — integra ha- 
bercy "had kept unbroken = had faithfully observed : " he means that 
he still wished for peace and friendship with the Romany. — per times- 
cerety Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. — 7ieu . . . nequivisse. The idea must be that 
the presence of Jugurtha's legate at the court of Bocchus and at his 
k7iown conferences with Sulla was necessary, to satisfy Jugurtha, 
while the real negotiations might be conducted unknown to Aspar. 
It is necessary, wi^h Dietsch, to supply by conjecture admissum esse 
before quo res, which implies the idea just given, or with Kritz, to 
supply remoto with quOy which gives the same idea more directly. 
This last is simpler and easier, but that of Dietsch is better. Zumpt's 
explanation of the passage as it stands is plausible, but will not bear 
examination. — insidiis are the stratagems and tricks by which Jugur- 
tha would have interrupted the negotiations. — caveri is impers., and 
refei-s to Sulla as well as to Jugurtha : " they could not guard them- 
selves." 3« magis Punica fidcy "with worse than Punic (bad) 

faith." 



344 NOTES ON THE 

CHAP, CIX. 2. sicuti voluerat^ ** as (Sulla) had appointed," for 
it had been left to him to appoint the time and place. — congressi^ i. e., 

Bocchus and Sulla. 3« etmm nunc for etiam tunc, required by the 

oratio ohliqua. i* ex sente7ttia, *• according to the mind = in the 

confidence." — ambobu.% Gr. 211,' K. 6. 

CHAP. ex. Nunquam ... fore, "I never thought it would be 

the case." — -fore ut ... deherem=me debiturum, Gr. 268, R. 4. 

3« mxdtis . . . ultrOy "many at their own request, and others of my 

own accord;" ultro = non orantibus. — nullius, Gr. 220, 3. 3* Id 

imminutujn, "at the loss of this (independence);" id is subject of 
imminutum {esse), and refers to the preceding sentence. — fuerit mihi, 
"let it be mine," Gr. 260, R. 6, 2d clause. — aliquando, "at last," i. e., 
"after having been so long independent." The general idea is that 
he values Sulla's friendship so highly as to rejoice at the misfortunes 

which made him need it. 4. licety so. tibi. — tibi . . . redditam, 

"that the favor has been repaid to you." — integra, lit, "unbroken 

= as great as ever." — putaveris ; see fuerit, above. 6* fnes meos ; 

Bocchus here recurs to his pretended claim to part of Jugurtha's 
territory, which he falsely alleged he had conquered from him ; see 

Chap. 102. 7. Id omittOy "that I forego," i. e., the defence of my 

territory. 8. Proeterea, "(in addition)," refers to joe^zt^m*. 

CHAP. CXI. quod polliceatur, "as to what he promises;" the 
antecedent of quod is id understood, which would be ace. of defini- 
tion, Gr. 234, n. — quoniam ... valuissent, "since they had been the 
conquerors in war." — non . . . habituros, " would not count it for a 
ieiYOvy— faciendum, sc. Boccho. — illorum ... sua retulisse, Gr. 219, 
with R. 1 ; 2. 449, note 1 ; sua, Gr. 208, (3). — quam . . . adventuram ; 
the relative here, as well as the participle, agrees with the nearest 
of the three nouns to which it relates, viz., amicitiam, fcedus and pat'- 
tejn. 2. negitare, "denies repeatedly," urging the excuses follow- 
ing. — affinitatem ; Jugurtha was his son-in-law. — cognatioiiem ; per- 
haps this means only that they were of the same nation ; nothing is 
known of any other cognatio, though it is very likely to have ex- 
isted. — -Jluxafide, " treachery." 

CHAP. CXir. 2. frustrafuisset, i. e., had been annulled by the 

senate, as in the case of Aulus, Chap. 39. 3t ab omnibus . . . veni- 

retur=omnes venirent. — in potestatem habuisset, Z. 316. — 7ion . . . rein- 
publicam, " (having been taken) by no fault of his own, but in the 
service of the republic." 

CHAP. CXnr. ips(B . . . adversoe, " contradictory." 3« quoi . . . 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 345 

patefecisse, that is, the conduct just described; joa^e/eassc depends on 

scilicet = scire licet, "one may be sure." 5. obvius, sc. Jumirthce. 

0* dictum erat, " had been agreed." 

CHAP. CXIV. Per idem tempus, "■ during the same time = while 
these things were doing.'* The capture of Jiigurtha is placed by- 
most authorities in the year b. c. 106. But the defeat of the consuls 
Caepio and Manlius took place u. c. 105, and it is hard to see how 
per idem tempus can be made to mean "the next year." Dietsch puts 
the capture of Jugurtha in the middle of summer (probably) b. c. 105, 
which would remove the difficulty. His reasons appear quite satisfac- 
tory. "Marius enjoyed the triumph for the capture of Jugurtha, but 
the honor of the success was given to Sulla, through dislike of Marius, 
which caused Marius some uneasiness; for Sulla was naturally of an 
arrogant disposition, and as this was the first occasion on which he 
had been raised from a mean condition and obscurity, to be of some 
note among his fellow-citizens, and had tasted the sweets of distinc- 
tion, he carried his pride so far as to have a seal ring cut, on which 
the occurrence was represented, and he wore it constantly. The 
subject represented was Bocchus surrendering, and Sulla receiving 
the surrender of, Jugurtha. Plutarch's ^i^/^a, Chap. 3. — Gallos ; they 
were the Cimbri, a German tribe, not Gauls. The confounding of 
the two is quite common in the Latin writers. — qiio metu, " conster- 
nation at which," Gr. 207, R. 20. Of 80,000 men in the Roman army, 

but two are said to have survived. 2. illique . . . Romania "both 

the Romans of that day, and since, down to our times.'* illi = qui 
in illis teynporihus vizerunt, a very unusual and harsh construction ; 
Kritz corrects to ibiqiie, "both in those days ;" but we need not sup- 
pose that Sallust never made a slip, and Dietsch observes, after Ger- 
lach, that Sallust's style in these last chapters is more unpolished 
than usual. — habuere, "have held = believed." — prona = facilia. — 
certare, sc. se. Cicero says, "War with the Cimbri was carried on 

to decide which should exist, not which should rule." 3. bellum 

. . . confectiun. " Marius made a division of the kingdom of Numidia 
before leaving it. Bocchus received the western part as far as the 
river Ampsaga ; the rest was divided between Hiempsal and Hiarbas, 
two princes of the family of Masinissa." Zumpt. — Marius . . . ahsens, 
Tliis was contrary to law and all precedent ; it shows the greatness 
of the terror, and the standing Marius had acquired. By law a gen- 
eral who demanded a triumph could not enter the cit}^ and thus 
could not be a candidate. Long after, the great Csesar, claiming a 
15* 



34:6 NOTES ON THE JUOUKTHINE WAR. 

triumph for his victories, when prsetor in Spain, and wishing also to 
be chosen consul, had to forego the former, to secure the latter. 
Marius was chosen consul seven times, the last time just before his 
death. — triumphavit^ for his conquest of Numidia. Jugurtha, having, 
with his two sons, graced the triumph of the conqueror, was thrown 
into a dungeon and starved to death. The usual course was to 

strangle such captives. 4# Ea . . . sitce. Marius did not actually 

encounter the Cimbri until b. c. 102, they having diverged into 
Spain. He then amply justified this confidence by routing and 
utterly annihilating the whole nation. His subsequent career was 
bloody enough, and may be seen in Plutarch. 



NOTES ON THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 

CHAP. I. sese, Gr. 2Yl, R. 3, last part; sese stands before student 
for the sake of emphasis — it being an unusual position ; " sticdeo, when 
the verb following has the same subject, may be construed in three 
ways: with the infinitive {studeo prcestare) ; with the ace. and infin. 
{f^tudeo me prcestare), as in the present case ; or with ut and the sub- 
junctive {studeo ut prcestemy Zumpt. — ne ... transeanty Gr. 273, 1. 
— veluti pecora, Gr. 278, R. l.^prona, "grovelling, unable to look up." 
— ventri, " to appetite," not to reason. Compare the description of 
Ovid, 

Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terrain, 
Os homini sublime dedit coelumque tueri, 
Jussit et erectos ad sidera toilers vultos. 

MeianiorphoseSj I. 84 

2* Sed expresses the opposition between the character of the 

pecora, just described, and that of man, which it introduces. — 07nnis 
vis, "all our powers, our whole nature." — aninii ... utimur, *'the 
mind is our ruler, the body our servant;" so in Jug. Chap. 1, Sed 
dux atque imperator vitae mortalium animus est. — Quo, "on which 

account," i. e., because the mind is our god-like part. 3* 7nihi rec- 

tlics ... qucerere, "it seems to me more proper to seek glory by the 
powers of the mind than by bodily strength," i. e., more proper to 
seek glory by our godlike than by our animal nature. Prof. An- 
drews explains Quo, "by so much" (Gr. 256, R. 16), i. e., in propor- 
tion as the nature of gods excels that of beasts: it seems to us a 
strained explanation. — memoriam nostri, "the remembrance of us;" 
mem. nosiram might have meant " our remembrance (of other things)." 

4* divitiarum . . . gloria, " the glory derived from riches and 

heautj"—Jluxa, " transitory," from its nsiiure.—fraffilis, "easily de- 
stroyed" by accident, the sport of chance. — clara ... ceterna ; clara 
stands opposed to Jluxa (fleeting, and hence incap&ble of becoming 
clara), and ceterna io fragilis. — habetur, "is possessed," not "is es- 



348 NOTES ON THE 

teemed:" translate, ** virtue is an illustrious and eternal possession." 

5* Sed introduces an appai'ent exception (military fame may be 

thought to depend more on strength of body than of intellect), which 
the writer goes on to show is only an apparent one. — inter mortales 
is more emphatic than inter homines. — magnum certamen, "a great 
dispute." — magis procederet, "more succeeded," i. e., depended more 

for success. 6. incipias, Gr. 263, 3, & 209, R. 1. — consulto ... 

facto opus, Gr. 243, R. 1 ; consulto belongs to the department of mind, 
and /ac^o to that of body ("deliberation — action.") Hence the con- 
clusion drawn in the next sentence. 7. utrumque refers to vis 

corporis^ and virtus animi (Gr. 205, R. 7, (2), and is nom. to est un- 
derstood. — indigenSy " a helpless thing." Others make utrumque nom. 
to eget, with alteram, Gr. 204, R. 10. — auxilio, Gr. 250, R. 1. (2). 

CHAP. II. Igitur, *' Well then," Z. 357. — nomen imperii prlmum 
= "the first title given to rulers." — diversi, "pursuing different 
courses." — pars . . . alii = alii . . . alii. — pars . . . exei'cehant, " some 
addicted themselves to intellectual, others to bodily pursuits." — 
etiamtum "still." — agitahatur = agehatur. Sallust is fond of using 
frequentatives, and has a special affection for this one. — sua . . . place- 
bant, Gr. 208, (7), & 279, 14: "each was satisfied with what he had." 
The idea here is, that in these primitive ages there was no greed- 
iness, and hence no wars; so that the magnum certamen could not be 
decided, whether military success depended more on mind or body. 
2* in Asia Cyrus. Sallust passes over earlier conquerors, appa- 
rently as fabulous : on what grounds it is hard to see. — habere, " to 

consider." — negotiis, "difficulties." 3* Quod si, "and if," Z. 807. — 

imperatorum ... animi virtus, Gr. 211, R. 10. — valeret ... haberety 
Gr. 261, 1. — ita valeret, "had as much influence." — cequabilius . . . sese 
... haberent = csquabiliores ... essent. The use of ex« with an ad- 
verb in Greek = ufxi with an adj. is precisely similar (Crosby's 
Gram, Sec. 555, a), except that the reflexive ace. is omitted. — cernc' 
res, Gr. 209, R. 7, <fe 211, l.—aliud alio, Gr. 207, R. 33 ; Z. 714, "in 
different directions." — aliud alio ferri stands opposed to constantius 

... haberent, and mutari ... omnia to cequabilius ... haberent. 

5* Verum ... immutatur ; this sentence expresses the contrast be- 
tween the conduct of kings and commanders in war and peace. 
Hence labore, contineniia et cequitate, denotes the virtus animi exhib- 
ited in war ; desidia, libido atque superbia, the contrary vices indulged 
in time of peace. — invasere, sc. eos. — fortuna, sc. regum atque impera' 
tomm; their authority could have been retained by practising the 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 349 

same virtues which had enabled them to acquire it. {Nam imperium 
. . . partum est) ; but indulgence in the vices named induced rivals to 

attempt their overthrow, and enabled them to effect it. (J. ad 

optimum quemque, "to every one in proportion as he is best," Z. 710: 

this refers to both individual rulers and nations. 7. Qace . . . cedi- 

ficant ; a singular expression == negotia homimim in arando^ navi- 
gandoj cedi/ica7ido, or aratioy navigation cedijicatio, i. e., artes pads. — 
parent = "depend on." In this sentence Sallust passes from his illus- 
tration of the importance of animi virtus to rulers, in peace, as well 
as war; and proceeds to show that private affairs also depend upon 
this same virtus; thus further establishing what he had laid down in 

the first Chapter {Quo mihi rectius^ cfec). 8» indocti incultique ; 

the former refers to learning, the latter to manners and morals. — 
qicasi peregrifiantes, i. e., taking not their proper part in the duties 
of life ; hence it is said, transiere vitam^ not egere vitam. — quibus . . . 
voluptati . . . oneriy Gr. 227. — anima = animus. — juxta, " of equal im- 
portance," i. e., of none. 9. Verum enimvero denotes emphatic 

opposition, Z. 348, note. The sentence it introduces stands opposed 
to inulti mortales . . . transiere. — anima = vita. — -frui anima is added 
to define vivere, — negotio abl. of means limiting qucerit. — intentus^ 
"fully occupied : " so Dietsch ; but Andrew^s and Zumpt make negotio 

abl. dSiev intentus : " fully occupied with some business." 10. in 

magna copia, "in the great variety" of illustrious deeds, and honor- 
able pursuits. — aliud alii iter^ "different ways (to fame) to different 
persons." Sallust now passes, by a natural transition, to the eulogy 
of his own chosen " way to fame," writing history. 

CHAP. III. bene facere reipublicce, i. e., in a public capacity. — 
haud absurdum est, Gr. 269, R. 2 ; a strong litotes == magnce laudi est, 
Gr. 324, 9, "is not without use = very useful."— ?;eZ pace vel bello, 
Gr. 253. — licet, sc. alicui.— fieri, sc. 55, Gr. 239, R. l.— et qui ... et qui 

both relate to multi ; multi is emphatic by its unusual position. 

Z» Ac mihi quidem. " Quidein here, like the Greek jx^v in e^o: /tev, 
without a Se following, introduces one opinion in contradistinction 
from another, though the latter is not mentioned, but merely sug- 
gested by quidem. * And to me indeed it seems (whatever others may 
think).' " ZuMPT. — rerum limits both scriptorem and auctorem. — aucto- 
rem = actorem ; auctor rerum often = scriptor. — sequltur is indie, after 
tametsi because it is expressed as certain, Gr. 259, 2d sentence. — in 
primis arduum = superlative, " arduous in the highest degree." — dlctis 
. . excequanda =« " must be worthily described ; " great deeds of course 



350 NOTES ON THE 

in a style of corresponding eloquence : dictis is abl. of means. — dehinc 
for deinde is rarely used in enumeration, but often when denoting 
succession of time. — quoe delicta = ea delicta quce ; ea understood is 
the subject of dicta. — reprehenderis, Gr. 266, 1. — dicta, sc. esse, "are 
BO called," i. e., " called faults." — de . . . gloria, instead of an ace. after 
memores, of which change there are many examples. — sibi depends 
on facilia. — cequo animo accipit= "believes." — supra ea, i. e., " above 
what he thinks he can do;" supply quce putat esse ; so in Jug. 85, 

mihi contra ea videtur. 3* Sed ego, Sallust now passes to his 

own experience. adolescentulus ; this term was applied to those 

between 15 and 45 years old: e. g., Caesar is called below (Chap. 49), 
adolescentulus, though 33 years of age. — plerique refers to adolescen- 
tuli understood. — studio . . . latus sum, *' was hurried by strong incli- 
nation into politics." — ibique = et in ea. " Roman writers, for the sake 
of brevity, very often use adverbs of place, where we require a more 
exact expression." Dietsch. — JVa?« pro,., vigehant ; here are three 
pairs of opposed words : pro pudore, audacia ; pro absti?ientia, largitio ; 
pro virtute, avaritia vigebant. — largitio, "bribery" to obtain office. 

4* Quoi, sc. vitia. — animus asperiiabatur ; unfortunately this 

declaration of Sallust respecting his own virtuous conduct has found 
few believers. He was himself a painful instance of the corruptions 
he describes. And thousands of similar examples are found in our 
own times : a truly great statesman, a Kossuth, a Mazzini, 

Who noble ends by noble means obtains, 
Or failing smiles in exile or in chains, 

appears but here and there amidst an ocean of corruption : 

Apparent ran nantes in gurgite vasto. 

— insolens . . . artium, Z. 436. — imbecilla (referring to adolescentulus), 
"not yet matured and independent." — corrupta, "misled," not fixed 

on worthy objects. 5« me is greatly emphasized by its position ; 

it is a good example of this power of arrangement which the Latin 
possesses. — ab reliquis . . . moribus, i. e., all but ambition. — dissentireni, 
Gr. 263, 5, with R. 1. — nihilo, Gr. 256, R. 16. — eademque, i. e., as a 
result of his cupido honoris. — -fama, sc. mala, fama atque itividia, 
" abuse and envy." — eadem, fama, and invidia, are abl. after vexabat. 
— vexabat =« " caused me to be harassed." 

CHAP. IV. ex ... pericidis ; for the force of ex in such phrases, 
see Z. 309 ; it denotes that something has ceased and something else 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 351 

come into its place. — republica, *' public life." — habendam, so. esse, 

non fwit . . . conterere ; the subject of fuit is socordia . . . contercre. 

conterere, "to waste." — honum otium, "delightful leisure."-— coZe7icfo 
and venando are dat. depending on intentus, Gr. 275, III. R. 2, (1), 
though they might be abl., of which we have had an example in 
Chap. 2 (aliquo negotio intentus). — agrwn colendo = agriculturcp. ; 

venando =^ venationi, and hence they have officiis in apposition. 

intentum agrees with me understood, the subject of agere ; omitted 
according to Gr. 239, R. 1. Sallust's estimate of agriculture differs 
widely from that of the earlier fathers of the Republic, to whom the 
poet especially refers : 

In ancient times the sacred plough employed 

The kings and awful fathers of mankind ; 

And some, with whom compared, your insect tribes 

Are but the beings of a summer's day, 

Have held the scales of empire, ruled the storm 

Of mighty war ; then with unwearied hand. 

Disdaining little delicacies, seized 

The plough, and greatly independent lived. 

Thomson's Seasons.— ;S;pW«^. 

The instances of Cincinnatus, Curius, and Cato the Censor, are familiar 
to every reader of Roman history. Cicero has set forth his opinion, 
in the person of Cato, in his golden little book, de Senectute, contain- 
ing one of the most eloquent eulogies on rural life ever written. But 
Sallust's mind, still ambitione tenebatur, and relished nothing which 

did not bring fame.- 2* mala, because it subjected him to abuse 

and envy. — eodem = ad idem incepttim stvdiumqae ; see note on 
ibiqucy above. Chap. 3. — eo, abl. of cause, refers to what follows. — 
partibus reipubliccB, " the party feelings which prevailed in politics." 
This impartiality is justly claimed by Sallust, as has been already 
seen in his character of Metellus, and his severe censure of the vio- 
lence of the plebs. It is manifested hereafter in his account of Cato. 
3« Igitur refers to his determination to treat of the Roman his- 
tory carptim. " Therefore (I have selected Catiline's conspiracy, and) 
will relate it," (fee. — de . . . conjuratione . . . absolvam ; on the force of 

de, see above. Chap. 3, note on c?e . . . virtute.' 4. periculiy se. reipub- 

licce. 5i faciam is subj., Gr. 263, 3, last clause. 

CHAP. V. genere, Gr. 246. — vi ... ingenio, Gr. 211, R. 6. Sal- 
lust has omitted Catiline's gentile name, Sergius ; he was of the gens 
Sergia^ claiming their descent from Sergestus, a companion of ^neas 



352 NOTES ON THE 

(Sergestusque, domiis tenet a quo Sergia nomen, Virg. ^n. V. 121). 
He was born b. c. 107. — malo pravoque; malum is the opposite of 

honum ; pravum of rectum. 2« ihique = in Us. — ibique . . . exercuit. 

" He first appears in history as a zealous partisan of Sulla. During 
the horrors of the great proscription, among many other victims, he 
killed with his own hand his brother-in-law, Q. Csecilius, described 
as a quiet, inoffensive man ; and having seized and tortured the well- 
known and popular M. Marius Gratidianus, the kinsman and fellow- 
townsman of Cicero, cut off his head, and bore it in triumph through 

the city." Smith's Diet. Biog. Zt patiens ... supra quam = pa- 

tientior quam. — inedlce . . . alieni, Z. 438. 4* variicSy "versatile." — 

cujus rei lihet = cujuslibet rei. — simulator and dissimulator are used 
adjectively, like contemptor^ (J^g* 64.) = simulandi ac dissimulandi 

capax. — satis . . . parum^ sc. illi erat. 5* Vast^cs^ "insatiable." 

6t post ... SullcB^ "after the dictatorship of Sull^;" an example 
which m^ny no doubt burned to follow. — id refers to reipuhliccB 
capiendce. — assequeretur, Gr. 265. — du7n for dummodo. — pararety Gr. 

263, 2. 7. quce utraquey^owQvty, and sense of guilt : the pronouns 

are neut, though referring to two feminine antecedents, Gr. 206, 11. 

8. mci7a6an^ = " encouraged.'' 9. hortari ... admonuity sc. 

me. — tempuSy "the occasion." — supra repeterCy sc. rerriy "to take a re- 
view." — instituta is the object of disserere. — hahuerinfy "managed." — 
habuerint . . . reliquerint . . . sity Gr. 265. — ut = quomodo. — disserere = 
disserere (sc. instituta . . . militiceque) et explicare (sc. quomodo = facta 
sit). 

CHAP. VI. sicuti . . . accepi implies that he does not vouch for 
the truth of the story ; the eqo implies that this was not the current ac- 
count. " The story about the descent of the Romans from the Trojans 
through ^neas, was generally received at Rome at an early period, 
and probably arose from the fact that the inhabitants of Latiuni and 
of all the places said to have been founded by ^neas, were of the 
same stock — Pelasgians." Dr. Schmitz in Smith's Diet. Biog. — cum his 
AborigineSy sc. condidere atque habuere. — agreste, "rude;" it may 
mean merely "dwelling in the fields." — imperioy "regular govern- 
ment" 2. una moeniay Gr. 118, 2, 2d clause. — generCy linguay Gr. 

211, R. 6, "though of different race and language." 3. res eoruniy 

"their state." — civibus ... auctay "having become more populous, 
civilized, and extended." — invidia, i. e., of the kings and nations against 
the Romans ; invidia here has its passive meaning. — ex opuientioy sc. 
Romanorum. 4» auxilio esse, sc. illiSy Gr. 22*7, with R. 2. — ceteris 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 353 

BC. ainicorwn. — aberant, "kept aloof." 5. portabant . . . parabant ; 

the imperf. denotes custom, "they always brought," &c. — auxilla = 
auxilium, "aid," not "auxiliaries;" the plural indicates the fre- 
quency of it. 6* nomen ... habebant = ^' iheiv chief ruler was 

called kiny'^ — consultabant for considebant ; no other classic writer 
uses it thus. But we have remarked Sallust's fondness for frequenta- 
tives. — curce si?niliticdine, i. e., of their care of the state to a father's 

care of his children. 7. conservandce ... reipubUcce^ "had tended 

to preserve," &c., Gr. 275, III, R. 1, (5); Z. 662, 663, <fe 764. Com- 
pare note on Jug. 88 {yieque belli patrandi). — binos imperatore.% i. e., 
consuls. — animum humanum used for animos^ implies that it was the 
tendency of the human mind and \s = ut animus hwnanus plerumque 
solet. The account of the institution of consuls is found in Livy, i., at 
the end. 

CHAP. VII. se .. . extollere, " to strive to rise." — iyi promptu ha- 
herCy " exhibited publicly." The reason why this was not done under 
the kings is given in the next sentence. 3* adepta is used pas- 
sively; see Z. 632. — tanta . .. incesserat, leading men to exert them- 
selves in serving the state. 4. simulac . . . patienSj " as soon as 

they were able to endure," i. e., were old enough. — discebat . . . habe- 
bant ; juveniles being a collective noun, may have verbs, adjectives, 
and pronouns either in the sing, or plur. — libidinem habebant = de- 
lectabantur ; libido sometimes, as here, is merely equivalent to volup- 

tas. 5. talibus, i. e., so trained. — viris ; this term was applied to 

all over 16 years old, at which age they assumed the toga virilism or 
manly gown, corresponding in this respect to the modern boots and 
tail coat. — ullus belongs to labos and hostis as well as to locus. — do- 

mufrat= " had made easy." 6» glorice magnum certamen . . . eraty 

" there was also the greatest emulation among themselves : " he had 
just spoken of their bearing towards the enemy. — sic, "therefore." — 
se ; this use of an accusative before the inf. after properare is the 
only known example : it is very emphatic, and used for that purpose ; 
"he himself (before any other)."— properabat = cupiebat. — eas and 
earn agree with the predicate noun (Gr. 206, (10); Z. 3*72), instead 
of being neuter referring to the preceding clauses; this is the regular 
usage when they refer to clauses, according to Andrews. — putabant, sc. 

esse. — honestas, "honorably acquired." 7. possem ... ni traheret, 

Gr. 261, 1, "I could tell (and I would), unless," &c.—longius . . . tra- 
heret, " would be too great a digression." It is easy to see that Sal- 
lust, like Tacitus in, his Germania, is covertly lashing his degenerate 



354: NOTES ON THE 

contemporaries in all this description of their brave and virtuous 
ancestors. 

CHAP. VIII. Sed, "but" (although the ancient Romans were 
so deserving, they have not received the fame they deserve for, <fec.). 

2. aliquanto, Gr. 256, R. 16 ; Z, 488. The Athenians were far 

more civilized than the early Romans, and hence the greater fame 

their deeds received. 3« scriptorum magna ingenia is a Grecisra 

= scriptores mapiis ingeniiSy Gr. 324, 2 ; so ingenia in the next sen- 
tence. 4* eorum .-. . fecere, i. e., the Athenians. 5» eacopia^ sc. 

scriptorum magnis ingeniis. — prvdentissimuSy and hence best qualified 
to write. — ingenium . . . exercehat^ i. e., gave himself up to literary 
pursuits, so as to excel in them. — sua . . . laudare == " to do deeds 
worthy of narration by others." 

CHAP. IX. natura, i. e., because they loved them. 3« Jurgia^ 

discordias, simultates, all apply properly to civil or domestic dissen- 
sions. — cum hostibus . . , de virtute^ supply tantmUy "only," with each 

clause. — in amicis^ "in the case of friends " = z7i amicos. 3* ubi 

pax evenerat = in pace. 4« maxima . . . habeo, "I consider the fol- 
lowing to be the strongest proofs." — hcec refers to the following 
clauses, to the end. — tardius, sc. propria, " too late," Gr. 256, R. 9. — 
qui = in eos qui. — loco, "their post," depends on cedere, not on pulsi. 

CHAP. X. labore . , . justitia, sc. majorum nostrum. — nationes . . . 
populi ; the former has reference to birthplace, the latter to govern- 
ment. — scBvire, to grow cruel. — miscere omnia, "produce universal 

confusion." 2% Qui ... his. Observe the emphasis given to the 

relative clause by putting it fii'st. 3« ea, i. e., pecunice cupido, and 

imperii cupido.- 4» edocuit ; verbs of teaching take two accusa- 
tives, one of a person and the other of a thing ; but the first is often 
omitted, as homines is here, and the second may be changed into an 
infinitive clause, which is partially done in this sentence, leaving one 

of those mixed constructions in which Sallust delights. 5* falsos, 

"deceitful." — ex re, "according to what they really were;" the idea 
is that in commencing and ending friendships and enmities they re- 
garded interest only. 6. Hcec, sc. vitia. — contagio, sc. vitiorum. — 

invasit, sc. homines. — crudele intolerandamque ; for ample proofs of 
this, though at a later da}^, see Cicero's Speeches agninst Yerres ; 
they show at its height the state of things here referred to. 

CHAP. XI. propius virtiUem ; it might have also been virtuti, 

Z. 411. 2. bonus et ignavns . . . ceque. i. e., " the good as well as the 

bad." — vera via = via virtntis. — huic ; we would expect hie in con- 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 355 

traat with. ille. 3* hab^t, "implies, consists in." — studlum, "earn- 
est desire." — venenis includes, like the Greek cpapfxaKou, drugs and 
dyes, as well as poisons : like many other similar words, however, it 
usually has a bad sense when standing iinqnalified. — virilem, i. e., 
previously manly. — neque . . . minuitur = " is the same in wealth and 

poverty." 4. Sed refers to the declaration in the first sentence 

that ambition first prevailed. — recepta alludes to Sulla's driving out 
Marius and his party, who were tyrannizing over the state : it docs 
not mean " having regarded," but " having got possession of." — bonis 
initiiSf Gr. 257, R. 7, "though his beginning was good;" this remark 
is illustrated by the passage in Jug. 95, beginning, Atgue illi felicis- 
simo, &Q. — rapere . . . trahere, " all began to rob and plunder.'* — mo- 
dum^ modestiam ; the latter denotes the inward feeling, the former 
the outward result of it ; " have no moderation in feeling or act." — 
fmda crudeliaque facinora^ "foul cruelties." — in civibus = in civeSy 

like in amicis above, Chap. 9. 5» Hue accedebat, "to this was 

added (the fact);" the verb agrees with what follows; Gr. 273, 6, 
hue = ad hoc ; see Chap. 3, note on ibique. — Asia^ i. e., Asia Minor. — 
ductaverat ; Sallust and Tacitus are the only prose writers who use 
this word; it is used appropriately here of Sulla's long-continued 
command. — quo^ usually considered a conjunction in this connection, 
is really the abl. of means. — -facereiy Gr. 262. — luxuriose . . . habuerat 
. s="had indulged (the army) in luxury and too great freedom." — 
Loca . . . molliverant ; referring to the delicious climate, the abun- 
dance, and the luxury of Asia Minor; et quod ("and that") should 

be prefixed to connect this sentence with what precedes. 6t amarc 

. . . pofarCy " to be licentious and drunken ; " so in Marius's speech, 
Jug. Chap. 85 (amenty potent). — ^neVaW =" to admire and covet." — 
privatim ac publice, " for private use and for the state," i. e., for pub- 
lic buildings at Rome. Thousands of the most precious works of art 
were thus seized, in Greece and elsewhere ; see again Cicero contra 

Verrem, de signis. — polluere^ " to stain with crime." 7. Igitur, 

" therefore," i. e., being governed by such feelings. — nihil reliqui . . . 

feeere = nihil reliquerunt. 8« sapieiitiuMy " (even) of the wise." — 

animos fatigant, "tries the souls." — moribus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — ieinpera- 
rent, Gr. 261, 1, with R. 4. 

CHAP. XII. innocentiam, "disinterestedness." — pro malevolentiay 

i. e., to be intended to cast odium on the rich. 2. promiscuoy 

" without distinction." — nihil pensi habere, "they utterly disregard." 
— neque moderati habere, "nor have they any mo'deration (in violating 



356 NOTES ON THE 

them)." 3* OpercB pretiwn est^ "it is a reward of labor = it will 

reward the labor," i. e., it is worth while. — domos . . . villas, i. e^ of 
the rich men of Sallust's day. — in terbium modum, like cities. *' The 
house of Publiiis Clodius cost about 131,000 pounds; and the Tuscu- 
lan villa of Scaurus was fitted up with such magnificence that, when 
it was burned by his slaves, he lost upwards of 885,000 pounds." 
Smith's Diet of Antiq., art. House, LucuUus spent such vast sums 
in building and improving his grounds, that Pompey in derision 
called him the Roman Xerxes. — religiosissimi mortales^ ** though the 
most religious of men ; " the idea is, that their temples were so small 
compared with the dwellings of the rich in Sallust's day. The epithet 

religiosissimi is very justly applied to the early Romans. 4. Ve- 

rum . . . decorahanty i. e., they thought piety the best ornament of a 
temple, and glory, of a private house. — injurice licentiamj " liberty to 

injure," i. e., the Romans. 5t sociis and hostibus are in strong 

opposition : allies are worse treated now than enemies formerly. — 
fortissimi viri, i. e., major es nostri. — hostibus, sc. victis. — proinde . . . 
uti, "just as if exercising authority consisted, in short, in doing in- 
jury." — id refers to iiijuriam facer e, and is expressed for emphasis. — 
esset, Gr. 268, 3. 

CHAP. XIIT. memorem, Gr. 260, 11., R. 5. — ea refers to what fol- 
lows, Gr. 207, R. 22. — maria constructa refei*s to the immense fish- 
ponds formed by digging, and then letting in the sea by canals, which 

were made by Lucullus and others. 3* honeste habere = honeste 

uti, in opposition to abuti. 3» cultus, "luxury." The clauses fol- 
lowing incesserat are an illustration of the vices mentioned in the first 
clause ; the one corresponding to libido stupri\ however, we omit for 
the sake of decency. Ample details of the luxury and vice of the 
period may be found in contemporary and succeeding authoi*3, in 
Cicero's Orations, Horace's Satires, the Comedies of Plautus and 
Terence, and the biographies of Plutarch, especially those of Lucullus 
and Antony. — terra marique, Gr. 254, R. 3. — vescendi . . . antecapere ; 
this whole passage is closely imitated from one in the famous allegory 
of Hercules' Choice, in Xenophon's Memorabilia. — es&et, Gr. 263, 3. — 
nonfamem . . . antecapere^ i. e., they do not wait till the want is ex- 
perienced before satisf^dng it, but eat before they are hungry, <fec., 
and use provocatives to hunger and thirst, even to the extent of 

taking emetics for the purpose. 4. Hcec, these habits of luxury. 

5* carebat, "cduld do without^ bear to be deprived of" 

CHAP. XIV. The author, having given a very appropriate and 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, 357 

instructive account of the corruption of public morals, which pre- 
pared the way lor Catiline's conspiracy, and^ rendered it possible, now 
proceeds to give an account of hira and his associates. — tanta has 
reference to what had been said in Chap. 10 of the extension of the 
Roman state. — id quod; id is given only for distinctness, Gr. 206, 
(13) ; without it quod would relate to the rest of the sentence after 
erat. — -Jlagitiorimi . . . facinomrn^ '* vices and crimes;" by a common 

figure crimes are mentioned instead of the criminals, Z, 675. 

2« ces alienum, " lit, " other people's mone}" = debt." — grande belongs 
to both words taken as one, Gr. 205, R. 16, 2d Y>arag.—Jlagifiu7n . . . 
redimeret, ''might compound for, buy himself off from the punish- 
ment of, vice or crime ; " nothing was more common at that period 
than for the greatest criminals to escape by bribing their judges, as 

Catiline himself once did. 3. civili = civiwn. — quos ... alebat == 

"false witnesses and assassins." — '^perjurio refers to lingica, and sail- 
guine civili to mamis, by the figure Chiasmus, which consists in such 
an arrangement of four words, that the third corresponds to the sec- 
ond, and the fourth to the first ; like the extremities of the (Greek) 
letter Chi, X." Andrews. With this vigorous description compare 
the language of Cicero's second oration against Catiline, Chap. 4: 
"What poisoner, what gladiator, what robber, what assassin, what 
parricide, what forger of wills, what swindler, what debauchee, what 
spendthrift, what adulterer, what infamous woman, what corrupter 
of youth, what corrupt and ruined person can be found in all Italy, 
who does not confess that he has lived with Catiline on the most in- 
timate terms? " It is hardly necessary to remark that a careful com- 
parison of Sallust's and Cicero's remarks against Catiline throughout 
will well repay the student; they throw great light upon, as well as 

confirm each other. 4« a cidpa vacuus = innocens. — inciderat is 

used only of evil things ; = " had been so unfortunate as to fall" 

5. fiuxi, "unfixed, easily influenced."— c?2^cw7^er, Z. 267, n. 2 

6. ex cetate, " arising from his (youthful) age."— moc?^s^zog parcere = 
" is not ashamed to do any thing."— /acere/, Gr. 263, 2. — ohnoxios, 

"in his power, dependent on him." 7. existimarent, Gr. 266, 1.— 

frequentahat ; for the use of the indicative, see Gr. 266, 2, R. 5 ; 

I Z. bl&.—parum honeste hahuisse = " basely disregarded." — compertum 

I foret, "could be certainly proved" (if examined into), Gr. 261, 1, 

I wiih R. 4. 

! CHAP. XV. The subject of Catiline's vices, opened in Chap 5, 

I is now resumed.— /am indicates that the author is going to descend 



358 NOTES ON THE 

from generals to particulars. — prirnum^ i. e., "to begin with the be- 
ginning." — sacerdote Vestce ; her name was Fabia, the sister of Teren- 
tia, Cicero's wife. She was tried for the crime and acquitted, prob- 
ably by Cicero's influence, but Sallust speaks as if she was guilty. 
The vestals were persons of great dignity and importance ; and bound 
by a vow of chastity for thirty years. If convicted of violating this 
vow, the vestal was solemnly buried alive, and her paramour was 
scourged to death in the Forum ; see Smith's Diet. Antiq. ; Bojesen's 

Rom. A7itiq.,se(i. 278, 2ld.—jusfasque, "human and divine law." 

2« Postremo, i. e., just before the conspiracy. — nihil . . . laudavit^ "no 
good man ever praised any thing." — quod . . . dubitahat depends on 
vacuam ,^. fecisse. — nuhere ; the student will observe that this word 
can bo'-'-ised of marriage, only with reference to the female; it prop- 
erly means "to veil," and derives its secondary sense, "to marry" 
{se being understood), from t^e custom of the bride wearing a veil: 
ducere is the term when the bridegroom is spoken of, because he led 
the bride to his home. — privignum^ i. e., the son immediately to be 
mentioned (necato filio), and who would have become her privignus 
when she married Catiline. — cetate^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — creditur, "it is 
believed," not "he is believed," which would not be grammatical; 
credo^ in the sense of " I believe," being intransitive. — necato filio, 
" by slaying his son." — nuptiis is dat., limiting vacuam. — -fecisse would 
regularly have been fecit, agreeing with Catilina understood, as is 
seen from the part, captus ; but by the interposition of pro certo ere- 
ditur, an anacoluthon was produced, and fecit changed to fecisse, de- 
pending on creditur. Cicero charges him with murdering his fii'^t 

wife too, for the same cause, viz., to marry Orestilla. 3* facinoris, 

i. e., the conspiracy. •!• dis . . . infesius, " at war with both gods 

and men." — vigiliis neque quietibus, "waking or asleep;" for con- 
science tormented him when awake, and filled his sleep with direful 

visions. — ita, "to such a degree." — vastabat, "harrowed up." 

5« Igiticr, "hence (arose)." — foedi, "ghastly." — prorsus . . . inerat, "in 
short, madness was stamped on his appearance and looks." 

CHAP. XVI. 2. commodare, "he furnished," i. e., to those who 
needed i\\Qm.—fidem . . . habere, " to despise character, fortune (i. e., 
to sacrifice them readily), and dangers." — attriverat, "had worn away," 
by these means. — imperabat is followed both by an infinitive clause 
(Jidem . . . habere), and by an ace. majora alia, Gr. 229, R. 5 : we 
have another mixed construction in the use together of the historical 
inf. commodare, and the imp. ind. imperabat. 3« minus suppetebat. 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 359 

**was not in readiness." — sontes^ *' tliose who had given him oftenee." 
— insontes^ " those who had not." — jugulare, *' cut their thi'oats." — 
scilicet, "it is easy to perceive;" supply hoc facer e. — grahiito, "wan- 
tonl}'." — potius=potius quam per otium torpescerent maims aut ani- 
mus atnicis sociisque, Gr. 245, II. 4* confisus = quod confidebat, 

and so connecting with what follows. — ces alienum . . . erat : " to un- 
derstand this we need only remember how the Roman magistrates 
plundered all the provinces, and what usurious interest was exacted 
by the publicans and traders. The Allobroges mentioned below are 
an example. Catiline trusted that all whom Roman avarice had 
stripped would join him." Dietsch. — largius suo usi, "having spent 
their property too lavishly." — rapinarum, i. e., under Sulla, and espe- 
cially during the proscription. — victorice, over their fellow-c'^^'zens of 
the party of Marius. — veteris belongs to rapinarum also. Cicero says 
of these soldiers of Sulla (in Cat. II. 9, 20), " These are men from the 
colonies which Sulla founded; these are colonists who have spent 
with too much extravagance and ostentation their sudden and unex- 
pected wealth. In building expensive houses, in purchasing farms, 
litters, and large families of slaves, and providing sumptuous ban- 
quets, they have incurred so much debt, that Sulla would need to be 
raised from the dead, to release them." — opprimendce reipublicce, i. e., 

by renewing the dictatorship and the proscriptions of Sulla. 

5« In Italia. "The republic never maintained a standing army in 
Italy ; its legions were ali occupied in the provinces. The police of 
Borne and the large towns was kept by the citizens themselves, and 
the consuls and chief magistrates had only a few lictors and archers 
in attendance upon them." Merivale. — Pompeius . . . gerebat, i. e., in 
Asia Minor, conducting the Mithradatic war. He overran Armenia, 
Albania and Iberia, called extremis terris, because all beyond was 
unknown to the Romans. — ipsi, sc. Catilince. — consulatuyn petenti . . . 
spes = consulatum adipiscendi . . . spes ; he had failed once, but still 
hoped to succeed at another trial ; and with good reason. — nihil^ 
Z. 677. — intentus, "watchful." "The senate had cast away all care, 
and having subdued the popular party, thought they had nothing 
more to fear." Dietsch. 

CHAP. XVII. L. Ccesare, a distant relative of Julius Csesar, and 
uncle of Mark Antony. This was b. c. 64 — imparatam rempublicam, 

"the unprepared condition of the republic." 3. quibus . . . inerat, 

" who were the most audacious and the most completely ruined ; " 
inerat is used with neeessitudo by zeugma. Later writers always use 



360 NOTES ON THE 

necessitas to express this idea instead of necessitudo. 3* '*In the 

names that follow the gentile name is mostly omitted, as is often the 
case when the cognomen is expressed, and in some families always. 
For example, Lentulus, Cethegus and the SuUas belonged to the Corne- 
lian gens. Neither the gentile name nor cognomen was used without 
the prsBnomen, before the times of Augustus ; they said C. Julius or 
C. Csesar, but never Julius Caesar." Dietsch. P. Sulla was subse- 
quently accused of sharing in the conspiracy, and 'tried for it. He 
was defended by Cicero in a well-known oration, and acquitted ; 
though certainly guilty, he had taken no prominent or active part, 
4« coloniis et municipiis. "Of the municipia there were three 
kinds ; Jirsty those whose citizens emigrating to Rome, became after 
some years citizens there ; this right was called isopolity by the 
Greeks ; second, those to whom Roman citizenship had been given 
with the right of suffrage ; third, those to whom it had been given 
without that right. At this time all the inhabitants of Italy had 
received Roman citizenship. The colonists were either from Rome 
or Latium, and retained their right of citizenship, as a matter of 

right." Dietsch. 6* juventus pleraque, " most young men." — Quibus 

has reference not to juventutem, but to maxime nohilium ; supply ii, 
which is seldom omitted unless when of the same case as the rela- 
tive, Gr. 206, (3), {a). — magnijice vel molliter ; molliter has reference 
to luxurious living only ; magnijice includes also a public ostentation 

of it. — vivere for vivendi, depending on cqpia, Gr. 270, R. 1. 

T« Fuere . . . qui crederent, Gr. 264, 6. — ea tempestate ; Sallust is fond 
of this word instead of teinpus ; except Livy, no later writer uses it 
in this sense. — L. Crassum, surnamed i)/?;c5, proverbial for his wealth. 
— quia Cn. Pompeius, supply nam before this sentence. — cujusvis, 
**of any one," even of a Catiline. — voluisse, supply crederent eum 
(i. e., Crassum). — illius, sc. Pompeii. — illos refers to conjuratos, im- 
plied in conjuratio, Gr. 206, (11). '' Crassus was very hostile to 
Pompey, both because Pompey had deprived him of the glory of fin- 
ishing the Servile War, and because he felt himself obscured by him. 
In this mention of Crassus, the sobriety and circumspection of Sallust 
as a historian, are very observable." Dietsch. 

CHAP. XVIII. 2. L. Tidlo ... co7isulibus, b. c. 66. — designati ; 
they were elected in July usually, and entered on office the first of 
January following. — legibus, "according to the laws," Gr. 249, II. — ajn- 
bihis literally means "canvassing for votes ;" secondarily, "bribery." 
There were many laws against it, from b. c. 182 or earlier, down. 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 361 

"The Lex Acilia Calpumia, passed b. c. 67 (only the year before this 
transaction), imposed a fine on. the offending part}^ with exclusion 
from the senate and all public offices," Smith's i>2c^, of Aniiq. s. v. 

Ambitus. — interrogaii, "brought to trial." 3. pecuniarum repctun- 

darum, " of extortion," i. e., during his praetorship in Africa.— joroAi- 
bitus erat, by a decree of the senate, as Dietsch says, until he cleared 
himself of the charge, which he subsequently did by bribing the 
judges to acquit him. — quod . . . iiequiveret. Every candidate's name 
had to be announced 17 days before the election ; and no one could 
be a candidate unless he was free of accusation. Dietsch omits this 
whole clause for historical reasons which seem weighty, if not 

conclusive. — profitere^ supply se esse candidatum. 5. no7ias J)e- 

cembres. The nones fell on the fifth day, in all the months, except 
March, May, July, and October, in which they fell on the seventh ; 
for a full explanation of the Roman calendar, see Gr. 326 ; Z. 867-70. 
— conailio communicatOy *' having united their counsels," = making 
common cause. — calendis Januariis, the day that the new consuls 
(who liad been chosen instead of the two who had been condemned 
for bribery) were to take the oath of office, and offer solemn sacri- 
fices and prayers for the safety of the republic— /asc26?^5, i. e., the 
consulship, of which the Fasces, carried by the lictors before the con- 
suls, were the emblem, — duas Bispaniis, i. e., Citerior Hispania, or 
Tarraconensis (named from Tarraco, the capital), and Ulterior, or 

Bsetica (from the river Bsetis). Q, in nonas ... trayistulerant, no 

doubt, till suspicion would be lulled. 7. Jam turn, "already at 

that time," (the nones of Feb.) 8. niaturdssef, "had been too 

hasty," Gr. 261, 1. — post . . . Romanmn limits pesshnum. — -forety Gr. 
261, 1. — ea res, i e., giving the signal before the armed men had gen- 
erally arrived, who were to perpetrate the murders. 

CHAP. XIX. Piso . . . misms est. " Inasmuch as he had joined 
the conspiracy from debt, the senate, having no clear proofs, and being 
cowardly, find anxious to quiet so desperate a man, gave him the 
province which Catiline and Autronius had promised him." Dietsch. 
— qucestor pro prcetore, " with prsetorial power," a most unusual thing; 
^e, for the duties of each, Bojesen, 108-10, <fe 118-20; SMrrn's Diet., 
s. Y.-^adnitente Crasso, out of hatred to Pompey, — infestuminimicicm ; 
the latter adj. is used as a noun, yet is followed by the dat., Gr. 211, 

R. 5. 2. invitus, Gr. 205, R. lo.—respublica, "from the republic," 

i. e., from all participation in the management of it, which was centred 
at Rome.— 60722, '' of the aristocracy," a frequent meaning of the word, 
16 



362 NOTES ON THE 

like the Greek ap^rroi ("the best"), from which aristocracy '\^ derived. 
— prcesidium in eOy '* that he would be a defence" against the power of 
Pompey. — -jam turn, '* even then." " Spain, too, was full of the clients 
and warm friends of Pompey, whom, it was doubtless hoped, Piso 

would either gain over or repress." Dietsch. i. Sunt qui ita 

dicunt ; for the unusual indie, here, see Gr. 264, 6, 5th parag. ; Z. 563. 
It is because the persons who said it were known to the writer. But 

Dietsch reads dicant/ vtith. a very few manuscripts;-c 5. voluntate 

ejuSy not "at his request," but "in accordance with his known feel- 
ings." — imperia = ijnperatores. 6* in medio = " undetermined." 

CHAP. XX. The author returns to what he had been narrating, 
Chap. 17, of the meeting of conspirators whom Catiline had con- 
vened. — egeraty " had discussed." — cum singulis^ *' with them individ- 
ually." — in rem^ " to the purpose = advantageous." — universos, " in 

a body," opposed to singulis. 2* forent . . . cecidisset^ Gr. 261, 1. — 

in manihus, " in our reach." — per = " relying on." — ignava . . . ingenia 
= ignavos aut vanos homiiies, " men whom I did not know to be 
brave and reliable." — incerta . . . captarein^ i. e., "run so great risk." 

— pro certiSf i. e., my present rank and influence. 3* tempestati- 

bus, "occasions." — eo, "for this reason," referring to the preceding 

clause quia . . . mihi — simulj "and also." 4* ea refers to idem . . . 

nolle, but for that reason agrees with the predicate amicitia ; see 
Chap. 1, note on eas divitias, cam, <tc. Compare with this sentence 

the similar one in Jug. 31, beginning, Qicos omnes eadem cupere. 

5* ja7n anteoy "before now." — diversi, "singly." 6. 7nlhi, Gr. 211, 

R. 5. — in dies magis, " day after day, more and more." — sit, Gr. 265. 
It* jus atque ditionem, "under the supreme authority and con- 
trol;" the two joined express the highest authority. — tetrarchce, 
kings, but not acknowledged as such by the Romans ; the word is 
familiar to the readers of the Xew Testament, and had early lost its 
original meaning of "ruler of a fourth part." — ceteri omnes, "all the 
rest (of us)." — strenui, honi, "though men of energy and merit" — 
vulgus, "a mere rabble," in their estimation. — his ohnoxii, " dependent 
on those." — valeret, " were in a healthy state." — valeret . . . essemus, 

Gr. 261, 1. 8. volunt, sc. eas esse. 9« quosque= usque quo, 

"even to what point." — tandem in interrogations expresses impatience ; 
e. g., Quis tandem, "who in the world?" — per virtutem =z fortiter. — 

per dedecus = indecore. — uhi . . . fueris, " after you have been." 

10. Verum enim vera; there is an ellipsis after vei-miuf to be thus sup- 
plied ; " But (there is no danger of this) for in truth," <fec. — pro is an 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 363 

interjection.— /cfe^/i, supply tesior or invoco, Z. ^^l.^vicjet . . . valet, 
supply woiis; "we are in the prime of body and min^r—dlvitiis, 
i. e., luxurious habits resulting from Avealth. — omnia, i. e.. "bodily 

and mental powers." — consenuerunty "have grown weak." inceptoy 

Gr. 243.— cetera, ace. pi. neut.— cetera . . . expediet, " the thing itself 
(i. e., the revolution) will disentangle the rest," i. e., bring to a happy 
conclusion. The idea is : we need only to set it going; it will then 

require no fartl er impulse, but go on of itself. II. superare = 

ahunde esse. — exstruendo mari refers to the vast moles which wealthy 
Romans extended out into the sea ; to which Horace alludes when he 
says: "The fish perceive that the seas have become more contracted 
by moles extended into the deep," Od. III. 1, 33 ; and in another place 
where he speaks of "filling all the Tyrrhenian and Apulian sea with 
building materials," Od. III. 24, 3. — montibus cocequandis ; see Chap. 
13, note on snbversos monies. — larem ; the Lar was the tutelary house- 
hold god, the god of the family-hearth, and hence, secondly, "the 
home." — larem familiarem, "a home we can call our own," in dis- 
tinction from a naere lodging. 12. tahulas, sc. pictas. — nova^ "just 

built," supply cedificia. — postremo, " in short." — trahunt, vexant , . . 
vincere, are all terms of war = "they treat their money like an ene- 
my." — summa libidine, " the greatest extravagance." 13« res, "the 

actual state of things." — spes, " what we have to expect." 14. Quin 

= qui (old abl.) ne, "why not?" — in oculis, " before your eyes." — 

prcBmia, "as reward," Gr. 230, R. 2. — posuit, "has set up." 15. hor- 

tentur is here imperative. 17. agam, "I will effect." — consul, 

"when consul." — animus fallit, "my mind deceives me," i. e., in the 
opinion I have formed of your spirit and courage. The feelings of 
the outs who long to be in office, have never been more forcibly ex- 
pressed : mutatis mutandis (and not much, either), it would answer 
for a large part of our own patriots, who are so anxious to serve their 
country. Catiline's remarks are characterized by intense patriotism, 
and a stern determination to rescue his country by getting into office, 
or die in the attempt. Many- readers will doubtless recognize, a. 
little changed, the eloquent language they have often heard from the 
stump. 

CHAP. XXL quieta movere videbatur, " to make a disturbance 
(for its own sake), seemed a great gratification." — movere ^ turbare. 
— conditio belli, " the conditions of (their engaging in) the war," which 
is explained by xie next clause. — ubique = et ubi, as it generally is in 
Sallust, though not always, as has been rashly asserted. 3. tabu- 



364 NOTES ON THE 

las novas, literally, "new accounts = an abolition of debts," a meas- 
ure of special interest to them. John Randolph has well remarked, 
** I defy you to show me a desperately indebted people any where, 
wlio can bear a regular, sober government." See, in the notes to 
Chap. 16, the quotation from Cicero, on the desperate indebtedness 
of the milites t^idlani ; this was the cause that had led Piso to join 
with Catiline; see Chap. 18, — proscriptionem locupletium ; ^'pi'oscrip- 
tio properly signifies an advertisement of sale of any thing ; Sulla 
applied it to a measure of his own invention, the sale of the property 
of those who were put to death at his command. He drew up a list 
of the persons whom he wished to be killed, and this list was exhib- 
ited in the Forum to public inspection. Every person contained in 
it was an outlaw, who might be killed with impunity by any one who 
met him, even by his slaves and his nearest relatives. All his prop- 
erty was publicly sold at a very low price, and was in most cases 
purchased by the friends and favorites of Sulla. The property of 
tlios^ who had fallen in the ranks of his enemies was sold in the same 
manner. Those who killed a proscribed person, or gave notice of his 
place of concealment, received two talents as a reward ; and whoever 
concealed or gave shelter to a proscribed, was punished with death. 
The sons and grandsons of proscribed persons were for ever excluded 
from all public offices. This example was readily adopted during the 
civil commotions of subsequent years." Smith's JJicf. of Antiq., art. 
Proscriptio. Catiline i^j)»d been an active participator in these scenes 
of blood and plunder,'* and tbe.ir renewal would be very acceptable to 
his followers. — -ferty "bring (with them)." 3* Prceterea; what fol- 
lows is an answer to the demand above, quid uhique . . . haherent. — 
esse ; this infin. and those following depend on dicere, which is implied 
in polliceri. — cum exercitu ; it was a band of mercenaries. — petere . . . 
C. Antoniuiriy "was a candidate for the consulship." Antony was 
elected consul, but Cicero, who was chosen with him, bought him off 
from the party of the conspirators. He was uncle and father-in-law 
to Mark Antony the triumvir ; fully as abandoned as Catiline, but of 
less ability. — spcraret^ Gr. 266, 2. — omnihus . . . circumventus, over- 
whelmed with difficulties of every kind. — consulem, " when consul." 

—^pericidij of punishment for their crimes. i, ignomince^ L e., 

from punishments already received. — ea . . . fuerat, " it had brouglit 

booty." 5* petitionem sua7n, "his canvassing (for the consulship)." 

— cures haherent = "should promote." 

CHAP, XXII. oratione hahita, "after making his speech," tho 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 365 

one given in Chap. 20. — populares= socios ; a meaning found only in 
Salhist and Terence, of the classic period of the language. — vino, Gr. 

245, XL — pa(cri% " sacrificial goblets." 2t hide =^ deinde. — exsecra- 

tionem, "an imprecation of dire curses on themselves and all others 
who should betray the conspiracy." Kritz. — consuevit is impers., 
which is very rare. — eo ... quo, "for this reason, that;" both are 
really ahl.— die tit are refers to the same persons as qui dicerent above : 
" these persons frequently asserted ; " as this implies frequency, it 
seems to preclude Zumpt's explanation of dictitare as abbreviated for 
dictitavere. — alius alii . . . conscii, " mutually conscious ; " alii is dat. 
after conscii, which is also followed by the gen. facinoris, Gr. 222, R. 
3; for the plural conscii, see Gr. 204, R. 10. — tanti facinoris refers to 

the drinking of human blood. 3* Ciceronis invidiam, "the odium 

against Cicero;" the senate, having used Cicero as much as they 
wished, lefu him without support to the vengeance of his enemies, 
who got him banished for having had the conspirators put to death 
without appeal to the people, an act which, though ordered by the 
senate, was in palpable violation of the constitution. — atrocitate, by 
(magnifying) the atrocity ; though related by Dion Cassius and Plu- 
tarch, the charge can hardly have been true, or Cicero would not 
have failed to mention it, minutely informed as he was of all the 

proceedings of the conspirators. 4, Nobis r= "to my mind." — pro 

magnitudine, " considering its importance : " i. e., so atrocious a 
crime requires better proof. Another instance of Sallust's cautious 
impartiality. 

CHAP. XXIII. Sed indicates that, after the digression in Chap. 
22, the writer returns to the narrative. — haud obscuro = illustri, by 
litotes. — probri gratia, "as a punishment;" this is the usual inter- 
pretation, but Dietsch translates it, " on account of his scandalous 
life," which is better. — senatu . . . mover ant, is the regular formula, 
" had expelled from the senate ;" see Bojesen, sec. 113 ; Smith's Diet,, 

art. Censor. 2. va?iitas here is "levity, giddiness." — neqiie dicere 

neque facere = neque in dicendo neque in faciendo. — quidquam pensi, 
"any consideration:" he was imprudent enough to speak or to do 
any thing. 3t repente, "of a sudden," i. e., after having been desti- 
tute. — maria Qnontes polliceri, a strong expression for hyperbolical 
promises. — minari . . . ferro, " threatens tliat she should be put to 
death," i. e., in the proscription to ensue when Catiline had suc- 
ceeded. — obnoxia, " dependent on," hence ** favorable, kind;" it re- 
fers to the intimation above, that she had not smiled on him as 



366 



NOTES ON THE 



formerly, since he had become too poor to be liberal.— ferocius agi- 
tare, "behaves more insolently." 4* occultum habuit, "kept con- 
cealed." — sublato, lit., "taken out of" the narrative = "concealed." 

— quoque modo= et quo modo. 5f studia . . . accendit, " made men 

very eager." 6« invidia, "prejudice" against Cicero, as a novus 

homo, from the obscure town of Arpinum. Compare Jug. 63, last 

two Ihies. — pollui = pollutmn iri. — quainvis, "however." 7. post 

fuere, " were postponed," not forgotten. 

CHAP. XXIY. declarantur, " are proclaimed," as the result of 
the election {comitiis habitis). — C. Anto7iius had a small majority 
over Catiline. — concusserat ; the pluperf. is used with reference to 
their subsequent perseverance: it had confounded them, but they 

afterward rallied. 2. plura agitare, " adopts more plans." — anna 

. . . parare, "stores up arms; " the prep, in is omitted, Gr. 254, R. 3, 
last parag. — ynutuum, "on loan;" sumptam mutuam, "borrowed." — 
MaQilium ; he was an old soldier of Sulla, one of a colony of veterans 
planted by him at Fesulae (now Fiesole, near Florence). — princeps 

. . . faciendij "the first to begin the war." 3* sibi adscivisse, "to 

have gained over." — toleraveranty "had supported." — cetaSy "age," 
and consequent loss of charms. — tantummodo luxurice, " to their gains 
(by prostitution) only, but not to their luxurious living." — inodum 
fecerat^ " had set bounds." 4* servitice = servos. 

CHAP. XXV. ySe<f is a particle indicating transition ; "now." — 
Sempronia was the wife of D. Junius Brutus, and mother of that 
Decimus Brutus who became one of the slayers of Julius Caesar. 
Her husband was absent from Rome, and ignorant of the conspiracy. 

2* genere . . . foinna . . . viro . . . llberis . . . litteriSy Gr. 250. — lit- 

terisy "literature;" as we say, "a man of letters." — psallere and sal- 
tare depend on docta. — psallei'e^ "to play and sing." — elegantiuSy 
"with more taste and skill." — probce, " a woman of character: " such 
skill was thought to indicate an immodest anxiety to attract the 
other sex. The earlier Romans regarded singing and dancing with 
the same feeling that was expressed by a modern Chinese, who, 
after witnessing an English ball, inquired very gravely, why the bar- 
barians did not make their servants do that? Nepos mentions this 
in his FrcefatiOj as one point of difference between Greek and Roman 
manners. — niulta allay ace. after docta, Gr. 234, instead of being abl. 

like litteris, as it might have been. — instrumentay "means." 3* ei 

cariora . . . fuit - " there was nothing she valued so little as," <fec. — 
pecunicB . . . parceret, " whether she was more prodigal of her money 



I 



CONSPIKACY OF CATILINE. 367 

or her reputation."— d^eseerneres, Gr. 261, 1, with R. 4.— acmisa, sc. 

eat. — Bed; see note above in this chapter. 4. creditum abjurave- 

rat, "had foresworn a trust." *' Among the Romans the absence of 
facilities for barter and exchange rendered it necessary to keep hoards 
of gold and silver, and these it was often necessary to intrust to the 
care of friends." Merivale. Of course it was often easy to deny 
such a trust, and being easy was often done ; so that Juvenal ao a 
later day says that fideli<"y under such circumstances was something 
wonderful. — conscia, "privy to." — ahieraty "had gone off (from the 
right path)." — prceceps ahierat, "had plunged headlong (into ruin).'* 

5. hand ahsurdum^ "by no means contemptible;" trans., "she 

possessed considerable talent."— ;/ace^^0B . . . lepos, " wit and grace." 
An instructive sketch of a Roman "leader of the fashion," of that 
period. 

CHAP. XXVI, His rebus comparatis refers to nihilominus, i. e., 
" notwithstanding his defeat ; " see Chap. 24, first sentence ; or bet- 
ter, notwithstanding these preparations for seizing the government 
by force, he still attempted to obtain it in the regular way, by elec- 
tion. This is the explanation of Gerlach and Dietsch, and is much 
preferable, as it refers nihilornimis to the clause immediately preced- 
ing. " Catiline as consul would have much influence with Antonius, 
one of the consuls, because the consuls were in great measure de- 
pendent on their successors for the salary, retinue, and military force 
with which they were sent to their provinces as proconsuls, after 
the expiration of their year of consulship." Merivale, — proximum 

annurriy B.C. 62. — exvoluntafe, "as he pleased."- 4. pactione provin- 

cice, "by a bargain respecting his province." The senate, according 
to the Sempronian law, had appointed Cisalpine Gaul (the north of 
Italy so called), and Macedonia, as the provinces to be governed by 
Cicero and Antony, as proconsuls, after their consulship expired. Of 
these Macedonia l)nd fallen by lot to Cicero, which being the richer 
and, from its greater distance, more exposed to plunder by a gov- 
ernor, as well as affording more opportunities for military distinction 
at that time, Cicero exchanged with Antony, on condition that he 
should not aid the conspiracy. 5. Postquayn , . . venit. The elec- 
tion had been postponed to October, by the senate, in the hope that 
Catiline's plot would meanwhile be exposed. And a more severe law 
against bribery had been passed, at Cicero's instance. On the day 
of election Manlius, with his band of Sulla's veterans, had come up, 
not only to vote, but to murder Cicero in the field. This was 



368 NOTES ON THE 

frustrated by his going armed and surrounded by a strong guard. 
The nobles all opposing Catiline, and most of the people fearing him, 
he was again defeated. — in campo ; the Campus Martius, where the 
elections were held. — extrema omniaj '* every extremity." 

CHAP. XX VII. in earn partem, " the adjacent part." — Camer- 
tem; Camerinum is near Picenum, and he probably had many ac- 
quaintances in the latter region. — que7n uhique = quern et uhi, " whom- 
soever and wheresoever;" or better, "wherever he believed any 

one,"<fec. 2* ohsidere, "occupies." — cumteloessCy " carries arms." — 

alios jubetf sc. cum telo esse. 3« multa agitanti^ sc. illi. — intempesta 

node, "midnight." — per ... Lcecam^ at whose house they met; see 
Cicero in Cat. i. 4, 8. 4. ihique ; ibi here =in ea conventione, im- 
plied in convocat — par aver at ; the use of the indie, here is very re- 
markable; see Gr. 266, R. 5, last sentence. — qui ...facerent, Gr. 264, 
5. We learn from Cicero (in Cat., i. 4, 9), that during this meeting 
much other important business was transacted, persons were selected 
to accompany Catiline to the army, arrangements were made for 
burning the city, (fee. 

CHAP. XXYHL perterritis ac dubitantibus, at such an under- 
taking as killing Cicero. — paulo post, i. e., about daylight, at which 
time great men were usually visited by their clients and friends. — 
salutatum, "to pay their respects." — domi suae, Gr. 221, R. 3, (1); 

Z. 400.~ 3* prohibiti, "repulsed." "Cicero says he was warned 

of their coming by many most distinguished men ; these were proba- 
bly M. Crassus, M. Marcellus, and Metellus, who had brought him 
anonymous letters, received by them, in which they were warned to 
leave the city, as the nobles were to be slaughtered ; this we learn 

from Plutarch, Appian, and Dion Cassius." Dietsch. 4* dolore in- 

jurice, "indignation at the injury (done them)," which had produced 
the egestas. — Sullce dominatione, " by the tyrrany of Sulla ; " the abl. 
here indicates the cause and not the time. — agros . , . amiserat ; " Sulla 
had disfranchised all those municipia that had sided with his oppo- 
nents, and confiscated all their possessions. These were assigned to 
120,000 of his soldiers (this is the least number), to be occupied-(as 
colonists), and the wretched inhabitants expelled from all their prop- 
erty with the greatest cruelty. Besides the other parts of Italy, Lu- 
cania, Samnium and Etruria were especially oppressed and almost 
ruined." Drumann's Hist, of Home. — ex Sulla7us colonis ; see Chap 
16, the passage beginning Siillani milites, and the note thereon from 
Cicero. — quibics depends on reliquL 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 369 

CHAP. XXIX. In this chapter, Sallust, writing many years 
after (certainly more than sixteen), has confused the dates, as Dietsch 
has clearly shown. The senatus consultiim, which he gives below 
{darent, caperet) as then passed, was passed twenty days before, if we 
may believe Cicero speaking the day after the meeting at Lsca's 
(m Cat. i. 2, 4). Sallust seldom sins in this way. — ancipHi malo, i. e., 
from the conspirators remaining within the city, and the army gath- 
ering without. Cicero's own language shows how much more he 
dreaded the former; he uses every argument and threat to drive 
them from the city into open TehQWiou.—privato consilio, by his per- 
sonal prudence and activity, without such a senatus consultum as that 
given below.— 5'?^o consilio, Gr. 211, R. 6; "what might be its pur- 
pose." — compertum hahebat, " had ascertained ; " the student will ob- 
serve the use of haheo here, as an auxiliary, and the similarity of 
such use to our English auxiliary have ; " I have it ascertained " being 
equivalent to "I have ascertained it." — exagitatam refers to rem, 

"much noised abroad." 2. quod relates to senatus decrevit, <fec. — 

atroci negotio, " an occasion of great emergency." — darenty with ut 
omitted, Gr. 264, R. 4 ; Z. 624. This was the regular formula ; such 
a decree invested the consuls with unlimited powers, and was equiv- 
alent to proclaiming martial law in the city. This is clearly seen 
from the following sentence, in which the writer defines the opera- 
tion of such a decree. 3. Ea potestas ... maxima permittitur =^ 

Ea potestas est maxima quce perinittituTy (fee. " This power, committed 
(to them) by means of the senate, according to Roman usage (i. e., it 
was the usage for it to be done by the senate), is the greatest which is 
ever committed to a magistrate." What follows is a definition of 
ea potestas : " to wit, the power to get ready an army," &c. ; the in- 
finitives are used instead of gerunds in the genitive, parandi, gerendi, 
(fee, Z. 598 (fe 659, note. — coercere, sc. a peccando. — doini ; ordinarily 
the consul did not possess the imperium within the city. — imperium 
atqtie judicium summiim, "supreme military and judicial power," 
without appeal to the tribunes or the people. It was a convenient 
way (more convenient than appointing a dictator) the aristocracy 
had of dispensing with all law for the time being, depriving the peo- 
ple meanwhile of every protection; the way it might be abused had 
been exemplified in the case of the Gracchi, in which it was simply 
legalizing murder. — mdli earum rerum ... jus, "the right of (doing) 
these things belongs to no consul." 

CHAP. XXX. Fesulis, Gr. 255 ; the place to which Manlius had 
16* 



370 



NOTES ON THE 



been sent by Catiline ; see Chap. 27, first line. — ante diem . . . calen- 

das, i. e., October 27 ; see Gr. 326, 1, 2; Z. 868. 2. in tali re, "on 

such an occasion." — portenta atque prodigia, " are not easily distin- 
guishable." DiETscH. — portari, sc. ab hominibus, "men were wearing 
arms. — servile = servorum ; C. Julius had been sent out for this pur- 
pose (Chap. 27). 3* Q. Marcius Rex and Q. Metellus Creticus 

were proconsuls, just returned, the one from Cilicia, the other from 
Crete. — circum loca refers to both Fesiilas and Apuliam, '* the neigh- 
boring regions." 4. imperatores (in apposition with hi utrique), 

denotes that they still possessed the imperiwn, which they would 
have vacated by entering the city. Hence they were ad urbem ("at, 
but not in, the city"), waiting until the triumph each claimed for his 
victories as proconsul, had been decreed. Therefore, being generals 
in actual service, they were thus despatched. — calumnia, "the in- 
trigues." — vender e for vendendi, Z. 598&659, note ; so also in Jug. 80, 
we find the same expression. Those here stigmatized as acting from 
venal motives, were following the instigation of Pompey, who strove 
to prevent the triumph of the two generals, because, as he pretended, 
they had been acting under him, and not in independent commands. 

5* Sed prcBtores ; supply missi sunt from the preceding sentence. 

— pro tempore . . . compararent, i. e., as great as might be needed. 

6. indicavisset, " should make a confession." — facta erat^ Gr. 266, R. 5, 
last clause. — servo . . . libero = "if a slave ... if a freeman." — sestertia 
centum ; this (according to Smith's Diet. Antiq.) would amount to 
$4,250, and the sestertia ducenta to $8,500 ; for the Roman mode of 
reckoning money, see Gr. 327 ; Z. 871-73. The clauses libertatem . . . 
centum, and impunitatem . . . ducenta are in apposition vr'ith prcemiutn, 
Gr. 230, R. 2. — ejus rei, i. e., for his participation in the conspiracy. 
— gladiatorice familice. The gladiators were either captive slaves, or 
freemen who fought for hire. They were carefully trained for com- 
bat under teachers {lanista^) ; familia was used to denote all under 
one lanista. The Romans were extremely fond of shows of gladia- 
tors, and immense numbers were often exhibited by candidates for 
popular favor. The number throughout Italy was very great, and 
being trained to the use of arms, the}- were very dangerous in case 
of an outbreak, as was shown in the Servile War, which was led by a 
gladiator. — Capuatn ... distribuerentur ; distribuerentur implies mo- 
tion (should be sent to be distributed), and hence is followed by 
Capuam in the ace. without a preposition, Gr. 237. — cnjusque sc. 
municipii. — pro . . . opibus, i. e^ according to ^he ability of f ncli Q\{y 



CONSPmACY OF CATrLINE. 371 

to maintain and to watch and restrain them : Cicero says (in Cat. ii. 
12, 26), "The gladiators, on whom Catiline had reckoned, as his 

greatest and surest resource, were restrained by my power." minores 

magistratuSy i. e., the sediles, tribunes, quaestors, &q. 

CHAP. XXXL permota . . . immutata . . . erat ; these are not 
pluperfects, but are perfect participles, used with erat, to denote con- 
tinuance, "was moved ... was changed (and continued to be).' — 
quce, Gr. 206, (15). — diviurna, i.e., about twenty yeai-s ; since the 

proscriptions of Sulla. 2. neqice . . . credere = they dread them as 

dangerous. 3. quihus ... timor insolitus incesserat = quibus ... 

ti7nor qui inceperat insolitus erat. — magnitttdi7ie explains insolitus, 
war had hitherto been kept at a distance from the city : the usual 

construction would be the ace. with propter. 4. eadem ilia, i. e., 

the same designs as before. — diffidere, "they are anxious." — interro- 
gatus= accusatus, lege Plautia, passed b. c. 89, "against occupying 
public places and wearing arms." SMrrn's Diet. Ant. — ah L. Paulo ; 
this was done, no doubt, merely to distinguish himself as was very 

common at Rome. 5. et ut, "and as if." — sicuti, "as though." — 

furgio, "an accusation from private enmity."— jwrprzo lacessitus foret, 
"he was attacked through malice." — in senatum venit ; this was Nov. 
8, B. c. 63. We learn from Cicero that when he entered, no one 
saluted him, and that the part of the house where he seated himself 

was immediately abandoned by all the other senators. 6. prcesen- 

tiam ... verens ; doubtless on account of his ability and powers of 
persuasion, especially as many of the senate were known to be in 
tlie conspiracy. — orationem ; this is the first of Cicero's four orations 
against Catiline ; it contains a complete exposure of all his plans and 
acts. Although Catiline doubtless suspected that his plots were 
partly known, he must have been astounded by such a complete 
revelation of them. — luculentam ("splendid, distinguished") is far 
from being a cold term of praise, as some represent. Besides, Sal- 
lust does not deal in superlatives. — scriptam edidit = scripsit et edidlt. 

7, ea = tali, as it often is. — omnia bona, " all honors." — in spe 

haberet, "had a right to hope for." — sibi limits opus esse. — plebetn Ro- 
inanam. Dietsch, following Krits and Faber, gives populum Roma- 
num, for reasons which seem conclusive. But the other is the read- 
ing of most editions. — perdita republica, "the destruction of there- 
public," Gr. 274, R. 5 ; Z. 464, note 1. — inquilinus, "a mere sojourner.'' 
Though Cicero was a genuine citizen of Rome, the proud patrician 
stigmatizes him thus, because not born there. It is instructive to 



372 



JOTES ON THE 



notice the air of dignity and conscious innocence with which this 
eminent "friend of the people" vindicates himself, and the scorn 
with which he refers to the low-born Cicero in comparison with a 
man of such illustrious descent as himself. — servaret , . . adderet, " was 
trying to preserve . . . was trying to add ; " see Jug. Chap. 27, note 

on Zeniebant. 9. circurnventus agor = circumvenior el agor. — in- 

cendium meum, "the flame that consumes me." — ruina, "universal 
ruin." The expression seems derived from the pulling down of a house 
to stop a fire. Sallust differs in this chapter from the statement of 
Cicero, who says Catiline did not utter a word in reply to him, and 
who quotes Catiline's remark above given (Quoniam . . . restinguam), 
as having been previously made in reply to an attack by Cato. It 
is one of the discrepancies occasionally to be found in the best 
authorities. 

CHAP. XXXII. consuli^ dat. after insidicey Gr. 211, R. 6. — multa 
... volvens = ^'heing greatly at a loss what course to take." — opti- 
mum factum = " the best course ; " the participle being used as a 
noun ; i. e., optimum factum is predicate after esse understood. — scribe- 
rentuTy Gr. 263, Z.—forent^ Gr. 266, 1. — cum paucis ; he had already 
sent forward armed men to await him on the road (Cic. in Cat i.). 
— in . . . profectus est ; the reader of Cicero's orations against Catiline 
will perceive how anxiously the great orator had striven to bring 

about this result. 2* conflrment . . . parent depend on ut omitted, 

Gr. 262, R. 4. — accessurum depends on dicit implied in mandat. 

CHAP. XXXIII. qui relates to nostra, Gr. 206, I'l.—expertes ; 
this adjective is commonly followed by the gen. (Gr. 213, with R. 5, 
(21), but often by the abl. in the older writers ; in no late one but 
Sallust (Gr. 250, with R. 1); here, Sallustii more, by hoih.—foenera- 
iorum ; the Laws of the Twelve Tables forbade taking higher than 
ten per cent. ; this had been repeatedly re-enacted and as often 
trampled on. — lege uti^ " to enjoy the benefit of the law ; " the fol- 
lowing clause, neque . . . habere, is explanatory of this, so that neque 
= videlicet; the law referred to (passed b. c. 315) expressly forbade 
imprisonment for debt. The expressions scevitia . . . prcetoris, and 
iniquitas prcetoris below (referring to the prcetor urbanu.% who was 
the supreme judge), indicate that in this case, legal technicalities and 
chicane had been employed to set aside the safeguards of pei^sonal 
libert}', as has been done in modern times, with reference to the Ha- 
beas Corpus and Jury Trial. 2, majm'es ves^iri ... opitu^ati sunt. 

The early Roman law of debt was very cruel ; many popular agita- 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 373 

lions arose from it, and many modifications were reluctantly made 
by the ruling class, under the pressure of necessity. — novissime, i. e., 
B. c. 86. — omnibus bonis. Here again, boni means the aristocracy. 
This declaration of Manlius, as to the unanimous assent of the boni 
to the law, was not true ; he is making out his case the best way he 
. can. — argenium cere solutum est, i. e., the lowest silver coin (the 
sestertius), by the brass as ; the sestertius was then worth 4 asses ; 

so that only one fourth of the debt was paid. 3. Scepe ipsa plebes 

... secessit. "There were three secessions of the plebs ; first, b. c. 495, 
on account of the cruelty of their creditors ; second, b. c. 449, on ac- 
count of the tyranny of the decemvirs ; third, b. o. 286, on account 

of the burden of debt." Dietsch. 4. amittit, *' relinquishes." 

5. necessitudinem ; see Chap. 11 ^ 2, note on Quibus . . . inerat. 

CHAP. XXXIV. discedant ; this use of a present subj. after the 
perf. indef respondit, is very unusual. Dietsch says : " Sometimes 
the Romans, when they give the words of another in the oratio 
obliqua, use that tense which they would use in the oratio recta ; " 
and quotes two examples from Cicero and Tacitus. — ea = tali ; and 
hence followed by ut with the subj. Gr. 264, 1. — mansuetvdine et 
misericordia, Gr. 211, R. 6. — eo refers to both senatum and populum, 

as one body. — petiverit, Z. 504. 2. litteras mittit = scribit, and so 

is followed by the ace. with the inf., Gr. 272. — nequiverit, Gr. 266, 3. 
— non quoj "not as if:" non quo ... esset, Gr. 262, R. 9 ; Z. 536. — 
tanti sceleris, "of so great a crime (as I am accused of)." — sua refers 

to Catiline. 3» Q. Catulus; this was the son of the Q. Catulus 

who was colleague with Marius in his fourth consulship, b. c. 102, 
and ailerwards proscribed by him. Of the few great and virtuous 
men remaining to Rome amid the general corruption so well de- 
scribed by Sallust in the introductory chapters of this work, he was 
one of the most illustrious. "Throughout life he was distinguished 
as one of the prominent leaders of the aristocracy, but rose iav supe- 
rior to the great body of his class in purity and singleness of pur- 
pose, and received from the whole community marks of esteem and 
confidence, seldom bestowed with unanimity, in periods of excite- 
ment, upon an active political leader. Cicero records the tribute paid 
by the populace to his character and talents. When, in the course 
of an argument against the extravagant powers, which the Manilian 
Law proposed to bestow upon a single individual (Pompey), Catulus 
asked the jnultitude, to whom they would look, should any misfor- 
tune befall their favorite, the crowd, almost with one voice, shouted 



374 NOTES ON THE 

back the reply, that they -woMd look to himself. He died b. c. 60 
(two years after this conspiracy); happy, says Cicero, both in the 
splendor of his life, and in having been spared the spectacle of his 
country's ruin." Smith's Diet. Biog. — earum exeniplum ; this language 
implies, what is confirmed by internal evidence, that the letter is 
given verbatim. 

CHAP. XXXV. re cognita, "known (to me) by experience." 
Catulus had defended Catiline successfully, ,when accused of a capi- 
tal offence, an intrigue with the Vestal Fabia ; see Chap. 16, and 
note there. — gratam, . . . tribuitj " gives, in the midst of my great 
perils, a pleasing confidence to my commendation (of my wife to you) 
= makes me glad that I can do it with confidence." We have given 
the reading adopted by Kritz. Others read grata, and connect in .., 

fiduciam with it 2« defensionemy "a regular judicial defence" 

against the charges made by Cicero. — satisf actionem, "a private ex- 
planation." — in novo consilio, "in my new undertaking," on which 
he was going. — non siatui parare = statni non parare. — de cidpa = 
culpce. — proponere, sc. tihi. — me dius fidiits, sc. sic juvet. — dius == diviis. 
— -fidius (from fides), is an epithet of Jupiter, Jupiter Fidius, trans- 
lated by Dionysius Halicarnasseus Zeus liia-rios. — me dius fidius is an 
imprecation, "so help me the god of truth" = " as sure as heaven ; " 
others make it, dius {i. e., Jovis) filius = mehercules, Z. 361. The 
whole may be rendered, " Wherefore, though I have determined to 
make no public defence, engaged as I am in a new enterprise, yet 
though conscious of no crime, I have decided to give an explanation 
of my conduct to you (a tried friend), which, so help me the god of 
truth, you may easily satisf}' yourself^ is true." 3* statum digni- 
tatis fructu . .. non ohtineham, "I could not maintain" (lit. "was not 
maintaining ") " my position of dignity, after having been deprived of 
the reward of my labor and industry," i. e., the consulship. An- 
drews explains statum dignitatis non obtineham, "I did not obtain 
the consulship," but this seems inadmissible. — no7i quin=.non quod 
non. — meis nominibus, sc. perscriptum, "charged in my name;" the 
plural is used, because Catiline was indebted to many persons. — 
quum etj " since even." — alienis nominibus, supply ces alienum per- 
scriptum, the whole being equivalent to alionun debita. — persolveret, 
probably those for which Catiline was surety. The argument is, 
" much more would she pay mine." — non dignos homines refers to 
Cicero, a novus homo. — alienatum, " estranged (from the people)" = 
"the people estranged from me." 4. Hoc nomine, "for this rea- 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 375 

son." — satis . . . casu^ *' honorable enough, considering my unfortunate 
condition." — spe5="plan;" referring to his present undertaking. 

5. Plura . . . parari ; this was a mere pretext, to excuse himself 

from further explanation, which would have been embarrassing. 

6. defendas, Gr. 260, XL, K. 6. 

CHAP. XXXYI. 3t sine fraude, " with impunity." — liceret, sc. 

illis. — condeinnatis limits non liceret^ understood. 4« fuere . . . qui 

... ireiit, Gr. 264, 6. 5. duobus senati decretis, Gr. 257, R. 7, "not- 
withstanding two decrees of the senate ; " for the former decree, see 
Chap. 30. — tanta vis morbi, ''so violent a disease," i. e., so violent a 
desire for a change of government. 

CHAP. XXXVII. aliena = ^' hostile"— fuerant ; the pluperf. is 
rightly used, because the conspiracy had now changed to open re- 
bellion. — plebes here, as in other places, means " the rabble," which is 

far different from its earlier signification, "plebeian." 3* sine 

curaj "free from anxiety." — aluntur, "support themselves." — habetur, 

"is kept;" the idea is, poverty has nothing to lose. i» ea veto is 

very emphatic, and serves to distinguish the urbana plebes from the 
plebes elsewhere. — prceceps ierat, i. e., into Catiline's measures. — hi is 

pleonastic, and used for emphasis. 5. Primum omniuin ; there are 

five classes named, and the descriptions are introduced by primum 

omnium, deinde, proeterea^ prceterea and ad hoc. 6* ex , . . militibus 

= gregariorum militum. — alios senatores . . . alios ita diviies ; supply 

factos (" become") with each clause. 7. 7nanuum = laboris. — tole- 

raverat, i. e., formerly. — privatis ... largitiojiibus ; five bushels of 
grain were distributed monthly to each citizen, by the state; besides 
liberal presents of various kinds from candidates for office. — alios 
omnes refers to the first two classes mentioned. — malum publicitm^ 
"the evil state of public affairs." They sold their votes, they were 
hired bullies at elections, and could be bought for any other vile use 

by any one. 8. moribus . . . spe, Gr. 211, R. 6. — maxima spe, "of 

the greatest ambition."— /wa^if a ac, "just as = as little as." They had 

ruined themselves and were ready to ruin it. 9. quorum, se. ii. — 

jus ... imminuturn erat ; the descendants of those proscribed by 
Sulla had been made incapable of holding office ; and this disability, 
odious as it was, still continued, an attempt to repeal it this very year 
having been defeated by the influence of Cicero, who was afraid to 
grant what was right, lest something else that was wrong should 
next be demanded (Cicero, in Pisonem, 2, 4:).— alio animo, i. e., other 
than that of those before mentioned. 10. aliarum ... crant = 



376 NOTES ON THE 

"opposed to the senate." — valere, sc. se. 11. Id ... malum, L e, 

the old struggle between the senate and the popular party. — multos 
annos ; it had been eleven 3'ears only. Sulla's measures had com- 
pletely established the ascendency of the aristocracy up to this time. 

CHAP. XXXYIir. tribunicia ... restituta est, b. c. 70; it had 
been greatly restricted by Sulla. — adolescentes ; the tribunes were 
usually under thirty years of age. — summum, not "the highest/* which 
it was not, but " very high," enabling ihem to dare almost any thing. 
— -feroxy "impetuous." — pollicitando ; the frequentative here is very 

appropriate. 2. senati specie, " under the pretext of (zeal for) the 

senate." — modestia ... modus ; see Chap. 11, note on these words. 

CHAP. XXXIX. helium maritimnm, against the pirates who had 
become dangerous beyond all precedent; see Cic, Pro Lege Manil. — 
pofttgua?n . . . crevit ; when the powerful protection of Ponipey was 
withdrawn, there was no other able to defend them against the en- 
croachments of the* nobles. — ijinoxii, "beyond reach, irresponsible." 

2. in magistratu, "when magistrates." — -placiditis, "too mildly," 

in their estimation. — tractarent, Gr. 266, 3. The general meaning is 
that they frightened by prosecutions those who were disposed to 
befriend the people, when magistrates. But most editions have quo 
("in order that"), instead of qui; which some explain by making 
the subject of tractarent and terrere the same, i. e., hi, explain- 
ing placidius =^ placidiorem, and placidlus ... /rar/ar«4^ =" might 
govern with less disturbance on the part of the people." But 
Dietsch makes tractarent refer to ceteros, meaning the tribunes par- 
ticularly, and explains plehem . . . placidius . . . tractarent, " might 
manage the people in a more friendly spirit towards themselves, i. e., 
the nobles" = "might not stir up the people to hostility against 

them." 3« dubiis rebus, " by the dangerous state of affairs ; " rebus 

is abl. — novandi, sc. rrs = " making a revolution." — vetus certamen, 

"the old part^'-spirit." — eorum, i. e., the plebs. !• neqite = neque 

tamen. — illis is dat after licuisset. — discessisset . . . oppressisset . . . 
licuissri, Gr. 261, 1. — -forenf, Gr. 266, 1. — defessis et exsanguibus, i. e., 
with the contest. — qui plus posset, i. e., more than they in their ex- 
hausted state. — posset, Gr. 266, 1. — tamcn, i. e , though their hold on 
power, if they succeeded, would be so uncertain, nevertheless, <tc. 

5. Fuere . . . complures, qui . . . profecti sunt, "many who joined 

Catiline at the first were not privy to the conspirac\\" — parens 

jussit ; the patria potestas {see that article in Smith's Diet. Antiq.) 
among the Romans was almost without limit : the position of the 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 377 

son, though grown, father of a faraily, and even chief magistrate of 
the state, towards his father, was, in strict law, very nearly that of a 
slave; he could acquire nothing for himself; his wife and children 
came under the same authority ; his father could sell or kill him. 
The last power had practically become obsolete, and would not have 
been tolerated, except in such a case as this. It is hardly possible for 

"Young America" to conceive of such a state of things. 6» ciijus- 

que . . . hominum = cujusque generis homines. — modo = dummodo. 

CHAP. XL. A full account of all the transactions with the 
AUobroges is given by Cicero (in Cat. iii.). — P. Umhreno ; Cicero 
says he was a freedman. — negotium dat = mandate and so is followed 
by ut with the subj., Gr. 273, 2. — Allobroguni. They were sub- 
dued B. c. 121. "They had been conquered with difficulty, and had 
more than once revolted. Cicero says they were the only nation re- 
maining in Southern Gaul, who seemed able and not unwilling to 
make war on the Romans (in Cat. iii. 6). These ambassadors had 
been sent to Rome to complain of the exactions of the provincial 
government, and to sue for a remission of their public debt." Meri- 
VALE. — publice privatimquej ** as a state and individually." — essetj Gr. 

266, 3. 2. negotiatus erat. "There were but two respectable 

ways of making money at Rome, money-lending and farming. But 
since all could not lend money at Rome, or have farms in Italy, many 
knights and plebeians employed their money in the provinces. The 
principal business of the negotiator was to lend money at interest to 
the provincials, which was the more profitable, because the rate of 
interest was not limite4 in the provinces. Therefore money was 
often loaned there at two, three, and four per cent, a month, unless 
indeed the praetor restrained the rapacity of the negotiator T Ernesti, 
Clavis Cic. — ejus casum, "its sad condition." — 7nalis, Gr. 211, R. 5. 

3. remedium, "the only remedy." — expectare, sc. se diceiites. — 

virihQTe= fortes ; for the case, see Gr. 210, R. 6. 4. dixit for 

dixerat, Gr. 259, (2). — facturi essent, Gr. 266, 2. — ea res iov id ; they 

are u?ed interchangeably, Z. 678. 5. aliena consilii, "unsuitedfor 

consultation ; " for the construction see Z. 468 & 470. — propter Sem- 
proniam ; see Chap. 25. — Brutus, her husband. — ah Roma aberat, Gr. 

255, R. 2; Z. 398, n. 1. G. quo ... inesset, " to add authority to 

what he should sa}'," Gabinius being one of the most active of the 
conspirators. — cujusque generis, "of every rank." — legatis ... esset, 
** the legates might be more encouraged." The extreme rashness of 
the conspirators in this business need hardly be pointed out. Cicero 



378 NOTES ON THE 

was right in believing that, if Catiline could be got out of the city, 
he could easily manage the rest. "We learn from his account that 
there was more than one conference, and that what the Allobrogcs 
promised w^aa to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible. 

CHAP. XLI. in incerto habuere = incerli fuere. %% In. altera 

parte . . . in altera, i. e., " in favor of joining Catiline ... in favor of 
adhering to the Republic." — studlnm belli refers to what was inti- 
mated in the preceding chapter, that the}'^ were a warlike nation. — 
in spe victoricB =; *' hoped for in case of victory." The two clauses 
stand opposed to each other in each point: to ces alienum^ is opposed 
majores opes, which thc}^ and their nation would get by adhering to 
the Republic, their debt would be forgiven either wholly or in part; 
to stndiii/n belli ('* their nation's fondness for war"), is opposed hUa 
consilia, war was uncertain, and peace was safer; to magna mercet ... 
victorice, is opposed certa pr<^ni<L, which the senate would bestow on 
them and their nation, for the important service of detecting such a 

conspiracy. 3* fortima reipMiccB ; ** the Romans were accustomed 

to ascribe to the Fortune of Rome whatever had brought unhoped- 
for safety in a time of great peril." J. F. Gronovius. i. patro- 

cinio. Foreign nations, reduced to subjection by the Roman^ trans- 
acted business with the senate through some noble Roman (usually 

of the gens of their conqueror) whose patronage they employed. 

5* studium covjurationis, " great zeal for the conspiracy." — simtUent ; 
this pres. subj. after the perf. indef. is very unusual, Gr. 258, 2, (2). 
— ceteros adeant, " have conference with others of the conspirators." 
— beyie polliceanlur, " make fair promi-^' -? " — 'juavi maxime manifesto*, 
"detected as completely as possible. 

CHAP. XLH. mottts, "uneasiness, disturbance of the public 

mind." 2* cimcta . . . agebant, •* were doing every thing at once." — 

armorum ... por tat ionibus = ''^o'lng armed." 3« ex smati con- 
sul to ; see Chap. 86. — causa coguita, "having tried them," they not 
having laid down their arms by the day specified in the senatu^- 
consultum. 

CHAP. XLHI. ut videhantur explains magnis, "apparently 
groat." — Lentul us cum ceteris ... constituerant, Gr. 209, R. 12,(0). — 
irgrum Fiesulanum ; this cannot refer to FafsulaB near Florence, 
which is more than 100 miles from Rome: Dietseh, after Manuert 
the geographer, thinks there was another Fa^ulro near to Rome. — 
actiones, " official acts." — imponeret, " should endeavor to cast upon.** 
— coujurationis, "concerned in the conspii-ucy." — suwn . .. exuquert- 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 879 

tur ; these had been assigned by Catiline^ the night of the meeting 

at Laeca's house. 2. ea, bc negotia. — hoc =^ tali, and so followed 

by lit with the subj., Gr. 264, 1. — quo tmnultu, " the tumult arising 
from which." — -facilior aditus . . . ficrety " they might more easily get 
at." — alius . , . alium, so. aggrederetiir.—Jilii familiarum is the corre- 
sponding expression to pater familias. 3* corrumpere, "were 

spoiling = losing. "—/ac^o ... consulto ; see Chap. 1, near the end. — 
languentibus aliis, "though the rest were spiritless." 

CHAP. XLIV. ex prcecepto Ciceroni s ; see Chap. 41 {ceteros 

adeanty <fec.). — perferant, Gr. 264, 5. 3« dant, sc. ju,yurandum 

signatwn. — fo, i. e., into the country of the Allobroges, which was 

that around modern Geneva, in Switzerland. 3. mittity historical 

present for minty and hence followed by imperf. subj. 5« Fac {ut) 

cogites (Gr. 262, R. 4) = cogita, Gr. 267, R. 3. — cogites . . . considered 
... peta^y Gr. 260, R. 6. — tuce rationes, "your interests." — ab infimis, 

i. e., the slaves. 6* mandata verbis, "verbal message." — -jicsseritf 

Gr. 266, 2. Cicero, who had the letter in his possession, gives it (in 
Cat iii. 12) a little differently, but the same in substance. 

CHAP. XLV. cunctOy Gr. 234, 1. — ita agant, supply w^. — uti ... 
sity " as circumstances may require." 2, Illi, sc. prcet^res. — homi- 
nes militares is added to explain the skill with which they managed 
the business, such things being common in war. — prcesidiis collocatis ; 

all this is narrated by Cicero (in Cat. iii.). 3* id loci, Gr. 212, R. 

8. — et si7nul = €t s:imulac. 4* niulta prius ... obtestatus, "have 

tirst made many prayers for safety ; " thereby betraying his conscious- 
ness of treasonable designs. 

CHAP. XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, in the night of Dec. 2. 

2* quid ... csset ; quid opus est and facto opus est, being both 

allowable expressions, are here blended together. — perdendce . . .fore, 
"would tend to destroy," Gr. 276, III, R. 1, (6); Z. 662. — reipubliccp. 
Ys not dat. as might be inferred from oneri. " This passage shows 
how far Sallust is from being unjust to Cicero. He represents him, 
not as driven by blind fury to the infliction of the most cruel pun- 
ishment, but as mindful of the danger he would incur, and yet re- 
garding the interests of the state more than his own." Dietsch. 

3. coiifirmato animo, "his mind being made up," "no longer hesitat- 
ing." 4. indicio cognito, "having heard of the detection (of the 

conspiracy)." 5* (^deyn Concordice ; this temple had been dedicated 

by Camillus. 6« Flaccum . . , jubet ; Cicero had never touched it» 

until it was now opened. 



380 NOTES ON THE 

CHAP. XLVII. quid... consilii habnisset, "what had been his 
object." — alia, '* other (than the truth)." — -Jide puhlica, "on promise 
of pardon." — docet, "explains," as a reason fur not knowing more. — 
nihil . . . legator, " that he knew nothing more than the legates did : " 
this is the best explanation ; others interpret it, " that he knew no 

other conspirators except the legates." 2, Eadem ... fatcntur. 

Tliey were no doubt examined after, and separately from, Volturcius, 
as Cicero declares, contrary to what Sallust incorrectly says above, 
(Chap. 46), Volturcium cum legatis introducit. — librU Sibyllinit, 
These books were said to have been purchased by king Tarquinius 
Priscus of a Sibyl or prophetic woman, under very singular circum- 
stances. They were kept with great care in a stone chest under- 
ground in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, in the charge of officers 
appointed for the purpose ; they were consulted by them only, and 
at the special command of the senate, given in cuses of prodigies and 
calamities. Wlien burned with the temple, b. a 83, ambassadors 
were sent through Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, to collect them 
afresh, and when the temple had been rebuilt, they were placed and 
kept as before. See Smith's Diet. Antig. for a full account — Cinna 
cUque Sulla, i. e., Corneliu* Cinna and Cornelius Sulla, both members 
of the Cornelia gens, as was Lentulus, P. Cornelius Lentulus being 
his full name; supply urbis antea potitos esse from the following 
clause. — urbis potiri. Or. 245, R. 1, last clause; Z. 466. ** JIarwtpiees 
•were brought to Rome from Etruria, but never acquired a political 
importance like the Augurs. Tlieir art consisted in explaining and 
interpreting the will of the gods, from the appearances of the entrails 
of animals offered in sacrifice ; and also from lightning, earthquakes, 
and all extraordinnr}' phenomena in nature. This art was considered 
by the earlier Romans of the hit^hest importance, but by this time 
had fallen into such disrepute among the educated, that Cato the 
Younger (whose speech is given below. Chap. 52) said, he wondered 
one haruspex did not laugh when he saw another." — Smith's IHct. 
Antiq. — respondisaent, "had predicted;" it is the formal expression 
for the responses of oracles and haruspiccs to those who consulted 
them. Z% qutun ... cogjiovisscnt, "after all of them had acknow- 
ledged their seals:" this clause is connected with the preceding. The 
letters were written, as was the custom, on wooden tablets covered 
with wax, and were fastened by a string, the end of which was sealed. 
The seal bore the image of the owner or one of his ancestors ; thus 
that of Lentulus bore the head of his great-grandfather, to which 



COJS'SPUiACY OF CATILLN'E. 381 

Cicero referred on this occasion (in Cat. iii. 5, 10). — abdicato magis- 
tratu; this is ihe earliest example of this constiiiction ; the regular 
construction had been, abdicare se magutratu^ which would have re- 
quired here postqicani se abdicasset magistratu. — liberis custodiis, i. e., 

not in prison, but in some dwelling, in custody of the owner. 

4. C. Ccesariy better known to us as Julius Ccesar, a form, however, 
which the Romans never used ; see note Chap. 17. — P. Lentulo 
Spiiitheri ... Q. Cornificio ; these are known to have been warm 
supporters of Cicero. Doubtless Caesar and Crassus were included in 
this honorable responsibilit}', to clear them, in the public mind, of all 
suspicion of connection with the conspirac3\ 

CHAP. XLVIII. After the transactions just related, Cicero, 
towards evening, delivered his third Catilinarian oration to the mul- 
titude waiting around the senate-house, and was conducted by them 

in triumph to bis lodgings. 2. facinora^ "deeds." — prcedce^ sc. sibi, 

— incendium ; Ihey had not been previously aware that this was in- 
tended. — maxime calamitosuin^ i. e., more than the other tilings 
threatened, which would not have affected them, for the reason 
following. — tisu guotidiajio, "daily labor." — cultu corporis^ "their 

food and clothing." 4. de itinere fiostiuin, i. e., against Rome. — 

a M. Crasso ; see Chap. 17. — qui . . . nuntiaret = ut ille . . . nuntiaret^ 
Gr. 204, 5. — Lentulus et Cethegus aliique . .. deprehensi = Lentulo, <tc. — 
deprehensis, Gr. 274, R. 5. — exitn, sc. Catilinam. — ceterorum^ i. e., those 

not arrested. — illi, i. e., those arrested. 5* tania ... videbatur = 

tanta vis hominein . . . leiiiendum. — magis qtiam exagitandum (esse) 
videbatur. — Crasso objtoxii, " in the power of Crassus," i. e., in debt 
to him. " At one time of his life there was scarcely a senator who 
was not under some private obligation to him." — Siimi's Diet. Biog. 
— rcferatuTy sc. ad senatum^ " that (the matter) be referred to the 
senate," by proposing a resolution, which Cicero accordingly did. 

,^ Ct consulenie^ sc. sejiatum. — potcstatetn^ sc. indicandi, "power of 

making farther discoveries." — -faciendam, sc. illi, "should he given 

(him)." 7. appeflato^ "being named (among the conspirators)." — 

per socieiatein periculi = quod socius periculi erat, " being a sharer of 

the danger.^' 8« immissum^ "was suborned." — more suo connects 

I with suscepto ,, . patrocinio, not "with rem. conturbaret. Crassus often 
I sought popularity, as many a popularity-hunter has done since, by 
! befriending the vilest criminals, who would thus become serviceable 

tools. 
! CHAP. XLIX. Q. Catulus. It is hard to believe that this story 



382 NOTES ON THE 

can be true of so pure and exalted a character. Csesar was at this 
time an object of great hatred and dread to the senate, and the story, 
if true (which cannot well be denied), is only another example of 
the corrupting influence of party spirit, even on the noblest minds : 
a truth which Americans do not need to learn from Roman history. 
— G. Piso is C. Calpurnius Piso, who had been consul b. c. 67. — gra- 
tia^ i. e., promises of support and favors. 2. Nam refers to what 

is implied : *' they strove to effect this (i. e., to have Caesar falsely 
accused) for, <fec." — oppugnatuSy sc. a OcBsare, he being patron of 
that people. — judicio . . . re2)etundaru7n, *' an action for damages," for 
res repetundcB has this comprehensive meaning, and does not always 
denote an action for the recovery of money extorted. — ex petitiotie, 
*' from what befell him when a candidate." — adolescentulo ; Caesar was 
then 3*7. — discesseret, sc. comitiis ; as we say, "he had come off con- 
quered." 3« Res, "the occasion." — opportuna, i. e., for accusing 

Caesar of participation in the conspiracy, it would be readily believed 
on account of his enormous indebtedness. — egregia, "extraordinary;" 
it is not necessarily a term of praise. — privatim, " as an individual" — 
publice, " in office," i. e., when sediles. The aediles were accustomed 
to seek popularity and prepare their way to higher office, by exhibit- 
ing extraordinary munificence in their public games and shows. 
Caesar had spent immense sums in this way. — grandem . . . debehat ; 
"Plutarch says he owed 1300 talents (about a million and a quarter 
of dollars), before he obtained any public office ; and when he went 
to Spain as propraetor, b. c. 61, he is reported to have said that he 
wanted one hundred million of sesterces (nearly $4,000,000), to be 

worth nothing. Merivalk 4* tantum f acinus, i. e., having Caesar 

unjustly accused. — nequeunt^ sc. Piso and Catulus. — dicerent, for dice- 
bantf Gr. 266, 3, last clause; Z. 551. — illiy sc. Ccesari. — erant = st(u 
bant. — animi 7nobilitate, " want of discretion." — quo . . . esset explains 
the clause following. With regard to the question of Caesar's guilt or 
innocence, which has been much disputed, the following remarks of 
Dr. "William Smith appear decisive. "There is no satisfactory evi- 
dence of his guilt, and we think it unlikely that he would have em- 
barked in such a rash scheme. For though he would probably have 
had little scruple, as to the means he emplo^-ed to obtain his ends, 
he was still no rash, reckless adventurer, who could only hope to rise 
in a general scramble for power ; he now possessed unbounded influ- 
ence with the people, and was sure of obtaining the consulship ; and 
if his ambition had already formed loftier plans, he would have had 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 383 

greater reason to feai- a loss than an increase of his power, in univer- 
sal anarchy." Smith's Diet. Biog. 

CHAP. L. liberti; /26er/MS is always used when the former mas- 
ter and present patron is mentioned, otherwise Uhertimis.—itinerihus, 
" directions."— opz^cc5, "the day-laborers." — eum eripiendum, sc. custo- 
dia. — duces mtdtitudinum, " mob leaders, professional bullies." 

3. grege facto, "in a body." 3. dUpositis prcssidiis, i. e., in the 

Capital and Forum.— cori^ra . . . fecisse, i. e., they had been guilty of 
treason : the senate had so voted after Cicero's second speech against 
Catiline. These occurrences took place Dec. 5. A full account of 
what follows is found in Cicero's Lettei"s (ad Atticum, XIL, 21). 

4. suppHcium, " capital punishment."— jDfc?/6?f5 . . . ituriim, " would go 
over." Senators expressed assent to a proposition by seating them- 
selves beside him who made it, and vice versa. — Tib. Neronis ; this 
was the grandfather of the emperor Tiberius. — prcesidiis additis, to 
prevent the rescue threatened by the friends of the criminals. — de ea 
re ... referendum =** that the subject should be postponed;" no 

doubt, until after the contest with Catiline should be decided. 

5* ad eiim ventum. *' There was much irregularity in the order in 
which opinions were demanded in the senate. The consul (or in his 
absence the praetor) usually called first upon one of the consuls-elect ; 
next upon the consulars, the praetors, and other high magistrates. 
But he was not bound to any particular order." Merivale — hujusce- 
modi . . . locutus est. There can be no doubt that this speech is the 
composition of Sallust, and as little that we have in it many of the 
arguments used by Csesar, who, most probably, took care to have 
his speech published, as Cicero did his. However this may be, it is a 
speech eminently characteristic of Csesar, and entirely worthy of him. 
The skill of the argument, the weight and point of the sentences, the 
calmness and freedom from all perturbation, and the exquisite tact 
and subtilty with which he maintains, on his opponent's own princi- 
ples, the view he proposes, are all worthy of the greatest man Rome 
ever produced. We cannot wonder that Cicero found it so difficult 
to answer, and that so many of those most attached to him, including 
his own brother Quintus, were convinced by it. 

CHAP. LI. Omnes homines; so Demosthenes begins one of his 
orations by the remark : "It becomes all men, Athenians, who ad- 
dress you, to speak nothing from personal enmity or friendship." It 
is not necessary to suppose that Caesar borrowed so obvious a remark 
from the Athenian orator. — ab odio ... v actios ; vacuus, and several 



384 NOTES ON THE 

other kindred adjectives, are followed by the abl. either with or with- 
out ah, Z. 462 <fe 468. 2. Haud facile ; nam is to be supplied. 

The want of connectives adds greatly to the gravity and dignity of 
the style. — providet is aptly used with reference to future good will. 
— ilia refers to adio, amicitia, <fec., in the preceding sentence. — lihidini 

et Usui, "passion and prudence." 3. intenderis, " have exerted." — 

valet takes its subject {ingeniuni) from the object of the preceding 
verb, Gr. 209, R. 2, (1), (6). — animus is used here instead oi ingenium 

to avoid repetition. 4* qui reges atque populi = reges atque popu- 

los qui. — male consuluerint, sc. sibiy " pursued a course injurious to 

themselves." — ordine^ Gr. 249, 11. 5» Perse; the usual form would 

be Ferseo. — populi . . . creverat ; the Romans had given Ihem a terri- 
tory in Asia Minor, for their services in the wars against Philip and 
Antiochus. — consultum est, sc. a senatu. — divitiarum, sc. JRhodiorumy 
i. e., for the sake of plunder. — iiijurice, i. e., done by the Rhodians to 
the Romans. — iinpunitos . . . dimisere. This is far from being a fair 
statement, which would not have served Caesar's purpose. The Rho- 
dians were treated with great injustice and cruelty, and only by the 
exertions of Cato the Censor, escaped utter destruction ; see Poh'bius 

and Livy. 0. ipsi refers to majores nostri. — per occasioneyn = 

" when the}^ had an opportunity." — i7i illis, '' in (the case of) them." 
The claim made in this sentence is as far as possible from the truth. 
The frequent observations of the Roman writers about Roman good 
faith and Punic bad faith, coupled with the fact that we have only the 
Roman side of the story, reminds one irresistibly- of the fable of the 
statue representing a man striding over a prostrate lion ; the lion well 
remarked that, if a lion had made the statue, he would have -exhibited 

a lion striding over a prostrate man. 7. providendum est, "must 

b3 seen to." — ne plus . . . valeat, *' that you do not think more of." — 
neu magis . . . considatis, "and that 3'ou do not rather obey your pas- 
sion than consult your reputation ; " considatis is used with tree by 

zeugma. 8. pro factis eoriim, "in comparison with their deeds." 

Tlie author might have written digna factis merely, but the idea of 
proportion between crime and punishment would not have been so 
fully expressed. — nov2cm consilium is the plan of putting the con- 
spirators to death. — ingenia exsuperat, " surpasses the imagination," 
i. e., is ^-reater than could be conceived. — lis, sc. pocnis. — utendum, sc. 
nchis esse. — comparata sunt, " have been furnished," i. e., established. 

He means the punishments of exile, fine, disfranchisement, <fec. 

9. composite atque magnifice, " with studied eloquence." — scevitia h 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 385 

used with enumeravere by zeugma ; " they have described the horrors 
of war, they have enumerated the evils which would happen to the 
vanquished." — collibuissent is an old word, frequent in Plautu?, but 

seldom found in any later writer. 10. quo . , . pertinuit, "to what 

end was that strain of remark ? " — Scilicet, " no doubt ; " it is gener- 
ally ironical, as here. 11. Non ifa est, that is, men do not need 

oratory to inflame them to a proper sense of their own injuries; on 
the contrary, they generally exaggerate them. — sum, *' his own," re- 
fers to cuiqiuDn. — injurice is objective here. — gravius cequo . . . habuere, 
"have felt them too deeply " = " have over-estimated them," Gr. 256, 
R. 9. — hahuere = solent habere. The idea is, " many have done so, 
and hence we may suppose it to be natural to men." — graviter habere 
is an expression found only in Sallust ; ceque habere is used by Livy. 

12. alia aliis licentia est The idea is, " though individuals may 

thus indulge their resentment, it is not proper for you." — si . . . deli- 
quere, sc. ii, " if they have done any wrong through anger : " the con- 
struction is, si {ii) qui . . . habent, quid . . . deliquere, pauci sciunt. — 
pares sunt, i. e., equally contemptible. — qui . . . agunt ; observe the 
emphasis given to the relative clause by placing it fii*st ; so in the 
preceding sentence. — imperio, Gr. 244. — prcediti ; this word generally 
indicates something intrinsic and natural, but not always. — in excelso 
. . . agunt ; this recalls the Scripture expression, " Ye are a city set 

on a hill, that cannot be hid." 13. /icm^ia =" liberty to do as 

we please." — decet, sc. magna imperio prceditos. — studere is used as the 

opposite of odisse. 14. i7i imperio, "in a ruler." 15. minorea 

quam = "inadequate to." — postrema, "what happened last," i. e., the 
punishment. — in . . . impiis, " in the case of," <fec. — de poena =poenam. 

^•^severior, sc. solito, Gr. 256, R. 9. 16. dixerit, Gr. 266, 1. — exer- 

cere = " is influenced by." — eos . . . earn = tales . . . talem ; " such I 

know to be," <fec. 17. non crudelis, "I do not say cruel." — aliena 

a republica, foreign to the republic, i. e., not used in it. 18. Nam 

profecto, Caesar now uses a dilemma, to convict Silauus of error: 
he argues thus ; You are either moved by fear ; but there is no rea- 
son to fear : or by the magnitude of the crime {injuria) ; but in that 
case, you propose inadequate punishments, or rather what is no pun- 
ishment at alL 20. possumus equidem dicere, "we may surely 

say." — id . . . habet = '* which results from the nature of the case." — 
tdtra, sc. mortem. The scepticism here expressed by Caesar had be- 
come very common among the Romans, especially the more intelli- 
gent, who could not fail to see the folly of the popular religion, and 
IT 



386 NOTES ON THE 

had nothing better to substitute for it. Cicero, in his reply to this 
speech (in Cat. iv. 4 ; 7 & 8 ; 6, 11), and in other orations (pro Clu- 
entio, 61, 171 ; pro Milone, 37, 101), expresses the same opinion. But 
in his philosophical writings, written in his last years, he decidedly 
advocates the other opinion, though it is painful to observe how " all 
his mind is clouded with a doubt." The wisest and best of the 
heathen, Socrates, Plato, and others, were in this melancholy uncer- 
tainty ; so true is it, that life and immortality are brought to light in 
the gospel. The influence on public morals exerted by such opinions 
as those expressed by Csesar, and which come with great appropri- 
ateness from the lips of such a debauchee, need not be set forth. It is 
conspicuous in every page of the history of the period, and may be seen 

in the streets of every large city in our own midst. 31* aniniad- 

verteretur^ "punishment should be inflicted." 22. Auy quia; sup- 
ply non addidistiy &c., from the preceding. — lex Porcia; it is uncer- 
tain from what Porcius this law took its name. — alice leges . . . juhent 
There were no laws expressly to this effect, so far as is known. But 
as a person accused of a capital offence was left at liberty until con- 
demned, he could go into exile, if he chose ; and we learn that the 
same was afterwards r.llowed after condemnation. One accused of a 
capital crime could always appeal to the people ; and of this appeal 
Cicero, Cato, and others, wished to deprive the conspirators, under 
the plea that, by their conduct, they had become hosteSy and were no 

longer cives. 24. Sin, quia levius est; supply after sin^ in senten- 

Ham non addidistiy <fec., as was done above with An. — levius refers to 
verherarij **if, because it was too light (a penalty to be added to one 
so much heavier, viz., death)," i. e., because it was not important 
enough to break the law for it — qui convenit, " how is it proper ? '' 

25. At enim, "But (why do you find fault), for who," <fec. — tern- 

puSf "time" in general. — dies, "some particular occasion." — repre- 
hendent is to be supplied, agreeing with tenipus, dies, and fortuna. 
The argument is that it will furnish a bad precedent, which hereafter 

will be used for evil. — illis, i. e., the conspirators. 26. in alios 

statuatis, " what you are deciding (by this decision) against others 

(than the conspirators)." 27. ex bonis, sc. exemplis. The idea is, 

that a bad precedent is usually set under circumstances which lead 
men to excuse it, as in this case the violation of law, in putting tb 
conspirators to death without appeal, would be excused, on accouL s 
of their guilt. What in their case would be honum exemplwn, be- 
<jause well deserved by them, might admit of very bad imitation in 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 387 

other cases. The thought is fully illustrated below, and is a com- 
plete condemnation of all mob-law also. — ah dignis, L e., of such a 

punishment. 28. qui ... traclarent, Gr. 264, 5. 29. ea ,., 

Icetari, Z. 385 ; Icetor is usually followed by the abl. with or without 

a preposition. 30. licentiat i. e., of punishing without trial. 

lihidinose, *' at their pleasure." 32. Bamasippum ; Marcus Junius 

Damasippus had, at the order of the younger Marius, most brutally 

murdered a number of senators of Sulla's party. 33. is refers to 

alicujus. Ccesar here speaks from personal experience ; he had nar- 
rowly escaped death in this proscription. 34. trahebantur, sc. 

€ul mppliciwn, 35. hcec non in M. Tullio . . . vereor^ i. e., "I do not 

fear that Cicero will follow Sulla's example." 36. in manu = un- 
der his command."— /a^SMW aliquid, i. e., '* a false charge of this kind." 

37. consilii neque audacice unquam eguere^ "never were deficient 

in \\dsdom or boldness." 38. pleraque refers to arma atque tela as 

well as to insignia. — cum summo studio ; for the preposition see Z. 
472. — invidere bonis; some supply instituiis, as Corte and Kritz; 

othere, hominibuSj as Gerlach and Herzog. 39* Grcecice morem 

imitati. No authority can be found for this statement ; it is there- 
fore either a slip of the historian, or an artifice of the orator, who 
represents the death penalty as something foreign and unknown; 

perhaps the phrase means only, "like the Greeks." 40. multitu- 

dine civiu7n, i. e., bad citizens ; see Jug. Ch. 41. — circumveniri = " to 
be unjustly condemned.'* — quibus legibus may include lex Porcia, as 

well as alice leges, but probably not. 41. Hanc causam . . . in primis 

magnam, "this a most important reason," — quo minus capiamus, "for 

not adopting." 42. beneparta, sc. ab illis. 43. Placet^ sc. mihi. 

— auger e . . . Catilinoe, L e., by joining it. — pecunias = bona. — qucB . . . 
valenty and so are best able to guard them safely. These municipia 
were not bound to receive them, unless they chose. — de iis, i. e., in 
their behalf In what difficulty this masterly speech of CsBsar in- 
volved his opponents is clearly seen in Cicero's fourth Catilinarian ora- 
tion. Its tendency, too, was to increase greatly his own popularity. 
The people were extremely tenacious of the right of appeal, and would 
proportionally honor its defender, and be enraged at those who abol- 
^hed it. Cicero deeply felt the danger he would incur, but not too 
'^eply, as events showed. The warnings Caesar addressed to the senate 
rfgainst setting so bad an example, derived a sharper edge from the gen- 
eral fear entertained by them, that Pompey would prove another Sulla, 
and that then their own devices might return to plague the inventors. 



388 NOTES ON THE 

CHAP. LII. verhoy " verbally," not by rising and sitting beside 
the one whose opinion they espoused ; see Chap. 60, note on j^edihus 
iturum, — alius ali% i. e., either to Silanus or Csesar. — varie refers to 
alius alii, not to assentiehantur, Csesar was very near carrying the 
point. — M. Porcius Cato, commonly called Cato the Younger, to dis- 
tinguish him from Cato the Censor, his great-grandfather. Both 
their lives are in Long's Plutarch. — orationem hahuit. Plutarch 
{Cato Minor, Ch. 23) says that Cicero had the speech taken down 
by short-hand writers, and that it existed at the time he wrote, at 
least 180 years after. It was certainly much to Cicero's interest to 

have it published. 2« Longe mihi, &c. ; the sense is, mihi alia mens 

est, quum res, &q., et longe alia quum sententias, <fec. — nostra, Gr. 205, 

R. 2, Exc. 3« de poena, <fec. ; that is, as if their punishment was 

the only question. — aris atque focis. " Especially were altars erected 
in the courts of houses for the family gods (penates) ; while the 
house gods (lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus), in 
the family hall (atrium) ; hence arm et foci, by metonomy, for Ao7?ie, 
or house and hearth, and pro aris et focis pugnare, * to contend for 
house and home.' " Andrews' Lexicon, under Ara, I. — cavere, " to de- 
fend ourselves." 4. provideris is perf. subj. — nihil fit reliqui = 

nihil reliquum est. 5. fecistis, "have valued." — aliquando, "at 

last." — capessite= "give all your attention and labor to." 6« A^on 

agitur, " the question is not," — vectigalibus, sc, subrepiis, a very com- 
mon occurrence. -T-c/e ... injuriis, "injuries done to our allies," by 

Romans, a subject of constant complaint to the senate. 7« in hoc 

ordine = in senatu. — adversos, sc. mihi. 8. Qui ... fecissem, "(I) 

who never would have granted the indulgence of any fault to myself 
and my own mind." — condonaham, " was not used to pardon ; " the 
sense is, " I was not in the habit of pardoning the lusts of others for 
the crimes they led to." — r^9« ea = mea verba. — opulentia . . . tolera- 

bat = tolerare poterat : opulentidy sc. reipublicce. 10. bonisne ... 

moribu^, " well or ill." — sed hcec . . . futura &int ; " but (the question 
is), whether these things, of whatever nature they are, are to be ours, 

or with ourselves, to belong to our enemies." 11. quisquatn, i. e., 

Ccesar ; this example, with others, shows the incorrectness of the 
declaration, that quisquam is used pnly in negative sentences ; yet 
undoubtedly that is generally its use. — quia bona ... vocaiur ; this 
passage strikes directly at Caesar, who, as has been said, was in- 
debted some three or four millions of dollars. — in extremo sita est, " is 
reduced to extremity."— Si7i^, "let them," 1, e., "those who so speak." 



CONSPIEACT OF CATILINE. 389 

—. 13« qvoniam ... Aaiew^, "since such is the fashion." — dum ... , 

parcunt = parcendo. — perditum eant = perdant. 1 3. diverso itinere^ 

" in a different direction." — habere = incolere. The opinions here re- 
ferred to by Cato, as disbelieved by Caesar, were thosC; not only of 
the vulgar, but also of the Stoics, of whom Cato was a follower. As 
Csesar was now high-priest, there seemed a peculiar impropriety in 
his thus attacking the popular religion, of which he was the chief 

minister. \U popularibus = sociis ; so in Chap. 22. — multitudine 

conducta, *' a hired mob." 15. ibi ... ubiy i. e., in the municipia, 

16* intanto ... metu^ "when all are so much afraid." — eo.., 

referty "it the more concerns me," "because it shows that he is con- 
cerned in the plot," is the inference which Cato's hearers could not 

fail to draw. 18t Quanta ... attentius, "the more carefully." — ea, 

the decision concerning the conspirators. — illis refers to exercitu and 
conjuratiSy as viderint does also.— ;;V/n . . . aderunty " immediately they 

all will attack us fiercely." 19. armiSy "by arms (only)." 

20. pulcherrimarriy i. e., more so than formerly. — nos haberemuSy i. e., 

at the present time it would be. — quam illiSy sc. erat. 21* quoe . . . 

nulla = quorum nulla. — delicto = delicti conscientia. — obnoxiuSy " in 

the power of, influenced by." 22* publice egestatemy privatim opu- 

lentoSy " the state beggared, individuals wealthy." — nullum discrimeny 
sc. esfy " we make no distinctions." — virtutis prcemiay " rewards which 
ought to belong to virtue only." — possidet being the word used of 
possession only, without ownership, is used here with great felicity. 

23« hie = in senatu, — eo, "by this (course of conduct)." — vacuaniy 

i. e., "having no defenders." 24. Conjuravere ... incenderCy for 

ut i?icenda7ity by Graecism, Z. 616. — Gallorum genterriy the Allobroges. — 

supra caput = " hovering over us, threatening to fall upon us." 

25. cunctamini = dubitatiSy which is also added here by Dietsch and 

others, on the authority of most manuscripts. 26* Misereamini 

censeo; supply ut before misereaminiy Gr. 262, R. 4. This is severely 
ironical in Cato's mouth, though no doubt it was seriously urged by 

some. — etia7n armatoSy "even those (taken) in arms." 27. arma 

ceperinty i. e., after their dismissal. Cato had previously spoken of 
Caesar's proposition, to keep them in the municipiay as utterly ridicu- 
lous. 28. Scilicet . . . esty "To be sure, the affair, viewed by itself, 

is perilous." — Immo verOy " Yes, indeed." — maximey sc. earn timetis. — 
alius . . . exspectanteSy " waiting for one another (to act)." — disy Gr. 

245, n. 29. cedu7it prosperay "turn out well," Gr. 210, K 1. 

30* hello Gallico ; this is an error of Sallust for Latino ; see Livr, 



390 NOTES ON THE 

viii. 7. It was in a Gallic war that T. Manlius, the father, distin- 
guished himself, and obtained his surname, Torquatus ; hence arose 

probably the error of the writer. 3 It Videlicet^ &c. The idea is, 

" it must be because," <fec. The remark is bitterly ironical. 33* nisi 

iterum . . . fecit, " if this is not the second time that he has made," &c. 

He had been concerned in the civil wars. 34. I^am quid, <fec. 

The connection is, "(I mention these only), for why," &c. — non ea = 

alia. 35* Postremo, "in a word, not to say more." — si peccato 

locus essetj = " if we could afford to do wrong," i. e., by letting the 
conspirators go. — ipsa re= "the course of events." — re and verba are 
strongly antithetic. Dietsch aptly compares the German proverb, 
"They who will not hear must feeV^—faucibus urget, "is at our 

throats," Gr. 250 ; Z. 457. — parari neqv£ consult, sc. a nobis. 

36* more majorum, i. e., without appeal, which was a later usage, 
and unknown to the earlier Romans. They were accordingly stran- 
gled in prison. Though Sallust preferred making a speech himself 
for Cato, rather than using the genuine one, which was then extant, 
and long afterwards, yet it is eminently characteristic, and doubtless 
embodies the arguments actually used. " Every one will recognize 
the impetuosity, the stern morality, the bitterness towards those 
whom he considered depraved, which characterized Cato ; and not 
less the magnanimity with which he defends his opinion, though 
aware of the danger he incurs, and reproaches so severely the cow- 
ardice and sloth of those who differ from him. The whole style of 
the speech, suited rather for moving than persuading, agrees well 
with Cato's manner of speaking, as we learn it from others." Dietsch. 
CHAP. LHI. item = prcBter eos. — senati decretum ... censuerat. 
At the instance of Cato, the highest praises of Cicero were inserted 
in the same decree. Sallust cannot be wholly excused for omitting 
all notice of this and all the other extraordinary honors bestowed on 

Cicero. 2* multa legenti, multa audienti ; midta agi'ees with faci- 

nora below. — mihi . . . forte libuit, " it accidentally pleased me " = 
"it came into my mind." — sustinuisset, "could have caused to suc- 
ceed." 3. Sciebam, "I was aware" (at the time when I began to 

consider this question). — contendisse, sc. populum Romanum. — fortunce 
violentiam, such as the capture of the city by the Gauls, the many 
defeats by Hannibal, &c. — facundia . . . fuisse, " in eloquence the 
Greeks, in the glory of war the Gauls, had surpassed the Romans" 

(yet both Greeks and Gauls had been subdued by them). 4. eoque 

factum^ for per earn factum^ as eo refers to virtutetn. 5* rursies. 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 391 

" on the contrary." — sicut effeta parente, in multis. This reading of 
the text is by conjecture, supported by one manuscript, which how- 
ever omits the preposition in. The reading of all the manuscripts, 
effeta parentitm, which cannot be explained, came, it is conjectured, 
from parente, in. Dietsch thinks mtate has been dropped out, which 
seems the best suggestion ; *'as when the parents are worn out with 
age, (children are no longer born) ; " if we read parente, it will be 
"the mother," instead of "the parents." 6t Sedy "now (the great- 
ness of Rome having come from its great men), there have been, <fec." 
-^ingenti virtute^ "of great merit." — ohtulerat ... non fuit ; these 
tenses, used instead of eU and obtulit, are employed, as is common in 
epistles, with reference not to the time of writing, but to the time 
when what was written would be read, Z. 603. — quantum ingenio 
possem^ " as far as my ability would permit." 

CHAP. LIV. Igitur, "well, then ; " see Jug. 95, {Igitur Sulla, <fec.) 
— cetas. Cato was 33, and Caesar 38. — item gloria, (sc. par fuit) sed 
alia aliiy " also their glory was equal, but not the same : ** lit, " one 

glory to one, another glory to the other." 3* largiendo here is 

opposed alike to dando, sublevando, and ignoscendo, and = gratifi- 

cando. 4* negligere is the hist, inf., and does not depend on e/i- 

duxerat. — dono dignum, "worth giving," a very unusual expression. 
— novum, i. e., either new in kind, or against a new enemy, or one in 
which he was the first to command. — exoptahat, " was always wish- 
ing for." — uhi . . . posset; Caesar's wars with the Gauls, Germans, and 
Britons, all appear to have been begun by him with this motive ; 
human life with him was of no account. 5« abstinentia, " disinter- 
estedness." — quo minus ,,, eo tnagis, the less . . . the more, Gr. 256, 
R. 16. 

CHAP. LV. optimum factum, sc. esse, "that it was the best 
course." — noctein . . . antecapere, i. e., to finish the executions before 
night. — triumviros ; these were the triumviri capitales appointed 
annually by the people, whose duty it was to see to the infliction of 
punishments, and keep in custody those detected in the commission 
of crime ; to inquire into capital crimes, to preserve the peace, <fec. ; 
they generally acted by deputies. — quae supplicium postulabat, " which 

were needful for (capital) punishment." 3* locus quod Tullianum, 

sc. robur, Gr. 206, (10). It was called Tullianum robur, because 
originally built of oak by King Servius TuUius. It was the " state 
prison" of Rome. The upper part was called the Mamertine prison, 
and is now a church ; the Tullianum being converted into a subter- 



392 NOTES ON THE 

ranean chapel. '* It has still," says Eustace, ** a most appalling ap- 
pearance." — descenderis ; many editions and the best manuscripts 
have ascenderis, which suits better with the topography. In either 
case, the ascent or descent to the entrance of the Tullianurn was 
within the prison. — humi depressus, " sunk into the earth," Gr. 221, 

R. 3. 4« cameray "a vaulted roof." — vmcta^ "bound together by 

= composed of " 5* vindices rerum capitalium : "these were not 

the triumviri^ just mentioned, but the executioners, who were public 
slaves, a class so abject and despised, that they were not even allowed 
to live in the city." Dietsch. — laqueo . . . fregere ; this kind of pun- 
ishment was always inflicted in prisons : public hangings are a bar- 
barism of modern times. 6* consulare imperiwn ; he had been 

consul B. c. 71, but having been expelled from the senate for his in- 
famous life, he had got himself elected praetor, in order to regain his 
senatorship. Dietsch incorrectly explains consulare, of his praetor- 
ship. — exitium is not for exitwriy but means "destruction, extinction." 
" Immediately after these executions, Cicero announced them in the 
Forum by the single word vixerunt ; the rest of the conspirators im- 
mediately took to flight, and the people escorted him to his lodgings 
with the greatest joy and acclamation." Dietsch. 

CHAP. LVI. habueratf i. e., at Catiline's arrival. — pro nwnero 
militum, " as far as the number of his soldiers would permit : " he 
formed skeleton maniples, as many as were usually in each legion ; 
which were subsequently filled up to the regular number by fresh 

arrivals. 3* sociis, sc. conjurationis. — venerat ... distrihuerat ... 

expleverat . . . hahuisset ; these pluperfects are all used with reference 
to the subsequent approach of Antonius ; he had done all these things 
before Antonius drew near. — cequaliterf " equally among the skeleton 
companies." — numero, sc. justo. — amplius is usually followed by the 
same case as precedes it : Sallust uses both constructions indifferently ; 

see Gr. 256, R. 6 ; Z. 485. 5* servitia = servorum genus ; hence it 

has aijus relating to it =atjus generis: the Greek use of a singular 
verb with a neuter plural subject resembles this, Gr. 206, (11). — ser- 
vitia repudiahat ; it will be recollected that Lentulus remonstrated 
with Catiline on this pointy in the letter gfven to the Allobroges for 
him, and intercepted by Cicero ; see Chap. 44. — alienum suis rationi- 
bus, "inconsistent with his interests," Gr. 222, R. 2 <fe 6 ; Z. 468, 470; 
alienum qualifies the last clause videri . . . communicavisse, 

CHAP. LVII. nuntius pervenit = nuntiatum est, and therefore is 
followed by the inf. with an ace, Gr. 272. — Galliam, sc. TransaU 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 393 

pinanij which is expressed in most manuscripts ; no doubt he wished 

to get to the AUobroges. 2 proesidehat ; Dietsch gives this word 

here its original meaning, "was sitting (i. e., encamped before him,) 
= was in full view and could not be eluded." But others explain it 
in its usual meaning, "was commanding;" of this, however, when 
used absolutely without an object, Andrews' Lexicon cites but one 
example, and that from as late a writer as Pliny the Younger. — ex 
difficultate rerum^ "from the difficulties he (Catiline) was in." — existi- 
mans (*' suspecting") is limited hj ex ... rerum. — eadem ilia . . . dixi- 

muSf i. e., a retreat into Gaul. 3. illi . . . e^-aty " he had to descend." 

4* utpote qui, "inasmuch as he." — magno exercitu, "though with 

a large army," Gr. 249, III., 2d clause. — locis ... expeditiis, "being 
helped along by following a more level route." — infuga, sc. CatilincBy 
"on the track of Catiline." — sequeretuVy Gr. 264, 8, last clause, Z. 271. 
The whole is a reason why Antonius, though with a large army, was 
not far behind ; he was following the fleeing Catiline with the advan- 
tage of a more level route. Others read expedites; expedites in fuga 
then = " unencumbered with baggage, and running away ; " the whole 
would then be the reason why Antony, though not far behind, yet 
was behind, because he with a large army, and of course encumbered 
with baggage, and by a more level (and therefore longer) route, was 
following an enemy, who were fleeing as fast as possible, and were 
without baggage. The latter reading makes the best sense, and is 

preferred by Zumpt. 5. adversas, sc. sibi. — prcesidii, "succor." — 

cum Antonio . . . projligere ; no doubt he chose to fight with him, be- 
cause he knew him to be secretly favorable to his cause, and hoped for 
a feeble resistance. In fact, Antony remained in his tent, on the plea 
of lameness, leaving his lieutenant, M. Petreius, to command (see be- 
low, Chap. 59). He was subsequently (b. c. 59) accused of having been 
one of Catiline's conspirators, was condemned and went into exile. 
CHAP. LVIII. Gompertum habeo, "I have (it) discovered ;" see 

note, Chap. 29. 2. auribus officit, " obstructs his ears = prevents 

his hearing." 3. mei consilii, i. e., of fighting with Antonius. 

4. quoque mode = et quomodo. 5. quo . . . sint^ " what is the state 

of our affairs." -6. ab ... a, "on the side of, towards." — obstante 

sc. nobis.— ferat, sc. ad id. — si . . . ferat, "if we were ever so anxious." 

7. a7iimo, Gr. 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2). — vosdivitias ... portare, i. e., 

that by success you will secure, and by defeat you will lose, all these 
things, 8* commeatuSy sc. erunt. 9. super vacaneum stands op- 
posed to necessitudo above, and= "not necessary,. a mere matter of 
17* 



394 NOTES ON THE 

choice." 10. alienas . . . exspectare = " to be dependants on others." 

11« viris^ "to those who were really men." — hoec = "your pres- 
ent course." 12* hcec relinquere, i. e., to run away, abandon your 

cause. — audacia .. . est^ i. e., you cannot do it without fighting. — -pace 
... mutavitj Z. 456, note. 13t ea vero ; ea agrees with the predi- 
cate noun, Gr. 206, (13), last clause; Z. 372. ll. hortantur^ sc. ut 

magnam speyn hnbeam, "encourage me." 15f circumvenire, sc fios, 

16* si virtuti ... inviderity and so give you defeat — cavete^ sup 

ply ne, Gr. 262, R. 6. — capti^ "after being taken." 

CHAP. LIX. sifffia canere ; canere is intransitive, with signa for 
its subject. — periculo, i. e., the danger of cavalry and infantry. — pedes 
("a footsoldier") is in apposition with ipse. — pro, "suitably to, ac- 
cording to." 3t rtipes aspera is used, by anacoluthon, for rupem 

asperam governed by inter, — signa here = "divisions," each having 
a standard. — in subsidio, "as a reserve," — artiuSf L e., without the 

usual intervals. 3* Ab his, i. e., from the reserve." — centuriones 

omnes lectos, " the centurions, all picked men," having been appointed 
by Catiline from his knowledge of their valor. — evocatos, veterans 
who had served their time, but being invited (evoca/i) by the general, 
had volunteered ; they enjoyed special privileges. Under a popular 
general, such as Pompey, their number was often considerable. — 
armatufHf " if well armed ; " the author had previously stated (Chap. 

6t)) that only one fourth were regularly armed. 4« curare = im- 

perare. — libertia, (" his own,") freedmen ; otherwise the word would be 
libertinis. — colonis, sc Sitlianis ; many of Sulla's colonies were in this 
region. — aquilam ; this is the one to which Cicero alludes (in Cat L 
9) as cherished by Catiline with superstitious reverence. Each legion 
had one as a standard, made of silver or bronze. Hence " the Roman 
eagles" is frequently said for "the Roman legions." — bello Cimbrico ; 
see notes on Jug. Chap. 114. 5. pedibus ceger, he had, or pre- 
tended to have the gout, Gr. 250. — tumulti is applied to this civil 
war, as it was to a Gallic war, on account of its peculiarly dangerous 
character. Like senatus, this noun is sometimes of the 2d, but gener- 
ally of the 4th declension. — nominans appellat, " addresses by name." 
— ceniere for decernere. — »— €• miiitaris, "of much military experi- 
ence." — cum magna gloria connects with the following words, in exer- 
citu fuerat, and refei-s to the whole of Petreius' military career. — 
ipsos, "personally." — noverat, "he knew;" the perfect of this verb 
having a present meaning, like the preteritive verbe, the plaper£ is 
equivalent to an imper£ 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 395 

CHAP. LX. 2* cum infestis signis = " with standards turned 

against each other." — res geritur= " the battle is fought." 3. Ve- 

terani, sc. Petrcii, — instare^ sc. hostibus, — illij the troops of Catiline. 

— hand tirnidi == fortissuni, by litotes, Gr. 324, 9. 4. Interea 

Catilina, <fec. Observe the animated effect of so many historical in- 
finitives, and the dignified close with the imperf. exsequebatur. 

5* contra ac, " otherwise than." Petreius had not expected so vigor- 
ous a resistance. — cohortem prcBtoriam^ "the general's body-guard," 
composed, of course, of the flower of the army. The term prcetor 
(prce-itor, "one who leads") was originally applied to the consuls; 
hence the epithet prcetoria. — alios alibi, i. e., no longer in regular 

array. 6* in primis ... cadunt, "are among the first to fall in 

combat." 

CHAP. LXI. cernereSy i. e., if you were present, Gr. 261, R. 4; 
Z. 628, note 2. We do not think the protasis is contained in con/ecto 
proelio, as Andrews explains it ; for con/ecto proelio does not mean 
"if the battle were finished," but, "after it was finished." — vis animi, 

** determination." 2. guem . . . tegebat ; the order is, quisque, 

amissa anima^ corpore tegebat eum (locum), que>n locum vivus pugnando 

ceperat. 3« medios disjecerat ; and so had forced from their first 

position. — diversius, "more scattered," — adversis, "in front," i. e., 

none having turned their backs, so as to be wounded in them. 

6t ita, "to such a degree." — juxta, "alike," i. e., not at all. 7. dis- 

cesserat, sc proelio, 8« Icetitia ... moeror ; both these words express 

the inward feelings, of which gaudium and luctus respectively are the 
outward manifestations. 

As the accounts of this conspiracy which have come down to us, 
of which this history by Sallust is the chief, have been attacked by 
some in recent times, as improbable and false, the following remarks 
on the subject will be found interesting and valuable. They are by 
Prof. Ramsay, of Glasgow University, Scotland. 

" Although we possess only a one-sided history of this famous 
conspiracy ; although much that has been recorded seems so marvel- 
lous and incredible, that many have regarded the whole narrative as 
little better than a fabric of misrepresentation and falsehood, built 
up by violent political animosity, and resting on a very slender basis 
of truth ; although it cannot be denied that some of the particulars 
set down by Dion Cassius, and alluded to by others (Sallust, Cat,, 
Ch. 32), of the revolting rites by which the compact between the asso- 



396 NOTES ON THE 

ciates was ratified, are evidently vulgar exaggerations ; although little 
reliance can be placed on the self-panegyrics of Cicero, who would 
studiously seek to magnify the danger in order to enhance the merits 
of his own exertions ; yet upon a careful and dispassionate investiga- 
tion, we shall discover no reasonable ground for entertaining any 
doubts respecting the general accuracy of the facts, as presented to 
us by Sallust, whose account throughout is clear and consistent, and 
is corroborated in all the most important details by the information 
transmitted from other sources. Nor, upon a close examination into 
the circumstances of the individuals concerned, of the times, and of 
the state of public feeling and public morals, shall we have much 
difficulty in forming a distinct idea of the character of Catiline him- 
self, of the motives by which he was stimulated, and of the calcula- 
tions by which he was encouraged to expect success. 

"Trained in the wars of Sulla, he was made familiar from his earliest 
youth with civil strife, acquired an indifference to human suffering, 
and imbibed an utter contempt for the constitutional forms and gov- 
ernment of his country, which had been so freely neglected or vio- 
lated by his patron. The wealth quickly acquired having been 
recklessly squandered his necessities soon became press- 
ing. The remorse, too, produced by his frightful vices and crimes, 
must have given rise to a frame of mind that would eagerly desire to 
escape from reflection, and seek relief in fierce excitement On the 
other hand, the consciousness of those great mental and physical 
powers, from which even his most bitter enemies could not withhold 
a tribute of admiration, combined with the extensive popularity he 
had acquired among the young, must have tended to stimulate his 
ambition. "We can readily believe that the career of Sulla was ever 
present to his imagination, and that his grand aim was to become 
what the dictator had been 

" The moment seemed most propitious for the advancement of a 
man of daring and powerful intellect, uncontrolled by principle. The 
leading statesmen were divided into factions, which eyed each other 
with bitter jealousy: the younger nobility were thoroughly demor- 
alized, for the most part bankrupts in fortune as well as in fame, eager 
for any change which might relieve them from embarrassment 
The rabble were restless and discontented, filled with envy and 
hatred against the rich and powerful. Thus, at home, the dominant 
party in the senate, and the equites or capitalists alone felt a deep 
interest in the stability of the government Moreover a wide-spread 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 397 

feeling of disaffection extended over the whole of Italy. Never was 
the executive weaker. The senate and magistrates were wasting 
their energies in petty disputes : Pompey, at the head of all the best 
troops of the republic, was prosecuting a long-protracted and doubt- 
ful war in the East ; there was no army in Italy. If, then, Catiline, 
surrounded as he was by a large body of retainers, all devotedly 
attached to his person, and detached from society at large by the 
crimes which he had suggested or promoted, had succeeded in strik- 
ing his first great blow, had he assassinated the consuls and the most 
able of the senators, the chances were, that the waverers among the 
higher ranks would have at once espoused his cause, that the popu- 
lace would have been intimidated or gained over, and that thousands 
of ruined and desperate men would have rushed from all quarters to 
his support, enabling him to bid defiance to any force which could 
have been brought to bear on the city until the return of Pompey 
from the East. But Pompey might never return, or might not return 
victorious, or at all events, a long period must elapse, and ample 
time would be given for negotiation or resistance. But the Fortune 
of Rome prevailed, the gambler was ruined and the state saved." 
Smith's Diet Biog, 



THE END. 



I 

i 



n. APPLE TON §r CO., PUBLISHERS. 



DR. ARNOLD'S CLASSICAL SERIES. 
FIRST AND SECOND LATIN BOOK AND PRACTICAL 
GRAMAR. Reused and carefully corrected by J. A. Spencer, D.D 
1 vol. 12mo. Price 75 Cents. 
PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE COMPO 
SITION. Revised and carefully corrected by J. A. Spencer, D. D. 
1 vol. 12mo. Price %\ 00. 
CORNELIUS NEPOS, with Practical Questions and Answers, and 
an Imitative Exercise on each Chapter. Carefully Revised, with 
Notes by E. A. Johnson, Prof, of Latin in Univ. of New York. New 
Edition, enlarged, with a Lexicon, Historical and Geographical Index, 
<fec. 1 vol. 12mo. Price $1 00. 
FIRST GREEK BOOK, on the Plan of the First Latin Book. Re- 
vised by J. A Spencer, D. D. 1 voL 12mo. Price 75 cents. 
PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO GREEK PROSE COMPO- 
SITION. Revised by J. A. Spencer, "D. D. 1 vol. 12mo. Price 
75 Cents. 
SECOND PART TO THE ABOVE. By J. A Spencer, D. D. 

12mo. Price 75 Cents. 
GREEK READING BOOK. New Edition, Revised and Corrected. 
Containing the substance of the Practical Litroduction to Greek 
Construing and a Treatise on the Greek Particles ; and copious 
selections from Greek authors, with Critical and Explanatory Eng- 
lish Notes and a Lexicon. Revised by J. A Spencer, D. D. 1 vol. 
618 pages. 12mo. Price $1 25. 

In the preparation of the above series, by thorough classical scho- 
lars and practical teachers, the utmost care has been devoted to a com- 
plete revision of Dr. Arnold's works ; they have been rearranged and 
improved in many important respects, and made to conform, in an 
eminent degree, to the Ollendorff plan of acquiring languages. 

From N. W. Benedict, A M., Prin. Grammar School, Rochester University. 
" I am specially pleased with the kind of help afforded in his CorneLsTia Nepos, which 
Is such as to give the student a critical and accurate understanding of the text, and at 
the same time to stimulate his mind to greater exertion to apprehend the beauties of the 
language. The plan is designed and well adapted to make the knowledge obtained the 
properti/ of the scholar." 

Prom R. B. Tschttdi, Prof, of Ancient Languages, Norfolk, Va. 
" After having in constant use since their first appearance, Arnold's Series of botk 
Latin and Greek books, my experience enables me confidently to pronounce upon theii 
Bnrivalled merits. I state without fear of contradiction, that, even with greater labor 
nd pains on the part of the teacher, equal progress cannot be made without, as can be 
With them. And they nicceed admirably in awakening an interest in the pupil, and in 
making a lasting improfidr* upon his memory. It is an application of Baoon's prindplt 
fcr fomalng an aecurat*" iran." 

80 




D. APPLE TON §r CO^ Pn^^^^gfiS. 

CICERO DE of; 

CHIEFLY SELECTED AND TRANS LA TEm^^^^^^T AND 
BONNE LL, ENGLISH NOTE 
BY THOMAS A. THACHEE, op Yale Col 
1 Vol. 12mo. 194 pages. Price 90 

In this edition, a few historical notes have been introduced in cagei 
irliere the Dictionaries in common use have not been found to contain 
the desired information ; the design of which being to aid the learner 
in understanding the contents of the treatises, the thoughts and con- 
nections of thought of the author, and to explain the grap[imatical dif- 
ficulties, and inculcate a knowledge of grammatical principles. The 
Editor has aimed throughout to guide rather than to carry tfie learner 
through difficulties; requiring of him more study, in consequence of 
his help, than he would have devoted to the book without it. 

'•The text is beautifally and correctly printed. The notes are neat, well arranged, 
and appropriate." — Presbyterian. 

"A very elegant edition of this well-known work." — The Wisconsin. 



SELECT ORATIONS OF M. TULLIUS CICERO. 

WITH NOTES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 

BY E. A. JOHNSON, 

Pro/esaor of Latin in the University qf New York. 

1 Vol 12mo. Price $1. 

This edition of Cicero's Select Orations possesses some special advan 
tages for the student which are both new and important. It is the 
only edition which contains the improved text that has been prepared 
by a recent careful collation and correct deciphering of the best manu- 
scripts of Cicero's writings. It is the work of the celebrated Orelli, 
together with that of Madvig and Klotz, and has been done since the 
appearance of Orelli's complete edition. The Notes, by Prof. Johnson, 
of the New York Univei'sity, have been chiefly selected, with great care, 
from the best German authors, as well as the English edition of Arnold. 
From TuoMAS Chase, Tutor in Latin in Harvard University. 
"An edition of Cicero like Johnson's has long been wanted; and the excellepco ol 
the text, the Illustrations of words, particles, and pronouns, and the explanation of vm+ 
0U9 points of construction and interpretation, bear witness to the Editor s familiarity 
with some of the most important results of modern scholarship, and entitle his work U 
^rge share of public favor.** 






I. 



DeacidifM using the Bookkeeper process 
^ ^ Neutralizing agant: Magnesium Oxide 

V^ Treaknent Date: August 2006 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 



1 1 1 Thomson Paa 0mm 
ClwtWTV ToMNitf^p. PA leOM 












'^/. ^ 






